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Title: Damascus Sermon


Author: Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
Translator: M. Asim Alavi
Editor: Moulavi A.L.M. Ibrahim
Published By
Printed by:IPC Printing Press, 168, Main Street, Mawanella Sri
Lanka
Copy right:
First Edition : November 2010

c^D

Price:
ISBN:

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g>\V \u ]_ x[k>V. D,
>[ z > x>VD VD c >^, m
l[ >]V V_ sm s Vmz
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s WD yc v\VV_ x[sA FB
xBV\_ Vlu. D, k 1911D g_ ]
B > VtB E _k kV_z \]l_
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|^m. E> \V stB > z^
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yc v\V[ ]_ kV]|V.
V]_ V]m^ V>\V ED "g
kV>^' [ B_ k x[kV. VtB

22

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\ D

23

cD\][ >B> m^ B B s
kuV xD k komV.
l_ A \Val_ W> D
m, gD c c[ _ k \VazD \Vu
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D \[ [\ ] m >ta_ \Vm, [V
_V.

\ D
ku VD Wu [ABV\VB
_Vs[ BV_...
B kVE^ >\m \VaBVKD VKD
kV >\m VVB [B\BV> AB
_Vz V km m] F[kV,
kV VxD k m] FVD. k[ V[:

   
  
""_VB V s|D ^
WVBB kVD.'' (q\: 53)

km > FB _BVVB xD\


(v__V N kv_D) k^ *m V]D
D >Vm VB|D. k^ V^:
""uA ]BVk V[ [.''
(xk>V \VD \Vo)

24

\ D

\ D

25

>Vkm, _V >gV [ zz
B>[ VD \M>z \]l_ uA
k>V|, yB Aom k VVu
#\Vzk>uV\.

kVD g^m tD VB g .
> VB ^ [k\V:

_Vk Am km #>[ *m vkV


V[ [ V[ [:

2. ]BD V J, EB_ kV

> c\FBV \]_ k>\m > s


\|m VzD m BmzB A V>
>! cD V[ V^ sDAD sBD BV>
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kaV V[ ks_. cz kaVkV _m
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u >> \V c\V^ [\VlzD
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z [ u[ T| km ku >m >>lD *
D \VkM[ Wz Vm. > >> >m
\[ uk BV>V [> k>VMm BM_ >m
V> kwzkV. l_ M[ ]> F
kV. gD.. c^ x[Ml_ VD \Vk,
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k, m gV[! V[ u >V
c^ x[ k\V \[:
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sB> u V[. >Vkm, >uV
WB km k>VMzDVm, kVkD
nVBD s]B>kVD ]V>
V BkVD \Vu, D\ sQV
>VaO x[uD _V, \]B V] >

1. DD \V]xD x\BV w> J kV

3. \ VV|k> E>_.
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\]B BV\.
5. k s| > >Vu VFV_ J]_ A
BV^ >]V >\mkD.
6. m xBuED >m B [\V \V]D
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V[ u V "g kV>^' [
\z]_ \[. cD\> m^ g
B J VFzD ]_ \m^m.

x>_ kV>
x>_ kV> D [>VzD. _Vs[ ^
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k>_. z >MZ]l_ >
k> \B\V km [, xoD Vm\!
z c\BV \k >B sBKV
x>_ BV^ >V kk >V s

26

\ D

D uF]B c[ m V^[. >


\EBVm cVsB Z]l_ mkD xoD
cD\][ \s[ { \Vk \B Vm.
VD kEBm, zV c\VMBD m
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kD B[ c]m VV[. WVl[ J
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V> km V_ sV_ ]VD \B\V
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V. V[ Vm [ BV kV>
V x[k[. ku[ xlom gD
[.
""VxD >[ ]BD Z]BVD Z]BV
D s] k>uz >kBV m >\
D x\BV u^.''

