BO 019 Drilling Engeneering

Drilling Engineering
Drilling engineering
Agip KCO
Training Special Project SP 2
Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities
BO-019-GIA-001-E
a) Objectives of drilling engineering b) Evaluation of pressure gradients c) The design of the drilling programme: selection of bits, casings & muds d) Monitoring & logging while drilling e) Cutting disposal: problems and solutions
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-002-E
Drilling an oil well involves two main actions: Overcoming the resistance of rock material Transportation of rock material to the surface
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-003-E
Objectives Of Drilling Engineering
a) b) c) d) e)
To drill a well safely and economically Drilling cost equations Drilling fluid treatment Pump operation Bit selection
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-004-E
Pressure Gradient
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-005-E
Importance of Formation Pressure Gradients
Well Planning: Casing Point Selection Casing Design Mud Density Fracturing Gradient Drilling Rig Selection
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-006-E
Importance Formation Pressure Gradients

While Drilling: To use adequate mud density: > to avoid kicks o blow-outs > To avoid mud absorption and/or mud loss circulation > to avoid sticking of drilling string for differential pressure > to avoid sticking of drilling string due to caving hole > to reduce drilling times To change, in case of need, the casing point depth while drilling. To reduce the drilling problems and reach the planned well depth. To cut drilling costs.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-007-E
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure at a certain depth is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of the fluid column with a given density.
P =
H 10
where
P = hydrostatic pressure expressed in kg/cm2 H = examined depth expressed in meters f = fluid density expressed in kg/dm3, usually for water assumed to be equal to 1.03 kg/dm3
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-008-E
Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient

Pressure Gradient is defined as a ratio of pressure value and depth:
hyd
P H
10
where: Ghyd = hydrostatic gradient expressed in kg/cm2/10m P = pressure expressed in kg/cm2 H = examined depth in m
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-009-E
Formation Pressure (Ppore)
ABNORMAL Pore Pressure
The Formation Pressure can be :
OVERPRESSURE.
Its value is > than the hydrostatic Pressure
UNDERPRESSURE. Its value is < than the hydrostatic Pressure
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0010-E
Formation Gradient
FORMATION GRADIENT
NORMAL Pore Gradient is considered normal when its value is between 1.03 and 1.07 kg/cm2/10m.
ABNORMAL
Pore Gradient is considered abnormal when its value is different from the ones mentioned above. Hence there might be:
OVERPRESSURED: UNDERPRESSURED:
Gradient > 1.03-1.07 kg/cm2/10m Gradient < 1.03-1.07 kg/cm2/10m

Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0011-E
Abnormal Pressures
ABNORMAL PRESSURES
OVERPRESSURES Sedimentation Speed Tectonics Reservoir Geometry Artesian Pressure Diapirism Reservoir Repressurized Osmosis Clay Diagenesis Sulfate Diagenesis Volcanic Ash Diagenesis
UNDERPRESSURES
Depleted Reservoirs
Drop of Water Table
Dilatation due to Tectonic Phenomena
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0012-E
Overpressure Index
Gp >
kg/cm2/10 m
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0013-E
Origin Of Overpressures
Sedimentation Velocity Tectonics Reservoir Geometry Artesian Pressures Diapirism Diagenesis Osmosis
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0014-E
Tectonics Uplift
A --C A C B B
Agip KCO
= Normal Pressure = Normal Pressure = Overpressure = Overpressure

BO-019-GIA-0015-E
Tectonics Uplift
A C
B
A --C = Normal Pressure A C = Normal Pressure B = Overpressure B = Overpressure
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0016-E
Reservoir Geometry
Overpressure Oil d = 0.7 Water d = 1.03
1000
1500
2000
2000 m PPORE = (2000 * 1.03)/10
= 206 kg/cm2 ; GPORE = (206/2000) * 10 = 1.03 kg/cm2/10 m
1500 m PPORE = 206 - (1.03 * 500/10) = 154.5 kg/cm2; GPORE = (154.5/1500) * 10 =1.03 kg/cm2/10m 1000m PPORE =154.5 kg/cm2 -(0.7 * 500/10) = 119.5 kg/cm2 - GPORE = (119.5/1000) * 10 = = 1.195 kg/cm2/10 m
1.195 > 1.03 1.195 > 1.03

Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0017-E
Reservoir Geometry
Overpressure Gas d. = 0.1
1500 1000
Water d = 1.03
2000
2000 m PPORE = (2000 * 1.03)/10
= 206 kg/cm2 ; GPORE = (206/2000) * 10 = 1.03 kg/cm2/10 m
1500 m PPORE = 206 - (1.03 * 500/10) = 154.5 kg/cm2; GPORE = (154.5/1500) * 10 =1.03 kg/cm2/10m 1000m PPORE =154.5 kg/cm2 -(0.1 * 500/10) = 149.5 kg/cm2 - GPORE = (149.5/1000) * 10 = = 1.495 kg/cm2/10 m
1.495 > 1.03 1.495 > 1.03

Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0018-E
Piezometric Level
+ 300 m
RKB 0 m
s s nd nd Sa Sa
- 250 m
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0019-E
Diapiritic Structures - Creation Of A Saline Dome
3
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0020-E
Diapirism
Overpressure
Salt
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0021-E
Underpressures
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0022-E
Underpressure Index
Gp <
kg/cm2/ 10 m
(in depleted wells, for instance )

Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0023-E
Overpressure Analysis
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0024-E
Overpressure Analysis
Analysis methods are based on the following concepts: Sediment compaction grows with depth (a higher sediment compaction corresponds to a higher depth.) Overpressure analysis is performed taking SHALES ONLY (possibly pure) into consideration. Shales are overpressured when, not having been able to expel their pore water, are more porous and therefore NOT COMPLETELY COMPACTED.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0025-E
Overpressure Analysis While Drilling
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0026-E
Overpressure Analysis While Drilling
THE EMPIRICAL METHODS OF OVERPRESSURE CONTROL WHILE DRILLING ARE: dc Exponent Sigma Log FEATURES: BOTH METHODS ARE INDICATORS OF SHALE FORMATIONS DRILLABILITY. THEY ARE BASED ON THE CONCEPT THAT ROP (Rate of Penetration) DECREASES FROM THE SURFACE DOWNWARD AS DEPTH INCREASES, ON ACCOUNT OF HIGHER SEDIMENT COMPACTION. WHEN OVERPRESSURED, FORMATIONS ARE ALSO UNDERCOMPACTED.
(developed by AGIP)
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0027-E
Overpressure Analysis - Well Indications
GAS PRESENCE Pipe connection gas Trip gas BOREHOLE SHRINKAGE Torque while drilling Overpulls while tripping Bit reaming Cavings Borehole collapse MUD PUMPING PRESSURE
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0028-E
Overpressure Analysis Measurement while Drilling (MWD)

The parameters that this tool can measure at bottomhole and make available to the surface in real time are:
Wellbore inclination Wellbore direction Drilled formation resistivity Neutron log Temperature Bit Torque Weight on bit
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0029-E
Fracturing Gradient
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0030-E
Fracturing Gradient
Pressure Gradients (referred to RKB), expressed in Kg/cm2/10m, are: Pore Gradient or Pore Pressure Gradient. Sediment Gradient or Overburden Gradient (GOV). Fracturing Gradient - Knowledge of the fracturing gradient curve along the well profile is of fundamental importance, together with pore gradient: > To plan the well. It allows to determine the best casing points in function of two parameters: choke margin differential pressure > To drill the well. It allows to operate safely while drilling the well, and in case of kick or blow-out control.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0031-E
Leak - Off Test (Lot) Formation Integrity Test (Fit)
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0032-E
Leak-Off Test
PURPOSE OF LOT To check the real Fracturing value, after a casing string has been run. To check the real Fracturing value, after drilling through a layer with high porosity and/or permeability.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0033-E
Formation Integrity Test

