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Dr.Thimmaiah Advisor National Organic Program Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Royal Govt. of Bhutan drathimmaiah@gmail.com
Thimmaiah 2011
Introduction Agriculture in Bhutan and Climate change Climate smart agriculture & Organic Agril. Approaches for adaptation and mitigation - C sequestration and SOM - Sustainable solutions for reducing GHG - Traditional knowledge - Capacity Building Way forward
Agriculture
Over 70% population farming & employs 56% Average land holding 0.8 Ha per HH Farming Subsistence, Rainfed PovertyPoverty- rural communities (90% of total) Difficult terrain, landslides, flash floods, landslips Food Security Vulnerable to Climate change
loss of crops to unusual outbreaks of pest & diseases erratic rainfalls, windstorms, droughts and flash floods/landslides are increasing annually 1996- rice blast epidemic 80-90% crop loss 2007- corn blight disease in maize 50% crop loss 2008 Windstorm resulted in crop loss of 320 HH
Crude oil dependant Simplified agricultural systems Reduce diversity Industrial agriculture (homogenous) Change of land use
soybean for cattle feed - bio-fuels - resource driven to demand driven livestock production
Buddhism Living with Nature: A sustainable way of utilizing the natural resources
climate challenges of food security, climate adaptation and mitigation in an integrated way rather in isolation. sustainably increase - agril. productivity, agro-ecosystem resilience . reduce GHG emission & facilitate C capture from agriculture. enhance the achievement of national food security and development goals. Gross national happiness (GNH) paradigm of development.
Farming System Approach that fosters sustainable agril. environment Builds resilience in farming practices - reduced dependency on external inputs - diversification of crops Fosters Adaptive capacity of communities and empowers them Reduces vulnerability to wide range of climate change hazards Self sustaining, socially and ecologically superior over conventional farming. Cost effective management practices involving the use of on-farm inputs.
Transformations in the management of Soil Water Landscapes Pro-poor & low-cost technologies Genetic resources Enabling environment to ensure sustainable higher productivity and resilience while reducing the carbon footprint
......soil carbon sequestration represents 89% of agricultures mitigation potential & therefore international efforts should concentrate on the possibilities to make better use of this potential.... FAO
Research shows that Organic agriculture Systems use Water more efficiently Volume of Water Retained /ha (to 30 cm) in relation to Soil organic matter (SOM) 0.5% OM 1 % OM 2 % OM 3 % OM 4 % OM 5 % OM
Morris, 2004
= = = = = =
80,000 litres 160,000 litres 320,000 litres 480,000 litres 640,000 litres 800,000 litres
Sun hemp
Daincha
Cowpea
Mulching
Saves
40% water preventing evaporation 30% water absorbing moisture in the night 20% water live mulching (inter crops) Area under irrigation can be increased by 10 times
Composting
Biodigestor
Multiple cropping Crop Rotation Inter-cropping Companion Planting Alley Cropping Relay Cropping
Rice cultivation
SRI
SRI
Conventional
SRI
In Madagascar, SRI has increased yields from the usual 2-3 tons per hectare to yields of 6,8 or 10 tons per hectare.
Cuba Two rice plants the same age and same variety
Azolla
Pesticides also contribute to Climate Change 99% of the insects are beneficial and 1% are pests Farming system promotes Predator- Prey relationship
Light trap
Bird Perch
Egg parasitoid
Bio-plant extract
Source: Annadana
Heirloom seeds Land races Native seeds Traditional seeds Folk seeds
Tomato varieties
s varieties
Diversity of cucurbits
Diversity of Capsicum
Diversity of Tomatoes
Annadana
Insurance for the small scale farmers Adapted to small scale farming. Polygenic resistance to pest and diseases More micro nutrients which combat malnutrition and micro nutrient deficiency Home gardening
-holistic and ecological approach to increase and manage biodiversity - increase beneficial organisms
-
use of insect attracting plants, hedge rows, cover crops, and water reservoirs insects, spiders, amphibians, reptiles, bats, and birds help parasitization or predation Insect attracting plants rye and mustard beneficial insects mini livestock
Capacity building
Title
66
Human knowledge of Climate risks, sustainable agriculture skills Social- Farmers Organizations, Womens SHG, PC Physical- Infrastructure for irrigation, Seed/grain storage facilities Natural
Reliable water source, Productive land Micro-insurance, diversified income sources
Financial
Worlds poorest are the most vulnerable to Climate change. Reason : Limited access to the above resources.
Bhutan and Himalayan region is vulnerable. CSA through Organic technologies is a solution to the problem: contributing to both adaptation and mitigation. High Yields, Sustainability and Climate Resilience are achieved by: Adequate SOM, Eco-intensification & GAP Scientific research has shown - Organic agril. systems can ameliorate Climate Change CSA is knowledge intensive than input intensive & warrants high degree of expertise and capacity building for sustainable impact. Enhances livelihood resilience of rural poor Diversification of crops & dietary habits CSA befits GNH paradigm of development for Bhutan.
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