Z]BV x[uD- mk x>_ DD


c\BV W ]FD kV ]B
]uz V[k>uz tD D>z> VEBVzD [>
* x[s> W \VM> wB v~, 1371 (1951) _ W>
\Vu> \V Vum kz x[ s]>V. >Vkm, xoD cz,

\ D

27

V^ >m k]m kEBD. >V V^...


kV V[ m. iB Vbk> >Vu>
VMB >], VD _KBVm>V[ [>
k\V c]|mV:
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kV ]VV, Vm k^ ]D B
xt>V V\V kV>V^ [> kV |m
V|m. >V_, k^ Vm ]B> [
uk]_ V|VzD TxD VVV, Vm,
zx, TE, >V_s, \uD \zwD
gBkuz gV.''
gV_, B \V V>\_ m
\Vu\Vm [> kV ]m km^m. k^
Vm \>u[ kV>VV Vm [>Bk
VD TEukVD VV^; [k
>V[ m Vm.
V][ VuVD k|D xD\
(v_) km V>V| [ k VD { c\B
k>VMm kVD.
>kV xoxD z>Z]BV >z> g>V
x[km V]_ w|, kV wB _m
zV A V|^ >D\ BV| V> VMmkkV][ \V
om s|| >] V|V tm k VtB V|V \VD [
F]BB k klV. Vm k c_ | >D c_
xm Vum k^ >s>VB |\V> V|V[\BD u
E]s_. c\l_ 1371 (1951) _ > Wk 1327 (1909) B Ww
V[ >[ uF]B yc v\V[ v~ L |m>V. D \VuD u
>V\]>\V V > kV_ m V^ xBs_.

28

\ D

A]B \V> u kVu ]^ mD BVm.


gV_, soBVk[ s> g>VxD _V\_,
J>\V [uD Vz[ \>D \Vkm
V_. >V_ \>\ _Vm kVD km
WD sBm [ >Vum. \KD, g
BD [, iB AEz xuV>B iBVs[ ]ys
\>kV]D [D ku \>>kD z>
Z]BV g>VD W\V kV>D u
V]_ Owm V[. EVm
\V Ow[.''
V^! VD E> zV \V, VD D
V> \m >M kVs_ xBV |m
VV_, ~\V B_Z]BV k|]V_, k
\> [ukV VVBV km V]_ Ow
kV^. x J\VkV _m V]B^, V|^
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V^kV^. ]_ ms> >xt_.
mzD \V, T sQV\Vm zV
\M> c EBB Fm^m. \M> B_[
c\>[\B k[ s VV[.
\>> mm, s> zVD _Vm \M>V_
kVw xBVm []_ ms> >xD BVm; kV_
xBk xBVm. \V> xux>V m kVD
k[ \V]_ >D A W]|V[.
tw> \M>[ V m[ ]VzD
VmD kz c^mD AtmD kB ]B
\V |DVmD k >V xBV> m[^

\ D

29

kV k>zDVmD km ku k\Wz
\]lKD c^]_ wB gVV ]FB
xBuEzD VmD k[ c > M\
*V k|D; k[ skVD V| \\kV *m
D kkV \V k|D; _ u \M>
z m >s *Ez kaB BVm.
>B][ {|z^ \>D D xm c^lV
sV_ V_VV mBD TED g[t
k\D \M> ][ J kVs_ sm s
|D. >[ skV \M>[ WD\]lw> aWz
>^|k>V|, t>s ~V V|kV[.
\V VV_, uV_ \M>[ B
>]mD sQV |Am ]||D
WmD VB \ > | sam
sV[. m kz c\BV \M> B_D >m
> gu_D >kV kV s. >V|
\M>[ >[^ A>m^ sE]\V gu_D k_
\BD V| [\V c\B c gDm
sV[. >V[ t [ zB [
\V]D s s_. \VV, W>
> kBkVk |^[ [mk
m. M_, km c^]_ k sV\V g^
[. > zB V c_ >\m
c^_ zD _Bu gD ]
VAD Wku >kBV kV V\V
BVm [> _V \M>D c gDm
s.
\M>z kw|^ EAt ]\_

30

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[V u]MD V_; ""