It consists in a check of a formations resistance to a predetermined pressure. This pressure value corresponds to the highest mud density that is going to be employed during drilling operations. The procedure is similar to that of LOT, the only difference being that an engineer wont look for the leak point, but will stop pumping once the predetermined pressure value has been reached. Mill cement and shoe, and drill maximum 10m of new hole. Circulate mud in the well, and uniform mud density. Close the BOPs. Pump with a low flow rate (1/4 - 1/2 bbl/min), and plot pumped volume and pressure values. Stop pumping when the predetermined pressure value has been reached (pumping pressure plus mud pressure).
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0034-E
Rotary Drilling Bits
Bit Selection
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0035-E
Bit Selection
Theoretically, bit selection is a simple procedure. Select the proper bit based on: Type of formation to be drilled Type of drilling fluid being used Strength and characteristics of BHA Capability of surface equipment (pumps, rotary, drawworks, etc) to supply the power needed Unfortunately, downhole conditions are too unpredictable and changeable for this to happen.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0036-E
Bit Selection
The most important consideration affecting bit design is the type of rock that the bit will be drilling: Is the formation hard or soft? Is it composed of abrasive sand? Is it a sticky, heavy shale? Is is porous chalk?
One bit to drill all these formations would be ideal. However, no single bit can do this with equal efficiency.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0037-E
Bit Selection: Formation Hardness

The hardness of a rock depends upon its strength of cementation. Sand can range from a tightly fused matrix to an unconsolidated matrix.
Soft Soft shales, clays, weak sandstones, salt, gypsum, anhydrite
Medium Hard Extremely Hard
Hard limestones, sandstones, dolomite, hard shales Chert, dolomite, sandy shales Quatzite, chert, basalt
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0038-E
Bit Selection: Formation Abrasiveness

The abrasiveness of a rock can range from low abrasiveness to very abrasive for each formation hardness.
Low abrasion High abrasion Clays, shales, limestones, basalt Mixtures of clay and limestone with sand
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0039-E
Optimizing Drilling Parameters
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0040-E

As the bit drills, it eventually starts to wear out. The teeth that crush the formation begin to wear down. The bearings that allow the cones to turn start to wear out and fail. The more weight put on the bit and the faster it turns - the greater the wear, yet the faster it drills. As the bit wears out, it will not drill as efficiently, and the ROP decreases. Eventually the bit slows down so much that it is not economical to leave it in the hole any longer, so it is pulled from the hole and replaced with another.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0041-E

Drill bit optimization can be viewed as having 3 distinct phases: Selecting the proper bit for the drilling conditions Monitoring the drilling conditions on the well so that the drilling performance is at least equal to the best well in the area Implementing a bit weight/rotary speed program from theoretical calculations that will improve drilling performance above the best wells in the area
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0042-E
Optimizing Drilling Parameters: Rotary Speed

There is a known relationship between drilling rate and rotary speed: Soft formations: drilling rate is directly proportional to rotary speed Hard formations: ROP decreases with increased RPM
In hard formations, the cutting action of the bit requires that the teeth first penetrate the formation and then scrape or gouge out the formation. If the RPM is too fast, the teeth will not have enough time to fully penetrate the formation before they get pulled out again as the bit rotates.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0043-E
Optimizing Drilling Parameters: Hole Cleaning

Drilling rates increase in close proportion to rotary speed, providing Bottom hole cleaning is adequate.
Unless the cuttings already produced are cleaned out of the path of the bit as soon as possible, the bit will end up cutting the cuttings, when it could be used to cut virgin rock.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0044-E
Optimizing Drilling Parameters: Mud Solids and ROP

Low solids content mud will give a better rate of penetration in a similar fashion to low mud overbalance. It is not clear exactly why, but it is speculated that the mud solids may slow down the equalization of pressure under the chip. With a solids-free system, the drilling fluid can more easily penetrate past the chip to reduce the hold down effect.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0045-E

Optimizing Drilling Parameters: Hydraulics
The ROP of any drill bit is limited by the ability of the mud to clean the bottom of the hole. The goal of the hydraulics program is to remove the cuttings from the face of the bit as soon as they are dislodged. If the cuttings are not quickly removed, the bit will end up cutting them again, needlessly. Using the proper nozzles to increase the flow rate and increase the speed at which the mud flow hits the bottom will increase ROP. HOWEVER
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0046-E
Casing Design
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0047-E
Casing Profile
30" CP 20" csg
13 3/8" csg
standard" profile
9 5/8" csg
8 1/2 hole
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0048-E
Casing Design - Casing Profile Role Of The Casing - Conductor Pipe
The depth at which the conductor pipe (C.P.) will be fixed must allow the mud to circulate to the surface. Isolate surface unconsolidated formation. Shallow gas.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0049-E
Casing Design - Casing Profile Role Of The Intermediate Casing

