Application of GIS/GPS/RS in

Environmental Data management

GOAL/OBJECTIVE

• The goal is to allow resource allocation and environmental management

decisions to be based on up-to-date/accurate information.
• The objective of our department will be to provide the mechanisms that
will allow sharing of information in a timely manner among other
departments of the Ministry of Environment as well as government
institutions concerned with environmental and natural resources issues.

It is expected in the future that:

• Staff capacity will be increased and institutions strengthened in order to

make informed decisions regarding sustainable development;
• Information sharing and exchanging promotion policies will be established
for concerned institutions;
• The availability and accessibility of environmental and natural resources
data to national government agencies and international community will be
enhanced.

Environmental Data/Information

• Bio-physical data
• Socio-economic data

Core Dataset Preparation Requirement

• Infrastructure;
• Soil Class;
• Vegetation Cover;
• Air quality Measurement;
• Demography;
• Climate Zonation;
• Administrative Boundaries;
• Topography;
• Land Use;
• Geology;
• Major Harvesting Activities;
• Water Quality Measurements;
• Soil Analysis Samples.
Meta-Database Preparation

Metadata refers to "data which describes data," including, data catalogues, data
dictionaries, indexes and the like.

Each map should contain the reference year for the data types used, and the
source of the data. There are two forms of data representation: i) State of Data
that shows the state of a resource at one point in time, ii) Change in State that
shows the change in state between two different times.

As data sets for different time periods are acquired, Change of State mapping
should be used to enable the user to more readily assess environmental
changes.

On-going activities are concentrated in:

• Preparation, storage, maintenance, and updating of data/information,

including data catalogues, data dictionaries, indexes and the like;
• Capacity building in GIS and database management (including training,
institutional strengthening and training of trainers); and
• Developing a national GIS database for Environmental Assessment and
State of the Environment (SoE) Reporting.

APPLICATION OF GIS IN SUPPORT OF THE COASTAL AND MARINE

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Summary of Key Issues for Coastal and Marine Waters

• Seven major issues in the coastal and marine areas of Cambodia were
identified:
• An almost complete lack of basic infrastructure for coastal and marine
environmental management;
• The absence of reliable data and base information from which to prepare
and implement plans and projects;
• Severely degraded physical infrastructure: roads; irrigation systems;
coastal protection dikes, etc.
• Continuing lack of security in some of the coastal areas;
• A severely inadequate legal and policy framework for coastal and marine
environmental management in particular, and for government and public
administration in general;
• Pervasive poverty; and
• Degradation of productive natural resources, primarily fisheries and
forestry resources (including those contained in protected areas) that
 results primarily from poverty, a lack of physical infrastructure; and lack of
security.

Changes in Condition and Protection of Existing Coastal and Marine

Protected Areas

Name Area (ha) Province

National Parks
Phnom Bokor 140,000 Kampot
Kep 5,000 Kep
Ream 15,000 Kg. Som
Botum Sakor 171,250 Koh Kong
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Peam Krasaop 23,750 Koh Kong
Multiple Use Management Areas
Dong Peng 27,700 Koh Kong

Status of Coastal Environment

The principal indicators of the status of the coastal environment are suggested
for the initial periods for information reporting.

For all indicators it is important to know where they occur:

Environmental Effects

Changes in biodiversity, with particular reference to:

Birds
Marine fish and organisms
Marine mammals
Marine reptiles and amphibians

Changes in ecosystem health, with particular reference to:

Coral reefs
Mangroves
Sea-grass beds

Changes in endangered/rare species, with particular reference to:

 Birds
Marine fish and organisms
Marine mammals
Marine reptiles and amphibians

Changes in water quality, with particular reference to:

Nutrients
Heavy metals
Sediment loads entering the sea
Pesticides and fertilizers
Organic compounds

Changes in coastal land use, with particular reference to land use change and loss
of vegetation cover

Resource Management

• Changes in volume and species of the fish catch

• Changes in fishing effort and methods
• Changes in employment in fishing
• Changes in aquaculture production from marine and brackish water
sources
• Changes in size of protected marine and shoreline area
• Trade in marine species
• Occurrence of spills