_ gE Fm D k^ kVkVF, >[ z
_V\ [ Wz |kVF. m *|D
kV z ]DAk>uV > kVFAD BVm'' >m
B_[ B>V>WB m sa> km
u, > | g>D k>uz ]V,
kl_ gm m AD >[B k]
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V^ x\BV \zD.
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\V> >|k>uV k >msm
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zDVm, >[ *>uz ]B F]B \V]D
c^^ \V> > { gDV[.
M_, m >]_ _VkuDs x>[\
BVm. >uV>B c W\B cuVV_ m
s s|D.
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#B [AD V]BD V|D >M\M>
V[, \M> z][ |D >kB s V^
gDm^. \KD, _zg[ `V[ gD
]KD xsKD ""cm A]B B[|m^...
E]^... cm c^>D g\VkD ^''
[ kV>^ V| \M> wm. kV
ku[ ^ >VVE>V_ > c\B ss_
s V^T^ D z|m.
k\V gDzD _m xD ] k
cu Vz^.

\ D

31

""^ V V>V? ^ _KE V>V?


^ V>V_ ]B> s V^T^... >m
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V Vm? ]B> s V^ xBV>
k^ zV sVV?''
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w^ c WD uB |m E]
Vm? E]>V_ V kaB |V^ x
\_kV? { \M>, kVBV! x[ [
V]om kV> J[ ]B QV|], k
am Vk>uz V\Vl> \uD g[t
|^ kVm cm ]V> VmVm V^!''
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|m. km z>sD gV D
k Wum.
> EAt c\BV \]_ TuzD >
\ V>! tl[ s> \]_ TuzD
VtB c[ V>! ^ kD BVF
^. > Vu>m k^ cD s>
t W_ m ^! cm
V> A[ BV^. A]VmBxD V
>D V, >V| VD kV u^VD
mD kV[...!
x: zgM[ \VkV xoDVB VD g>V
> \B\V k> \m \V> [uVD.

32

\ D

\m A]BD E> guD B[|]B ]B


~\V ck\V u V^VD. k E \>
V>V V[, VD z>kD A[ sV
BD c> >^s|, J>\V \>V>
^ D >D \ FBVm [uk
]_. k>V[, z>D E>D sQV >Va
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m z>Z]BV g>V \B\V V|
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ss> kV[D [V B gDm^.
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>. [ c\BV sB_ 1371 (1957)_ s>m _m
m WBD sD. k m \VB sB[V_,
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BV sB_ sB>V[ Vm, [V _V.
[ V]_ VD x\BV kuB k>
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x>Vkm, Vkm, J[Vkm R^:
V]_ nVB Jl> BV\, t>D,
\>k gB. D sQVxD VxD k
gD>[ sR^ m _ gDm
s.

\ D

33

V[Vkm, n>Vkm R^: \> z[


\V]D, >[MBV ]VD, >V| nVB
s> sVt[ J>\V \>z
[uB\. \M>]_ >]D uB E> ]
m, ]B> >|k>uV gkD k\V ]>
Vm s RD \B gD>.
gVD wVD R^: D\]l_ >s>V|D
V|V[\D c^T| |D. VD Vm
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[V sB> \z cmm. >Vkm W\
B >V>V_, [D xm _m Vum k
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V]_ x\BV am VzD.
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xmV_ V. >B \V sB
^ V][ ]B^ cBE k> z>
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][ ]BW >BVm, >B sB \B\V
km V> E>. c>Vmz sBD:

34

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">' "' [ B_ \z^ [


skVz VV >VD gV_ c\
l_ k \_; \VV ">' [m V> m D
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\VmD \\tmD >D F[. kV>][
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|^m [> k^ sDV_ [ V|D.
k mD Vu>m kz x[ ]
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]km^\ AzB sB \VzD. > VD
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gB >_ V |m.

