____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You GRAMMAR LECTURE 3 MODAL, AUXILLARIES, ADJECTIVE & ADVERB Usages of a modal What

at is a Adjective? What is an Adverb? Adjective and Adverb r elationship. Words often used wrongly. MODAL Modal is an auxiliary verb that is used with another verb to indicate its mood, as can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would: it has no speci al form in the third person singular and no present or past participle. May, mig ht; can, could; shall, should; will would; ought; need; dare; are called modal a uxiliaries because they are used to form certain moods for which English has no inflected verb form. Usage: (I) May, Might:May is used to denote:Permission Wish A purpose A possibility May I go out ? Yes, you may go. May God bless you! We e at that we may live. It may rain tonight. Might on the other hand is used:To express reproach To make a request In questio n (II) Can, could:The basic difference between the two is only the definitive an d indefinitive tone in which these words are used. Can shows a stronger indication about achieving ones goals, whereas could carries an element of doubt. _________ ____________________________________________________________ Page : 1 www.TCYonl ine.com You might have told me the truth. You might make a little less noise. Mi ght I borrow your pen for a minute?

____________________________________________________________________ Usage: Can is used to express:Power and ability: I can speak English. I can beat you in the race. Ability resulting from circumstance: Can you lend me some money? Here the question is inquiring into the ability of the other person as to whether he is in a position to lend money. Permission: You can go now. Stop! you cannot enter here. Could hints that one might be able to attain the objective but the tone is carrying an element of doubt. I could write that letter if I wanted to. The box was so heavy that I could not lift it. In the latter sentence it is depicted th at the speaker tried to lift but he was not able to. Again the negative sense is implied. (III) Must is used to express: Compulsion (or) strong moral obligation : We must not tell lies We must keep our promises Cars must not be parked in fro nt of the gate. Fixed Determination I must have my money back. I must never gamb le again. Duty A soldier must fight for his country Everyone must follow the rul es Certainty (or strong likelihood) We must leave for the station at 8:00 PM (IV ) Shall In assertive sentence, for first person it is used simply to state infor mation about future action. For second & third person it is used to denote: A pr omise A threat He shall be rewarded for his efforts. If you steal, you shall be punished. A command He shall go if he is told to! Interrogative sentence: Shall indicates simple futurity; permission (or) desire of the person spoken to in Fir st person . Shall I open the window? (or) Shall we go out ? Top Careers & You _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 2 w ww.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You (V) Will Will in 2nd and 3rd persons indicates simple futurity without any reference to the wish of the agent He will win the 1st prize (or) Anyone will tell you th e way to the Taj in Agra. Will in the 1st person is used to denote- Determinatio n, promise, threat, wish & willing ness I will succeed or die in Attempt! I will behave better next time. I will help you. I will expose her fraudulent ways I w ill visit Egypt someday. I will do this for you sake. In interrogative sentences :Will is not used at all in 1st person but it denotes willingness, intention (or ) wish of the person spoken to in 2nd person. Will you accompany me to the party ? (VI) Should Should is the past form of shall; it ion in all persons. To indicate disapproval st. To express supposition, possibility and sult in the clauses introduced by in order negative purpose.

is used To express duty (or) obligat of something that was done in the pa condition. To express purpose and re that and so that. After lest, to express a

(VII) Would Would is the past form of will and is used: To express a wish:- I wo uld like to own an i-phone. To indicate refusal:- She would not answer my questi on. To express determination:- He would never give up. To express past habit:- S he would read for hours if a book caught her attention. In polite speech:- Would you mind waiting for me? To denote condition (or) uncertainly: If he hears of y our engagement, he would be surprised. (VIII) Ought to Ought to is used to expre ss desirability, moral obligation, and duties. It can indicate present (or) futu re time and takes an indefinites objects. We ought to work hard. Everybody ought to love his country _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 3 w ww.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Ought to hav e with a past participle is used to indicate a past obligation that was not fulfi lled (or) carried out. He ought to have been more careful. Top Careers & You ADJECTIVE