Socio-economic

• Changes in industrial activity

• Changes in industrial waste loads
• Changes in population, income and employment
• Changes in human waste loads
• Changes in agricultural activity
• Changes in agricultural waste loads
• Changes in land use

Coastal Map Development

• When considering developing a GIS-based macro scale reporting system,

one must take into account the following:
• Costs associated with data acquisition, data preparation, and geo-
referencing, not to mention updating of that data on a periodic basis;
 • Data available or available in a format that meets geographical reporting
are not considered all important;
• A single agency never has all data that would be needed in a geo-
referenced coastal and marine environmental information management
system; and
• Presentation of information in map form requires a basis for locating the
information in the map. Concepts used in a textural document do not
readily transfer to a map in a GIS.

Base Map Units

Where specific boundaries or locations for data are not known the data or the
data concerns input to the coastal zone from inland (e.g. Sediment loads of
rivers) the data should be referenced to the smallest coastal administrative unit
(e.g. district, county, province).

The preferred "Map Reporting Unit" or MRU is for the district level. However,
recognizing the practicality of scale and the logistical implications to establish a
uniform level of data for reporting, it is recommended that the initial mapping
system focus at the provincial level.

This map unit structure will allow a convenient way to provide a local, provincial
and national level of reporting with defined geographic referencing.

Reference Data

Below is a guide to attribute data reporting.

Based Attribute Data Reference List Sample

Stream-flow: Where possible list as many of the following parameters as feasible:

• Name of monitoring station (more than one station may be entered)

• Year or record
• Drainage area (km²)
• Mean monthly flows (cubic meters per second)
• Peak flow (cubic meters per second)
• Date of peak flow
• Lowest flow in record (cubic meters per second)
• Date of lowest flow

Employment structure

Numbers or percentage of people employed in main sectors (e.g. Tourism,

Manufacturing, Agriculture, Forestry, Commerce, Retail, Oil industry, Fishing,
Aquaculture, others) for the MRU
Endangered/rare species: List marine species for the MRU (as far as this is
known):

• mammals
• birds
• fish
• shellfish
• amphibians/reptiles
• Note endangered or rare species found in map unit (if none state none)

Waste handling facilities:

- For solid waste

- For sewerage
- For industrial waste, etc.

A COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Every data set must have a metadata code, which identifies the source of the
data, when the data was collected or measured or monitored or surveyed by the
source organization. This is very important for all data and especially important
for ecosystem and habitat data. Every map legend should have a list of metadata
for the base map and reference codes to an appendix for the attribute and map
data sources and data of collection.

Generalized map series consist of map data and map types

E.g. For Water Quality

Map Data This data refers to monitoring stations within the coastal waters. The data to
be shown is intended to reflect the total pollution load to the sea at the
location of a monitoring station(s). The first priority would be to show the
location of each monitoring site in each MRU with the parameters shown for
each map below.
Map Type As this data is point data point displays will be used.
MAP 1: Total nutrients (sum of nitrates, nitrites and phosphates in ppm)
MAP 2: Total organic compounds
MAP 3: BOD
COD
MAP 4: Concentration of the five highest heavy metal concentrations. Select
the highest of the above values for each of the following periods:

- January to March inclusive

 - April to June inclusive
- July to September inclusive
- October to December inclusive

Coastal and Marine Environmental Database Development

Databases used for environmental data at the Ministry of Environment are

evaluated to determine whether an existing database design and/or their data
could be readily used for a GIS-based coastal and marine environmental
information system. While many fields are useful, the database structures must
be altered to enable geo-referencing before they can be used in GIS. Database
structure should be compatible whenever possible to facilitate the development
of integrated data management systems (Biophysical and socio-economic
databases should use Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, FoxPro, for example).

CONCLUSION

Due to the fact that geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing
(RS) technology is very important tool for planning, management and monitoring
of natural resources, the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia in
pursuing its objectives of rehabilitating the country’s economy and alleviating the
people’s poverty is keen to develop an integrated information system.

In this matter, GIS and remote sensing technology is considered a particularly

important tool for the Ministry of Environment which is charged with managing,
improving and preserving the country’s environment. In order to meet the
requirements for the successful application of remote sensing and GIS in
sustainable development, not only should the staff of the relevant institutions be
well trained, but Cambodia still lacks experience in and facilities for producing
maps. Cambodia therefore continues to seek technical assistance in increasing
staff capacity, institution building and other key areas to enhance its ability to
improve the availability and accessibility of environment and natural resources
data, and establish an information exchange network and compatible data set for
environmental planning and management.