\ D

35

RD kz ss_ > D >BVm #


T| s|D [>B k zm V|[.
WB\V, Vm _VsVKD, [D xm
Vum k_ > | RD >V_sB
B V[. sR | Vxl_ ]
V^k>uV ]B> >|D k, ]B EzD
A, \M>BD gB _D^ k|D.
k, sR sBm s|, sQV][
J[ ]D zom #F\|] c
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V kaB \m V|zD. k > | ]
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| s|D. E [^ c^; ku[ ]^
ku c\|] c] F[. uV
c>V_ ^ c>V V^.
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u_ kV> >V\ _ >m QVMV
>k Qm x[Ml_ kD sB>
\V c> zo_ |mk]om >[
>|m V^ xBs_. k B sB>
]D km^V.
""VD Vt ykV V[ >m.
V]o> m \>D m VDV
^ V[ g sm. Fk>uV c
\D ]D Vmz >m. M_, m B>V>
k\V \VD. B \VV B>V>k\V>V
s_.''

\ D

36
>V| k B \uV sBD:

""] V| kB kV>^
>[V_ k xD\ k[ kV>^ \V]\.
M_, km kV> c\BVk. VD
]BD>V[ []_ >t>[V_, g>Vk\V
W m sBD >mzBk.
M_, VD xuKD g>Vk\V W
[B\BV> ]B\VzD.''
Vkm: [V _Bt nVB QD
>mkQVM\V [ \V V:
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[. k \V s>V_, \M>z][ W>
WD\]V V[ >B ]B QV> ku_ V xB
s_. [, xD\][ zg[ \u m k>
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>[ kV kV>D QVD V]>>V [.
WD\] >|D \M>z kaV mV[ k >
VKD xBVm. > kV>^ \M>B kV>
V VmD xBVm. kV>^ xD\
Vk FBV>k kV]|D k c\l_ s[
s]B WVV. zg[ [m
kM[ kV>^ >\V [.''
k, nVVsmD \VsmD kB_^
V_ \uD \ V[ >E> s_
 (Thomas Carlyl, 1795-1880/ Heroes, Hero woirship and Heroic History (London1841. m km s >VzVzD. >[ |> z], The Hero
as Prophet Muhammed: Islam)

\ D

37

>m^. > BV km [
[ >V:
nVB-\ klu_ VtB zw> >
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V^ D.
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m^ > iVomD m mAkV,
m x\BV #F\Bm, Vm[ \\V,
V\Vk \Vs|D [>D W[kV?

V^ Z]BV s] - Vkm DD:


VD ]V]_ DV]B Z]BV s
] VbD [> ]t V^ |m
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lKD \VzD [> x>VD D]_ V>VD.
VD ]V]_ Z]BVD \V]D KmD
[> > VD DD g>Vk\V c] Fm.
VtB cD\][ | g\[ m,
> > xBV> c]BV k]zD nm
BV ^ c^.

38

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\ D

39

x>Vkm D: VD ]BD [>


BV D. xu m t_oB[ \M> c^ [
m c^\V \Vu, ]tz V>
B V^>V|, gk\V sQV
c\D ]Fm V^m. k ]
BVKD > a xBVm.

c^]_ t|^m. >Vkm, >[ >V]


V^kV, _m WBVBVmD V|VM
mD x[Ml_ m WukV, kV T
kV _m kV| m[ mV^kV
\]V> A. Zg \M>z kw^ >M\M>
>]][ ]VD mk.

Vkm D: | >k. m V
mD >Va_mD >\ cm]BV ]km |
>kB. s]l[ ubD V>xD mk.
\m J> kV k>zD k\D |>kD
[DVm ku \]BB FBkV
t] skV xBVm.

n>Vkm D: _Vs[ y \V Fk>[


J\V zD B\ m. >uV]_ _Vs[
y \V FD Z]BV s][
> \D. ]t V\V[ B
Ak>[ J\ y \V FBVD. V][
BD ~\VV kwB c[>\V
VtB c[ | g\ ]V]_ WkuB yD
[]_ s> >xD _.