Boys were playing with brown football. The small boat foundered on the sea. Many stores have already begun to play pleasing Christmas music. Examine the bold wo rds carefully. In the first sentence, the word brown is describing the noun footbal l. In the second sentence the word small is describing the noun boat. In the third se ntence the word many is playing the role of a quantifier and the word pleasing is pl ng the role of describing how the music was. In simple the bold words are function ing as adjectives. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, iden tifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pro noun, which it modifies. ADJECTIVES CAN APPEAR IN THE FOLLOWING SHAPES TIP This little story should help you understand the difference between the and a, a n: A boy and a girl were walking on the Mall. The girl saw an icecream parlour an d she wanted to have an icecream. She asked the boy to buy the icecream with choco late sauce on it. He said: Do you think the shop will accept the payment through credit card? I dont have my valet. Determiners: A, An or The. Most of the time we are confused regarding when do we say; the man" and when do w e say "a man"? Lets solve this mystery out. The and a/an constitute "articles". W e divide them into "definite" and "indefinite" like this: Articles Definite the Indefinite a, an The dictionary meaning of the word "definite" is to be sure, certain. "Definite" refers to something particular. Once you are clear with the meaning of the word ; definite, you can easily guess what indefinite means. You are right its simply the opposite of definite. It means not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is someth ing in general. ________________________________________________________________ _____ Page : 4 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about on e thing in general, we use a or an. Top Careers & You Think of an office. In the office there is one boss and hundreds of workers. So, normally we could say: I saw the boss in the morning. I saw a worker in the morning. Look at these examples: the a, an I was born in a city. He never has an omelet for dinner. We all ordered a drink. We took an umbrella. Have you got a spoon? The capital of India is Delhi. I have found the pen that I lost. Have you cleaned the bike? There are six apple s in the basket. Please switch off the fan when you leave. But remember we can use the or a/an for the same word. It depends on the situati on. Determiners: Each, Every Look at these examples: We want to buy a pencil. (Any pencil, not a particular p encil.) Where is the pencil? (We already have a pencil. We are looking for our p encil, a particular pencil.) Before we actually solve the each-every usage mystery , lets check out what they mean. Each and every have similar but not always ident ical meanings. Each = everyone separately Every = each, all Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning: Wages go up each year. Wages go up every year. ____ _________________________________________________________________ Page : 5 www.T CYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You TIP Verbs with each and every are always conjugated in the singular. Wait a minute! By all the above explanation we dont mean that they are always use d in the same sense. Each expresses the idea of one by one . It emphasizes indi viduality. Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as s ingular, but in a group or in general. Examine the following examples: Every man is talented. Each man sees life differently. Every student wished the teacher. The Principal gave each winner a trophy. Eye Opener 1. Each can be used in front of the verb: The winners each received a trophy. Verb 2. Each can be followed by of : He gave a trophy to each of them. 3. Every cannot be used for 2 things. For 2 things, each can be used: He was carryi ng an apple in each hand. 4. Every is used to say how often something happens: He eats an apple every day. Determiners: Some, Any Lets look at the meanings of the following words. Some = a little, a few or a sma ll number or amount Any = one, some or all Usually, we use some in positive (+) sentences and any in negative (-) and interrogative (?) sentences. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 6 w ww.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ some + I ha ve some books. I don t have any book. ? Do you have any book? any example I have one book. I don t have 1 and I don t have 10 and I don t have 1,000. I have 0. Do you have 1 or 10 or 1,000? Top Careers & You Eye Opener In general, we use something/anything and somebody/anybody in the same way as so me/any. Look at these examples: They need some money. I must leave. I have some work to do. I m thirsty. I want something to drink. I can see somebody is coming . He doesn t need any money. I can stay. I don t have any work to do. I m not th irsty. I don t want anything to drink. I can t see anybody coming. Does he need any money? Do you have any homework to do? Do you want anything to drink? Can yo u see anybody coming? Comparative Adjectives We use any in a positive sentence when the real sense is negative. I refused to give them any advice. (I did not give them any advice.) Sometimes we use some in a question, when we expect a positive (YES) answer. (We could say that it is no t a real question, because we think we know the answer already.) Could I have so me coffee, please? A comparison can be made between two things easily. We can se e if they are the same or different and we can use comparative adjectives to des cribe the differences. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 7 w ww.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You Eye Opener Comparative Degree is always proceeded by the preposition than. In the example given on the left, "bigger" is the comparative form of the adject ive "big": We can use comparative adjectives when talking about two things The f irst P is bigger than the second P. (not three or more things). Superlative Adjectives When we are making a comparison among two or more things we make use of superlat ive degree. A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or the highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things. Eye Opene Superlative Degree is always preceded by the definite article the. In the example given on the left, "biggest" is the superlative form of the adjec tive "big": We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more t hings (not two things). P is the biggest. ADVERB The most commonly used definition of Adverb is; the word which modifies the verb . Like the word quickly does in the following sentence. The tailor quickly made the brides clothes. Adverb verb In the above sentence, the adverb quickly modifies the verb made and indicates in what manner (how fast) the clothing was made. But there is much more to it. An adverb is a word which can modify an adjective. In this case the adverb is placed before the adjective. E.g. She is extremely beautiful. A dverb Adjective An adverb can modify another adverb as well. ___________________________________ __________________________________ Page : 8 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Look at the following sentence: We urged him to dial the number more expeditiously Adverb Adv erb In this sentence the adverb more further modifies another adverb expeditiously. An adverb indicates time, manner, place, cause or degree and answers questions su ch as how, when, where, and how much. Top Careers & You ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB RELATIONSHIP Most of the time, we are confused regarding what to use; an adjective or an adve rb. She writes beautiful. OR She writes beautifully. Dont worry! We have summed u p some clues, which will prevent you from falling into the Adjective or Adverb u sage trap. CLUE 1 Adjectives modify nouns; adverbs modify This basic Clue has been well explained ecognize adverbs since most of them are xamine the clue carefully with the help . Noun Adjective (b) Sam works honestly. Verb Adverb In the first sentence honest is functioning as an adjective since it modifies th e proper noun; Sam. In the 2nd sentence, honestly functions as an adverb, this m odifies the verb; works. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 9 w ww.TCYonline.com verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. earlier in the chapter. One can easily r formed by addingly to an adjective. Lets e of following examples. (a) Sam is honest