The Application Study of RS and GIS Technology in Environmental Remote

Sensing Investigation of She Fu -- Dongsheng Coal fields In China
Lei Jiannian Gao Huijun Qiu Shaopeng Zhang Guangchao Zhang Feng
(Remote Sensing Application Institute of ARSC,Xi'AN 710054 China)

Abstract
The regional invesgation and evaluation quality becomes global focus with the conception of
continued development accepted universally .In 1998,Remote Sensing Application Institute of
ARSC completed the investigation of ShenFu - Dongsheng coal fields which was implemented by
means of remote sensing and GIS technique .The project provided the scientific evidence as a
successful attempt regarding the policy of both reasonable coal exploitation and environment
protection.

The investigation of environment quality was owed to TM image interpretation combining with
field investigation and ground reflective wave test. The analysis of environment quality was based
upon multi-period remote sensing interpretation and routine inspection data. Remote sensing
information and routine information were conducted by quality synthetic evaluation system
attributing to GIS Application which enabled coal field environment quality synthetic evaluation to
come true and the proposals to put forward concerning coal exploitation environment protection
and management.

TM5,4,3 wave synthetic image obtained in 1987 and 1996 with the enlargement at the scale of
1:1000 by means of mosaic proof -reading benefits the field investigation assuring indoor
mapping with accuracy. Not only does the image provide the vision of landforms, vegetation,
earth's surface ingredients, coal mining, transport and other large-scale engineering projects but
also it makes a good response to air pollution aroused by some polluting sources as small coal
pit, coke pit without exception of building, power, and iron-smelting enterprises.

The investigation of environment quality begins with primary interpretation. It conducts the
investigation in typical area as the first procedure and establishes the interpretation sign as an
environment factor on TM image. Then the investigation perfect the interpretation sign expanding
to the whole area.6 maps of environment quality covering 33,000 km2 respectively at the scale of
1:100,000 are implemented by environmental interpretations and investigation with the
application of MICROSTATION geologic mapping software pack. The spatial distributing features
were accurately represented by the forms of vegetation desertization,soil erosion,surface water
pollution,air pollution,solid waste and other elements.

Through the interpretation of multi-period remote sensing image and the comparative analysis of
routine data,the environment factor develops as a trend of less soil desertization after 1987.
Severe and average desertization reduced 28.5%. Soil erosion remarkably lessened. In 80's,river
silt discharge decreased 56.18% compared with 50's and 60's.

Environment quality synthetic evaluation system is based upon layer analysis theory raised by
American operational researcher T.L.santy and GIS technology.

The evaluation cannot be conducted by manual work because of its large range and huge data.
However,it is the compute with ARC/INFO3.4 software that devotes to the establishment of
managing system ranging from digital mapping of environment factor,the calculation of weight in
different layers,imitation and environment factor data synthetic processing to the display of
synthetic evaluation achievements.

The total 24 maps were completed in the investigation. The coal field environment quality is
classified as the degree of 3 class 9 in the first ration accordingly. They represent the
characteristics of environment quality spatial distribution. These characteristics indicate that the
environment quality in whole area is poor,the good quality part merely takes 16.61% of whole
area; the framework of environment quality manifests south superior to morth and west superior
to east. As coal mining construction is developing rapidly ,environment quality has worsened
severely in middle are.

Estimation of Emission changes about green house effect gasses by land-

cover changes using remote sensing and GIS in Sumatra Island, Indonesia
Introduction
Deforestation, conversion of forest into non-forest land cover, especially in tropical forest area has
been an international concern. It was estimated that tropical forest was deforested by 6 – 16.8
million hectares per year (Grainger, 1993; Barbier et. all., 1991; Myers, 1994). Since forest hold
the most carbon in terrestrial ecosystem, such changes give significant impact on the net
increase of atmospheric carbon. In addition, land cover changes results in greenhouse effect
gases (GHG:CO2, N2O, CH4) dynamics.