J[Vkm D: ]c[> sB m V^
D x\V \M> x[>^D Zg kBz
Vk mkVzD. m V|V[\
V >s| VBVzk>V|, c[> \M> c
>w Fm. m, VV\, zV>D, |
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W gBkuD >Vusm. Zg kBz
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] ]c[> V>^ >uV k
> zVD.
V[Vkm D: c]BV ~\VM[ skV
kkD mk mkVzD. [V| m m \M>

xuV]_ V][ kE ]l[ \>kBD


T kV>>D VB>[ JxD km m
*_ g>]mD kVmD m[ >|m Wm
k>[ Jx\ um. gV_ ]VD kV Vm.
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BD, ] gB stB^ [m ][ z
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tBD \M>zmz [\ BzD D\VzD
[> ^ >kV s V^ k|D. J^
[^ kEBV Vm V|D aD
y\\V _. k^ >B a [u

40

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D km wD \VB Fm s. \V
> \V V|m c> kV xBuE>V^;
m s_. V][ [ A>^
s|, >[ BV_ | B>[ skV
x>VD VD c >^ [ B_ t D
VV a \M>zD ]>m. >V| > V
V> >zA >^s k|D [ kl_
x[[ \M>zD s]l[ _z [ tBB
>> E V sm.
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z^ mD mA FB| cVsB \V>VD
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kaVomD l_V\_, cEmD
mD zV> \V[\ \uD zxlmD
l_ B c\W >V_,
y\^ _ VB^ *m \V]D Km
[. >^ ysxD |DVzD V J^
|s V_ > m, A > \D
V[ m \V sm. gEBVs_ c]> ]t
V\V[ c_ \V]D D [>uz k
ko\t |mVVzD; B ss_ m >
yD.
xt[^ *m g[t \uD Z]BV x[uD
k>uz t kaD, xBV> V>D

\ D

41

>VV\V zDVmD, \m ]V \EV V>


Al> V>V_ >z>l[ V|DVmD
[ ^ Dlwm s]u ]V > mm
kV|S^? x VtB cD\]mD \
ko\BB V\VzS^? s]lmD Dlw
mD J\V, cD [m nVBmD k
BVBVmD x[uD V cD>V[ D
m V> um^ ku \M>[ >V_
sD>V[ D ^ mSV? ^ ]
V_ V#\V >k wS^.
x[k>uzD E> Fmkuz\V g
s]D \M>M[ ]BkEB B_AD 
|^>V_, WBD, \M>[ >m V_ >
V y[ skV \\V^ ]|V kVsV_,
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c[ cZ]BV WD\]zD \V>VmzD ka\m
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m. \V V> [>Vm k> VD k
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B [V _V, \M>zD k> V>D
sBD ]zD. ku VD Wu [A

42

\ D

BkD ]t c\BV VtB V


B c] Fm, c [VKD \V>V>VKD
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""k[ >Bk[ [V_, > k[ >VV >


kV VD wB>VV[...'' (v>V: 7)

>V|, \uV xB sBD c^m. >Vkm,

\ D

43

\VkV>D, k gBk |mD


sBD BV>M_, y\, kD, VV, |], B
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   D

   
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>V|, |^ m kVEKD
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44

\ D

k\V sk> V|, ]K^ kV


VmD V VBlK^ >VAD
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z kw|^m. ]_ V|D \VE\
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\ D

45

> V] kV>][ JD x[k J[


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k k_k[ *m ]BD Fm [. \M>[ >s>
m kVED D \M>z s
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46

\ D

VmD V]B\u [ V]B\VzD mk>[


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\ D

47

kEB>D ko] B\V V[ [. g,


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u >\V VD E VD; kM[
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VD kV>
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EB nVB VV[ m t_oB[ xoD
V w >m \BV, km V >m
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48

\ D

\ D

[V _V > WVB kD BV
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\BV s| sVy^.''

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BB kVD.''

49



WVB[m JD Vm D
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am,
 
 
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50

\ D

J][ ]kV\V D>[\zD \zD Am


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\ D

51

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52

\ D

|mV s>V_, k ][ >l_ ]


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\ D

53

BV m km sm. EB_ V>^


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! xm Vum k[ [ kszD cD\][
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imz kB BVm. gBV_ m miBVD
FBVD. c\BV VD BVD \V]\,

54

\ D

iD [>_. kV VF V_k>uV VD


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\ D

55

V[VD kV>
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56

\ D

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\ D

57

D: D, V>mkD, [A gB V][
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58

\ D

\ D

59

k^ VtB >][ \BD >[ Vm


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60

\ D

VtB c \]_ km \ V]zD m V


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