Allow a greater choke margin ( 40 kg/cm2). One or more intermediate casing string may be required to isolate different targets. Isolate formations with different pressure gradients. Etc.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0050-E
Casing Design - Casing Profile Role Of The Production Casing

The production casing string will serve to isolate the productive intervals, to facilitate proper reservoir maintenance and/or prevent the influx of undesired fluids. This is the string through which the well will be completed, produced and controlled throughout its life. Diameter. Thickness (or weight in lb/ft).
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0051-E
Casing Design - Casing Profile Role Of The Liner

CASING DESIGN (CASING PROFILE) Role of the LINER
INTERMEDIATE LINER
PRODUCTION LINER
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0052-E
Casing Point
Depth 1
P1
FRACTURING PRESSURE
Depth m
Depth 2 PORE PRESSURE Depth 3
P2
P3
Depth 4 Pressure
P4
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0053-E
Casing Profile
Standard Casing Profile
30" CP 20" csg
Slim" Casing Profile
3/8" CP 5/8" csg
13 9
13 3/8" csg
7" csg
9 5/8" csg
5" csg
4 1/2 Hole 8 1/2" Hole
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0054-E
Casing Profile
30 CP
24 1/2 CP
Standard" Profile (5 casing strings)
24 1/2
18 5/8
Lean" Profile (5 casing strings)
18 5/8
16
13 3/8 9 5/8
13 3/8 9 5/8 8 1/2 Hole
8 1/2 Hole
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0055-E
Casing Design Casing Threads

NON API
ANTARES BIG OMEGA FJWP VAM etc.. DALMINE MANNESMAN HYDRIL VALLOREC
API Standard
SHORT THREAD COUPLING LONG THREAD COUPLING BUTTRESS THREAD EXTREME LINE THREAD
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0056-E
Casing Design Safety Factor

COLLAPSE 1.1 ALL
BURST
1.05 H40 - J/K55 1.1 C75 - P110 1.2 Q125 C95 > C95
TENSION 1.7 1.8
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0057-E
Casing Design Main Stresses

BURST COLLAPSE TENSION
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0058-E
Casing Cementing Top Of Cement