GHG emission of soil surface is influenced by several factors such as land cover types, climatic
factors, biological factors and physical environment factors. Emission measurements usually are
conducted at a point location, therefore problem arise when emission estimation will be used for
scaling up into a broader areas. The research aimed at the development of Spatial database to
assist the regional estimation of aboveground carbon stock loss and soil surface GHG emission
changes caused by land cover changes using GIS and Remote Sensing. As a case study land
cover change between 1992 and 1995 of Pasir mayang area and 1986 to 1992 of Jambi
Province, Indonesia will be evaluated.

Research method

Development GHG database at Pasir mayang area

Using LANDSAT/TM data, we determined land cover of Pasir mayang area in 1992 and 1995.
Pasir mayang area is 33km (east to west) and 20km (north to south) and is listed as Fig. 1. In the
area, estimation of total above ground carbon stock is calculated by multiplying the value of ha by
total area of each land cover. The same method was applied for calculating the total emission of
GHG.

Development GHG database at Jambi Province

The study area is located in Jambi Province, between 0° 45’ and 20° 45’ latitude south; 101° and
104° 55’ longitude east (Fig. 1). The total area is 48,715 sq. km. It ranges from swampy coastal
plains in the east to more than 1,000 meters above the sea level in the western part. According to
statistical data, in 1995 the population of Jambi was 2.18 Million and has increased more than
two fold compared to 1971 data (Bappeda Jambi 1995 and 1988).

The research is initiated by the development land cover maps, and followed field measurement.
Spatial database (land cover) construction was conducted in Forest Ecology and Remote
Sensing Lab. of Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP), and Remote Sensing Research
Unit of National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences, Japan. Field measurements (above
ground biomass, and GHG flux) were conducted by BIOTROP, Impact Center of South East Asia
and National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences, Japan.

Land cover map construction

Spatial database of Land cover were developed based on land cover maps in 1986 and 1992 at
scale 1 : 250,000 published by BIOTROP. These two maps were made based on visual
interpretation of LANDSAT and SPOT.

Bio-mass estimation (Aboveground carbon stock)

Weight of sample components of the tree i.e. timbers, stems, branches, twigs, leaves and roots of
primary forest, secondary forest and logged over forest were estimated by using equation
developed by Kira and Iwata (1989). Tree biomass for one hectare plot was calculated by
multiplying biomass of each tree with the number of tree per hectare. To get aboveground carbon
stock the biomass weight was multiplied by factor of 0.5.

Soil GHG flux measurement

Flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane of soil surface were measured at various land
cover types in order to obtain the estimates of GHG emissions by the ground survey group of our
project.
 Fig. 1 Pasir mayang area and Jambi Province

Result and Discussion

Developed GHG database at Pasir mayang area

The land cover maps of Pasir mayang area in 1993 and 1995 were indicated as Fig. 2. Estimation
of above ground carbon stock is calculated by multiplying the unite value by total area of each
land cover using the land cover maps of Pasir mayang area in 1993 and 1995. The same method
was applied for calculating the total emission of GHG. These results are shown as table 1 and
table 2. Logged forest was the most dominant land-cover in Pasir mayang, followed by rubber
and secondary vegetation (rubber jungle), fallow land (bush/shrubs), grassland and bare land
(clear cut area) (Table 1).

Fig. 2 Land cover maps of Pasir mayang area and changes in 1993 and 1995

Table 1 Land cover and above ground carbon stock changes in Pasir Mayang between 1993 – 1995
Total above ground Total above ground
Carbon stock Area in Area in
Land cover Carbon stock in 1993 Carbon stock in 1995
per ha (ton/ha) 1993 (ha) 1995 (ha)
(ton) (ton)

Logged forest 155.2 68,529.5 10,634,270.75 63,235.5 9,812,758.4

Bush/Shrubs 15.0 10,224.8 153,372.0 10,450.3 156,754.5

Rubber and sec.

35.5 6,541.8 232,233.9 11,414.3 405,207.7
Vegetation.