____________________________________________________________________ Hope the co ncept is clear. Now, examine the following statement. Top Careers & You Rohit is extremely handsome. Noun Adverb Adjective In this sentence, h a n d s o m e is an adjective because it modifies the proper noun R o h i t . But extreme ly is an adverb because it modifies the adjective handsome. Eye Opener Remember adverbs can never modify nouns. This is proved in the below mentioned s entence. He is a happily man. Adverb Noun He is a happy man. Adjective Noun Same is true in the case of adjectives. An adjective cannot be used to modify a verb . Lets prove this one too. She is always quiet working. Adjective Verb She is alw ays quietly working. Adverb Verb So, can we say the gender roles cant be exchange d between Adverbs and Adjectives? Yes, You can! CLUE 2 Relation between Adjective and to be form. When an adjective modifies the noun before the verb, it always follows a form of the verb to be. Lets examine some examples: I Noun was to be form nervous. adjective Be safe. (In this case you is implied as the subject before be) to be form adjec tive _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 10 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You They Noun have been happy all week. to be form Adjective CLUE 3 Relation between Adjective and a Sense Verb or a Verb of Appearance. An adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance like; feel, tas te, sound, look, smell, seem and appear when it modifies the noun before the ver b. Lets further elucidate this clue. Examine the following examples. The food tastes awful. Noun Sense Verb Adjective The food tastes awfully. Noun Sense Verb Adverb In the first sentence a w f u l is an adjective that modifies the noun f o o d . Using the adverb as done in the second sentence would not make sense, because it would mean that food isnt very good at tasting. Eye Opener Keep in mind the simple mantra. If the word modifies the subject then you should use an adjective. This cake tastes sweet. Noun Adjective Here sweet is used as an adjective that mod ifies the noun cake. The adverb sweetly would completely change the conveyed meaning . It would mean that the cake can taste things in a sweet manner. Likewise, when ever the word modifies the verb, you should use an adverb. Your daughter sings V erb nicely. Adverb In this sentence, n i c e l y is an adverb as it modifies the verb s i n g s . T he adjective n i c e , would completely change the meaning conveyed by the sente nce. It would mean that the daughter sings nice songs. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 11 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You WORDS OFTEN USED WRONGLY Good or well? Do you do good? OR Do you do well? Confused??? Lets solve the mystery. Since good is an adjective, so you do not do good or work good but you do well and work we ll. Remember, that an adjective follows sense verbs and be verbs, look good, are good etc. The fact that the word well can function both as an adverb or an adje ctive is quite confusing. But if you are clear with the sense conveyed then the confusion can be resolved. When well is used an adjective, it means not sick or in good health. If used in this sense, its OK to say; you feel well or are well. But when not used in this health related sense, well, functions as an adverb. E.g. I am doing well in my studies. Bad or Badly? An adjective is used when you want to describe how you feel. (Refer to clue 3). So, it would be right to say,I feel bad. Saying you feel badly would be like saying y ou play cricket badly. It would mean that you are unable to sense anything. Sure or Surely? Here sure is an adjective that modifies the pronoun I. I am sure you will suppor t me. Noun Adjective Now look at the following sentences: She is surely prepared to take up the challenge. Adverb Adjective Here surely is an adverb that modifi es the adjective prepared. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 12 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You TIP The same rule follows for the words; real and really. Near or Nearly? Simply remember the way they function. Near can function as a verb, adverb, adje ctive, or preposition. On the other hand, nearly is used as an adverb, which mea ns in a close manner. Consider the following examples these further explain the di fference between the two words. The examination days neared. Subject Verb The wo rk is nearly finished. Adverb Verb Double Negatives Remember adverbs like scarcely and hardly are already negative and to add anothe r negative term will introduce redundancy in the sentence. Examine the following examples: 1. Hardly anyone came to help her. Negative word no one came to help her. Hardly Ne gative Negative word word Double Negative 2. They found scarcely any food left. They found scarcely no food left. Negative Negative Double Negative In both the given examples, the second statements are introducing redundancy because double negatives are being used. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 13 www.TCYonline.com

____________________________________________________________________ Top Careers & You Most/Almost Most is an adjective, the superlative of much or many, as in most children like icecream, but most may be used as an adverb to form the superlative of another ad jective or adverb e.g. most beautiful, most quickly. Almost is an adverb meaning nearly you can say most people or most men, but you must say almost every perso n or almost all men. Eye Opener A phrase like most every person or most all men is incorrect because the adjecti ve most cannot modify the adjectives every or all. _____________________________________________________________________ Page : 14 www.TCYonline.com