Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr.

Burin ZMEN b

Cyprus International University Engineering Faculty CPE 322 / ISE362 / MIS 224 / VCP 122 Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Introduction This part of the course is about the structure and function of computers. The purpose is to present the nature and characteristics of modern day computers modern-day computers. The intent of this course is to provide a detailed discussion of the fundamentals of computer organization and architecture to relate these to contemporary computer design issues.
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INTRODUCTION

CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Examples of architectural attributes include: Instruction set Number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g. numbers, characters) I/O mechanisms Memory addressing techniques
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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Organization and Architecture

CPE 322

Organization and Architecture

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. Examples of organizational attributes are transparent to programmer, such as: Control signals Interfaces between the computer and peripherals Memory technology being used
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CPE 322

CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Organization and Architecture

Organization and Architecture Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models all with the same architecture. All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture. The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture. This gives compatibility for new models. Organization differs between different versions with changing technology.

As an example: The fact that a multiply instruction is available is a computer architecture issue. How that multiply is implemented is a computer organization issue

CPE 322

CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Structure and Function

Structure and Function

Modern computers contain millions of electronic components. The key to describe such systems i t recognize Th k t d ib h t is to i their hierarchical nature. A hierarchical system is a set of layers or levels of interrelated subsystems.

The designer need only deal with a particular level of the system at a time. At each level the system consists of a set of level, components and their interrelationships. The behavior at each level depends only on a simplified, abstracted characterization of the system at the next lower level.
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CPE 322

CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Structure and Function

Function

At each level, the designer is concerned with Structure. The way in which components relate to each other (interrelated). Function. The operation of each individual components as part of the structure. We will usually describe systems from the top-down, instead of bottom-up.
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There are only four basic functions that a computer can perform. processing. Data processing The data may take a wide variety of form, but there are only a few fundamental methods or types of data processing. Data storage. There are long-term or short, temporary storage.
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CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Data movement Input/Output. When data are received from or delivered to a peripheral, a device connected directly to the computer. Data communication. When data is moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device. Control. Control of the above functions, by instructions provided by the user of the computer (i.e. their programs).
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CPE 322

CPE 322

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Function

CPE 322

A functional view of the computer

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Function

Operations: Data Movement Four possible types of operation: The computer can function as a data movement device, simply transferring data from one peripheral or communications line to another.

Within the computer, a control unit manages the computer s computers resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to those instructions.

CPE 322

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CPE 322

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

The computer can function as a data storage device, with data transferred from external environment to computer storage (read) and vice versa (write).

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Operations: Storage

Processing from/to Storage The computer can operate data processing in storage.

CPE 322

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CPE 322

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

The computer can operate data processing between storage and external environment.

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Processing from Storage to I/O

Structure

Figure shows the simplest possible representation of a computer. The computer interacts with its external environment. In this course, we will mostly deal with the internal structure of the computer.
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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

CPE 322

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CPE 322

There are four main structural components in the internal structure of the computer: Central processing unit (CPU). Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions. Often simply referred to as processor. Main memory. Stores data. I/O. Moves data between the computer and its external environment. System interconnection. Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory and I/O.

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Structural Components

CPE 322

Structural Components

Peripherals

Computer
Central Processing Unit Main Memory

Computer

Systems Interconnection

Input Output Communication lines

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Structure - CPU

Structure - CPU

Major structural components of CPU are as follows: Control Unit. Controls the operation of CPU and hence computer. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). Performs computers data processing functions. Registers. Provides storage internal to CPU. CPU interconnection. Some mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU and registers.
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CPU
Computer
I/O System Bus Memory CPU

Registers

Arithmetic and Login Unit

Internal CPU Interconnection

Control Unit

CPE 322

CPE 322

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

There are several approaches to the implementation of the control unit. The most common is a microprogrammed implementation. A microprogrammed control unit operates by executing microinstructions that define the functionality of the control unit.

Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Control Unit

Control Unit

Control Unit
CPU
ALU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit

Sequencing Login Control Unit Registers and Decoders

Control Memory

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Computer Architecture by Asst. Prof. Dr. Burin ZMEN b

Why Study Computer Organization and Architecture?

To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer just as a black box that executes programs by magic. Students need to understand computer architecture in order to structure a program so that it runs more efficiently on a real machine.

CPE 322

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