Grass land 6.0 3,156.5 18,939.0 3,468.3 20,809.8

 Bare land 0.0 986.3 0 870.5 0

Total in 1993 89,438.9 11,038,815.7 89,438.9 10,395,530.4

Note: Above ground biomass was estimate using allometric equation, conducted by Biotrop

Table 2 Soil green house gas emission changes of Pasir Mayang between 1993 and 1995
Carbon dioxide (ton/hour) Nitrous oxide (kg/hour) Methane (kg/hour)
Land-cover
1993 1995 1993 1995 1993 1995

Logged forest 241.4 222.8 7.343 6.776 -9819.3 -90607.7

Fallow land 59.4 60.7 2.041 2.086 -4.5 -4.6

Rubber and sec. vegetation 31.0 54.0 1.328 2.317 -1.3 -2.2

Grassland 19.1 20.9 0.347 0.381 0.0 0.0

Bareland 6.1 5.4 0.326 0.117 -73.2 -64.6

Total 357.0 363.8 11.194 11.679 -9898.3 -9132.1

Note : Calculation was made based on mean value of 10 months (10 time) measurement conducted
The measurements were made in Jan., Feb., Mar., June, July, Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov. and Dec

Between 1993-1995, logged forest area decreased of about 5,300 ha, while rubber jungle and
fallow land increased 4,872 ha and 225 ha, respectively. Due to this, above ground carbon stock
of the area decreased from 11.1 million ton to 10.4 million ton, or have loss of about 0.7 million
ton.

Table 2 summarized the GHG emission of soil in 1993 and 1995. Comparison of the total GHG
flux of the two period time studies based on land-cover have showed that there was an increase
flux of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide and absorption reduction of methane.

Developed GHG database at Jambi Province area in Sumatra

Land cover changes

Land cover patterns in 1986 and 1992 is presented in Table 3. Proportion of primary forest
decreased from 33.9% in 1986 to 25.8% in 1992. Fallow lands (shrubs) decreased from 19.3% to
12.5% in 1992. Further analysis of each land cover types is presented in Fig. 3. It shows that
about 24% of primary forest area were converted into logged forest, shrubs (fallow lands), cash
crop plantation, cultivated and settlement areas. About 30% of logged forest were converted into
shrubs, cash crop plantation, a mixture of cultivated and settlements.

Table 3 Land cover and above ground bio-mass changes between 1986 and 1992
1986 1992
LAND COVER Area (sq. % of total Total carbon Area (sq. % of total Total carbon
km) area (106 ton) km) area (106 ton)

Primary forest 16521.20 33.91 416.89 12569.86 25.80 317.19

Secondary forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 1274.34 2.62 7.40

Logged forest 10022.39 20.57 155.53 12448.65 25.55 193.18

Fallow land 9401.68 19.30 14.10 6072.66 12.47 9.11

Grassland 535.99 1.10 0.32 523.19 1.07 0.31

Bare land 3.67 0.01 0.00 3.67 0.01 0.00

Cash crops plantation 912.78 1.87 2.56 3303.17 6.78 9.25

Paddy field 1002.78 2.06 0.75 649.16 1.33 0.49

 Upland field 0.00 0.00 0.00 235.84 0.48 0.18

Cultivated lands and

7036.29 14.44 24.97 7933.39 16.29 28.16
Secondary Vegetation

Cultivated lands and

1339.84 2.75 0.50 1630.68 3.35 0.61
Settlement

Urban area 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.17 0.27 0.00

Water surface/lake 42.41 0.09 0.00 42.27 0.09 0.00

No data 1896.60 3.89 - 1896.6 3.89 -

Total 48715.65 100.00 615.62 48715.65 100.00 565.88

Note: Above ground biomass was estimate using allometric equation, conducted by BIOTROP

Fig. 3 Land cover Changes from 1986 to 1992

Aboveground carbon stock changes
Aboveground carbon content estimation of each land cover was calculated by multiplying the
area of each land cover with carbon stock per unit area. Table 3 has showed the changes of
aboveground carbon due to land cover changes. Total above ground carbon stock decrease from
6.16 x 108 ton in 1986 to 5.66 x 108 ton in 1992 or loss of about 0.50 x 108 ton within 6 years
equal to 8.3 millions ton per year. The loss of aboveground carbon was mainly came from primary
forest conversion. IPCC have divided the loss of aboveground carbon content into on site and off-
site release. These two categories were classified further into direct burning (fuel wood and slash
and burn agricultural) and decomposition process release of unburned biomass (Houhton et.al.,
1996). Thus the amount of carbon and GHG released to the atmosphere were depended on
these processes. Estimation of the amount carbon and GHG release need yearly basis time
series of spatial data and the information on commercial wood and fuel wood harvest, and
burning efficiency data of each land cover type.

