Research

Methodology

SAMPLING

Sampling may be deIined as the selection oI some part oI an aggregate or totality on the basis oI
which a judgment or inIerence about the aggregate or totality is made. In other words, it is the
process oI obtaining inIormation about an entire population by examining only a part oI it. In
most oI the research work and surveys, the usual approach happens to be make generalizations or
to draw inIerences based on samples about the parameters oI population Irom which the samples
are taken.
Population (or Universe) is the aggregate or totality oI statistical data Iorming a subject oI
investigation, Ior example,
i) %he population oI books in the National Library,
ii) %he population oI the heights oI Indians,
iii) %he population oI Nationalized Banks in India, etc.
A sample is a portion oI the population which is examined with a view to estimation the
characteristics oI the population, i.e.
i) %o assess the quality oI a bag oI rice, we examine only a portion oI it. %he portion
selected Irom the bag is called a sample, while the whole quantity oI rice in the bag is the
population,
ii) %o estimate the proportion oI deIective articles in a large consignment, only a portion
(i.e., a Iew oI them) is selected and examined. %he selected portion is a sample.

asis of Sampling:
Sampling is based on two premises. %hey are:
i) %here is such similarity among the elements in a population that a Iew oI these elements
will adequately represent the characteristics oI the total population. For example, the
attitudes oI post-graduate students towards the examination system can be gauged by
studying the attitudes oI a Iew representative post-graduate students in a university.
ii) While the sample value (statistic) or some sample units may be more than the population
value (parameter), the sample value oI other sample units may be less than the population
value. When the sample is drawn properly these diIIerences tend to counteract each other.
With the result, a sample value is generally close to the population value.

Principles of Sampling:

%he process oI sampling is based on the Iollowing important principles oI statistics:
i) Law of Statistical Regularity: %his law states that a moderately large number oI items
selected at random Irom a given population exhibit nearly the same composition and
characteristics oI the population.
ii) Law of Inertia of Large Numbers: %his law states that, other things remaining the
same, the larger the size oI the sample, the more accurate is the result obtained. %his is
nothing but a corollary to the Law oI Statistical Regularity.
iii) Principle of Persistence: II some items oI the universe possess some speciIic
characteristics, these characteristics would be Iound in the sample also and even iI the
sample size is increased or the population is increased, these characteristics would be
reIlected in the same manner as in the previous case.
iv) Principle of Optimization: According to this principle, eIIort should be made to get best
possible or optimum results both in terms oI cost as well as eIIiciency. Larger the size oI
the sample more would be the cost oI conducting the survey, but better would be the
eIIiciency also. %he size is maintained in such a way that the results are optimized in
terms oI cost and eIIiciency.
v) Principle of Validity: A sample design is called valid only when the inIerences drawn
Irom it are valid Ior the universe Irom which the sample has been taken. At a later stage
we will arrive at a conclusion that in general, samples which are drawn at random would
be Iound to be more valid than those drawn otherwise.
We had done sampling in Varanasi city. In Varanasi city exist 90 wards but cause oI limit time
we had taken 16 wards Ior our research. So based on 16 wards we can Iorecast regarding the
actual status oI migrant and inIormal workers oI remaining other wards oI Varanasi city.

SAMPLE SIZE

When I decided to conduct a research to know the impact oI microIinance on rural people in
India, we had have whole country to survey Ior conducting research but on the basis oI
convenience I have decided to conducted a census survey and Ior that we select Mathura region.

ATA COLLECTION:

Unlike household surveys where data are collected Irom a member oI each household selected
Ior the survey, in the survey on microIinance impact, data were collected Ior entire village Irom
knowledgeable person(s). InIormation Ior most oI the items was recorded in the codes. II more
than one code was applicable Ior any particular item, then the code was given on the basis oI
majority/predominance criterion.

We collected our data by diIIerent mode oI data collection given below:-
1. First we meet to pradhan oI village and discuss about their village.
2. %hen we meet with other Iamous and aware people oI that village.
3. %hen we observed whole village.
4. %hen we have done Focused Group Discussion with 2-3 Groups having 8-12 members in
every village.
5. %hen we recorded relevant data about that village or Iamily.
6. We repeat that process Ior every village oI target population.
ATA SOURES:-
1. Rural area map oI Mathura district.
2. List oI authorized village which is deIined by DRDA.
3. Data collected Irom MFIs.
4. Map oI villages given by DUDA
5. Questionnaires Iilled by research team.
ther inIormation collected by research team.
TOOLS TO E USE FOR ATA COLLECTION:-
Questionnaires
Interview
Schedule
Focused Group Discussion
bservation


Research esign

A research design is the arrangement oI condition Ior collection and analysis oI data in a manner
that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Research design is needed because it Iacilitates the smooth sailing oI the various research
operations, thereby making research as eIIicient as possible yielding maximal inIormation with
minimal expenditure oI eIIort, time and money.
%ypes oI Research design
%here are three types oI res design-
1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
3. Experimental

Descriptive research includes surveys and Iacts Iindings enquiries oI diIIerent kinds. %he major
purpose oI descriptive research is description oI the state oI aIIairs as it exists at present.

Objective of Research

%he purpose oI research is to discover answers to the questions through the application oI
scientiIic procedure. %he main aim oI research is to Iind out the truth which is hidden and which
has not been discovered as yet. Each research study has its own speciIic purpose, we may think
oI research objectives as Iailing into a number oI Iollowing broad grouping-
1. %o gain Iamiliarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insight into it
2. %o portray accurately the characteristics oI a particular individual , situation or a group
3. %o determine the Irequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
4. %o test a hypo oI a causal relationship between variables
Sampling esign: Sampling technique is the procedure oI selection oI respondents Irom the
population.

Types of Sampling: %wo types oI sampling design are there.

1. Non-probability Non-probability sampling is that procedure which does non aIIord any basis
Ior estimating the probability that each item in the population has oI being included in the
sample. It is also called as deliberate, purposive, judgments sampling.

2. Probability sampling-
Is also known as random sampling or chance sampling.
Under this design, every item oI the universe has an equal chance oI inclusion in the sample.




ata collection

In dealing with any real liIe problem it is oIten Iound that data in hand are inadequate , and hence
it becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate .there are several technique oI collecting
the data.

Types of data

%here are two types oI data that has to be collected Ior completion oI any type oI research.

1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
Tools and technique for data collection

Primary data can be collected through observation, personal interview, telephone interview,
questionnaires and schedules.
Secondary data can be collected through the newspaper, journal, mIi, existing our research.

Survey area
Survey area is that place Irom where the samples are drawn Ior the study.

Sample size
Sample size is the number oI samples which are drawn Irom the population Ior the study.

Research methodology for this study:

Research design Descriptive Research
Sampling design convenience sampling (Non probability sampling)
Sample size 109
Sampling area Mathura