1. Surface Casing a) Offshore wells b) Offshore wells > From Jack-up / Fixed Platform - Exploration wells - Development wells > From Floating Rig
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0059-E
Casing Cementing
2. INTERMEDIATE CASING The main aim of the rise of the cement in the annuls is to restore the hydraulic conditions in the well after the borehole has been drilled (avoid communication between formations with different pressure gradient and containing different hydrocarbons), isolate overpressure zones; temperature problems. a) Onshore wells b) Offshore wells > From Jack-up / Fixed Platform > From Floating Rig
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0060-E
Well Heads
The well heads available on the market have working pressure of : - 2.000 - 3.000 - 5.000 - 10.000 - 15.000 psi psi psi psi psi
- The selected WORKING PRESSURE of the well head is according to the maximum formation pressure predicted at bottom hole. - In the presence of CO2 or H2S special steels will have to be used in accordance with corrosion Standards.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0061-E
Well Heads
Well heads for: Onshore and Jack-up Rigs Semisubs or Drilling Ships (subsea well heads) Onshore and Jack-up Rigs A. Conventional well head. B. UNITIZED well head (compact well head).
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0062-E
Christmas Tree
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0063-E
Bop Selection
The pressure rating of the BOPs must be higher than the maximum pressure predicted at the well head (with the exception of the annular preventer). - BOP for DRILLING - BOP for PRODUCTION TEST
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0064-E
Wellhead
Blow-out Preventers
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0065-E
Cement Job
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0066-E
Cementing Jobs
Primary cementing
Cement plug
Cement squeeze
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0067-E
Primary Cementing
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0068-E
Primary Cementing
Primary cementing means the cementing of the casings or liners of a well.
All the casings and liners of a well must be cemented except for some liners, normally those with slots for the passage of the produced fluids and which, once positioned in the well, are simply left anchored to and suspended from the casing above.
So surface, intermediate and production casings are all cemented with slurries of different properties and formulas to take into account the different well parameters at the depth at which they are positioned.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0069-E
Calculating a Primary Cementing
mud
previous csg shoe
lead cement
excess (..%) in open hole
csg collar csg shoe
tail cement
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0070-E
Two-stage Primary Cementing
Casing can be cemented in one or two stages. Cementing is one-stage when the work is completed in one step; that is, when all the cement is placed where needed in a single job. Instead, cementing is two-stage when the annulus is filled with cement in two steps; during the first step the cement is placed in the lower part of the annulus followed by a second step when the cement is placed in the top part of the annulus.
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0071-E
Cement Plug
These are operations which may be necessary at any point during the construction or life of the well. During drilling, to solve serious lost circulation problems (lost circulation plug), or when the bit has to be deviated from vertical drilling (kick-off plug). During production, when levels which are no longer economically viable or levels which produce water or gas have to be shut-in. At the end of the wells producing life when, in accordance with mining laws, a well has to be shut-in with a given number of cement plugs (abandon plugs).
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0072-E
Cement Squeeze
Cement squeeze means the forced pumping of slurry inside the rock to create a solid sleeve which acts as a barrier so that fluids do not flow into or out of the rock. A squeeze is often a remedial job and takes place during a wells producing life. A squeeze is a difficult operation to plan because many variables are involved: appropriate formula of the slurry squeeze pressure pumping rate type of formation and its permeability
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0073-E
Cement Squeeze
P of the squeeze
BOP or Hydrill (closed)
the pressure applied during the squeeze acts along the entire length of the casing
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0074-E
Cement Squeeze
tubing string or drill pipe
casing
squeeze packer shot interval to be closed stinger
slurry
lower packer which isolates the squeeze zone

Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0075-E
Examples Of Problematic Cement Jobs
Figure 1 shows a typical case of cement channelling where the casing rests on the wall of the well. The result will be the formation of an excess of filtration deposit and a film which adheres to the casing . Even if the slurry had completely filled the annulus, its adherence to the casing would not be perfect.
Figure 1
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0076-E
Examples Of Problematic Cement Jobs
The eccentricity of the casing inside the borehole favours the settling of the cement through the mud. Moreover, the cavities of the borehole will have collected viscous mud and cuttings. Figure 2 shows an excessive formation of cake at the two permeable zones.
Figure 2
Agip KCO
BO-019-GIA-0077-E

BO 019 Drilling Engeneering

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BO 019 Drilling Engeneering

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Drilling Engineering

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Objectives Of Drilling Engineering

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Importance of Formation Pressure Gradients

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Importance Formation Pressure Gradients

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Formation Pressure (Ppore)

ABNORMAL Pore Pressure

The Formation Pressure can be :

Its value is > than the hydrostatic Pressure

UNDERPRESSURE. Its value is < than the hydrostatic Pressure

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Gradient > 1.03-1.07 kg/cm2/10m Gradient < 1.03-1.07 kg/cm2/10m

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Drop of Water Table

Dilatation due to Tectonic Phenomena

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

= Normal Pressure = Normal Pressure = Overpressure = Overpressure

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

2000 m PPORE = (2000 * 1.03)/10

= 206 kg/cm2 ; GPORE = (206/2000) * 10 = 1.03 kg/cm2/10 m

1.195 > 1.03 1.195 > 1.03

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

2000 m PPORE = (2000 * 1.03)/10

= 206 kg/cm2 ; GPORE = (206/2000) * 10 = 1.03 kg/cm2/10 m

1.495 > 1.03 1.495 > 1.03

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Diapiritic Structures - Creation Of A Saline Dome

Training Special Project SP 2

Basic Oil and Gas in Exploration and Production Activities

Training Special Project SP 2