Soil Greenhouse gas emission changes

GHG flux of soil varies depend on type the site condition and season. The comparisons below
were made based on flux measurement conducted in November 1997 in several sites of Jambi
Province. The calculation results of total flux based on 1986 and 1992 land cover data for major
land cover presented in Table 4. Comparison of the total GHG flux of the two periods of time
studies could not be performed since there are still no information on GHG flux of soil surface
under cash crops plantation and secondary forest. However, it seems that the conversion of
natural forest will cause on the decrease of methane gas absorption and induce the increase of
nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide flux emission.

Table 4 Greenhouse gases flux changes between 1986 and 1992

Land- Total flux of CO2 (mg/day) Total flux of N2O (mg/day) Total flux of CH4 (mg/day)
use/Land
cover class 1986 1992 1986 1992 1986 1992
Primary
1.69x1014 1.28x1014 3.2x109 2.43x109 -1.45x1010 -1.10x1010
forest
Secondary
0.00 5.75x1012 0.00 7.03x108 0.00 -3.36x109
forest
Logged
1.24x1014 1.54x1014 2.48 x109 3.08x109 -1.04x1010 -1.29x1010
forest
Fallow
1.31x1014 8.46x1013 4.51 x109 2.91x109 -1.00x1010 -6.47x109
land
Grassland 7.76x1012 7.58x1012 1.42 x108 1.38x108 0.00 0.00
Bare 10 10 5 5 5
2.44x10 2.44x10 5.67x10 5.67x10 -6.25x10 -6.25x105
land
Cash
crops 1.87x1013 6.75x1013 4.68x108 1.69x109 0.00 0.00
plantation*
Paddy
- - 9.63x107 6.23x107 7.22x108 4.67x108
field
Upland
0.00 2.41x1012 0.00 4.03x107 0.00 0.00
field
Cultivated
land and 8.00x1013 9.02x1013 3.43 x109 3.87x109 -3.33x109 -3.75x109
Secondary vegetation
Cultivated
lands and 6.85x1012 8.33x1012 1.16 x108 1.41x108 0.00 0.00
Settlement
Total flux 536.5x1012 548.3x1012 14.4 x109 15.1x109 -37.5x109 -37.0x109
Note : calculations were made based on field measurement in November 1997, conducted by IC-SEA

* : assumed flux of CH4 and CO2 of cash crops plantation are equal upland, while flux of N2O is equal
to three times of upland field flux due to intensive fertilizer application.
Spectral Model of Water Quality parameters
Yin Qui, Shu Xiaozhou, Kuang Dingbo
Shanghai Institue of Technology Physics, Chinese Academy of sciences

Lake Taihu, in Changjiang Delta Area, is the third largest plain fresh lake of China. In recent
years, the water quality of Taibu descends year by year. Especially, the north area of Taihu is in
obvious nutritive state. In this paper, according to the field measurement and the Landsat TM
Data, the relations between water surface reflected spectra and water pollutant concentration and
the change of water quality from 1986 to 1998 about Taihu are studied.

Two field experiments are made. The first is in Nov. 1997 with 21 measurement points distributed
in whole Taihu, and the second is in Aug. 1998 with 13 measurement points distributed in the
north areea of Taihu. Two water quality parameters, chlorophyll-a (Chl) and suspended substance
(SS), are analyzed. According, to the ratio of reflected spectra from water surface and that from a
standard white plate measured by GER-1500, an ultra-spectra instrument with 346 channels from
350nm wavelength to 900nm wavelength, the reflectivity (diffusion reflectivity) spectra of water
surface are determined. BY statistical regression, the ultra and multi-spectral models about water
quality parameters are established for different pollutant concentration ranges. The relation model
between reflectivity and Chl and SS is established for every GER -1500 channel. The relation
models between the reflectivity of one channel or the reflectivity differences/ratio of two channels
and the water quality parameters are established for remote sensing channels of several existing
satellite and a set of hypothetical water quality remote sensing channels.

The ultra-Spectral Model of Water Quality Parameters for GER-1500 Channels. The scattering
effect of chlorophyll can be expressed by the linear item Chl. The absorption effect of chlorophyll
can be expressed by the linear item In(Chl+1). The linear item SS(for SS < 100mg/L) or the log-
linear item In(SS+1) can express the effect of suspended substance. The scattering effect of
chlorophyll is mainly reflected at wavelengths larger than 740nm. The absorption effect of
chlorophyll is mainly reflected at 400~520nm and 575~690nm wavelengths. The scattering effect
of suspended substance is reflected at 680 820nm wavelengths most obviously. If S<100mg/L,
the scattering of S will affect of Chlorophyll will also reflected at wavelengths in the vicinity of
350nm and 550nm.

The Multi-Spectral Model of Water Quality Parameters for TM Channels. For samples of
Chl=24~500ug/L and S=0~100mh/L, Scan not be retrieved by the reflectivity, reflectivity
difference or reflectivity ratio of any TM channels. If the single channel model is applied, TM4 is
the most suitable channel for Chl retrieving and the corresponding model, TM4 =C0+C1*Chl with
a related coefficient 0.86. if the double channel model is applied, every combination of TM
channels except the combination of TM1 and TM3 (which are the absorption channels of Ch1)
can reflect the effect of Ch1, in which the combinations of TM4 and TM3, TM2 or TM1 have
relatively good correlation with Ch1. The related coefficients of TM4 - (TM1, TM2 or TM3)=
C0+C1*Ch1 are not smaller than 0.85 and the related coefficients of TM4/ (TM1, TM2 or TM3)=
C0+C1*Chl are not smaller than 0.80. For samples of Ch1=0~24ug/L and SS=0~200nm/L, Ch1
can not be retrieved by any TM channels. TM4 and TM3 have log-linear correlations with S to a
certain extent, a and the related coefficients are 0.57 and 0.49 respectively. Some double channel
combinations can reflect the effect Ch1. the combination of the absorption channels of Ch1, TM1
and TM3, can retrieve SS fairly good. The related coefficients of TM3-TM1=Co+C1*In(SS+1) is
0.85 and the related coefficient of TM3/TM1=Co+C1*in(Ch1+1)+C2*In(SS+1) is 0.90 with
FCh1=10.45 and FSS=47.20. For samples of Ch1=0~500ug/L and SS=0~200mg/L, the reflectivity
of every TM channels are related with Ch1 and SS, in which the relation of reflectivity with S has
a long -linear form. The combination of the near infrared channel TM4 and the visible channel,
TM1 TM2 or TM3, can filter the effect of SS and retrieve Ch1 fairly good with a related coefficients
not smaller than 0.84. The combination of the green channel TM2 and the absorption channel of
Ch1, TM1 or TM3 is related with Ch1. In addition, the combination of TM2 and TM3 is related with
SS. the difference of the absorption channels of Ch1, TM3 and TM1, can filter the effect of Ch1
and reflect the effect of SS.

The data retrieving steps from Landsat TM data to water quality parameters are (1). The change
of grey frequency (f) with grey (N) is analyzed for every TM channels. If d2f/d2N attains maximum
and when the grey of the reflectivity of atmosphere layer to the direct sunlight at the top of
atmosphere (Rsun) is set to 1;(2). The relations between the direct transmittance, the diffusion
transmittance and the diffuse reflectivity of atmosphere layer at different directions (up and down)
and Rsun are established by an atmospheric Radiative transfer theory, which is used to
determine the reflectivity of different TM channels at water surface from TM data; (3). The
concentration of Ch1 and that of S are retrieved by the reflectivity about channel TM1 TM3 and
TM4 at water surface and the multi-spectral model of water quality with TM4/TM3=C0+C1*Ch1
and TM3/TM1=C0+C1*S; (4). The change of concentration frequency (f) with concentration (N)
for Vh1 and that for S are analyzed respectively. If d2f/d2N attains maximum and åNO "1% when
N=J<0, the concentration is adjusted from N to N+J. As an example the change of water quality
about Taihu is determined by the Landsat TM data on 1986.07.25, 1997.06.29, 1997.05.04 and
1998.08.11.