INTRODUCTION

Traffic lights, which may also be known as stoplights, traffic lamps, traffic signals, signal lights, robots or semaphore, are signalling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, and today are installed in most cities around the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way of road users by displaying lights of a standard colour (red, yellow/amber, and green), using a universal colour code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are color blind). In the typical sequence of coloured lights:

Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, Illumination of the orange/yellow light denoting, if safe to do so, prepare to stop short of the intersection, and Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue, for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness, and "green" lights in many areas are in fact blue lenses on a yellow light (which together appear green).
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The 555 timer IC is connected for astable operation, the clock pulses are fed to the 4017 IC via the 10K resistor. The 4017 is a 10 stage counter, therefore the sequence of the traffic light is spread over 10 clock pulses, 4 on red, 1 on red & yellow, 4 on green and 1 on yellow. We need red on for 5 pulses, so we connect the red LED to pin 12 which is on for the first 5 stage of the counter. The green and yellow LEDs are connected to the necessary counter outputs, as both LEDs need to be on for more than one count, we use diodes to avoid a short circuit situation between outputs. The capacitor and resistor on pin 15 of the 4017 are used to reset the counter to zero (red LED on) at initial power up.

COMPONENTS

ICs 1* NE555 1* 4017B -

DIODES 6* 1N4148 1* Red LED 1* Yellow LED 1* Green LED

RESISTORS CAPACITORS 3* 1K 1* 10K 2* 22K 1* 100K 1* 47uF 1* 0.01uF 1* 6.8nF -

POWER SUPPLY 9 Volts

ICs
NE555

Standard 555 Astable Circuit In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by

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and the low time from each pulse is given by

where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads. Note 1: The power capability of R1 must be greater than .

Note 2: particularly with bipolar 555s, low values of R1 must be avoided so that the output stays saturated near zero volts during discharge, as assumed by the above equation. Otherwise the output low time will be greater than calculated above. To achieve a duty cycle of less than 50% a diode can be added in parallel with R2 towards the capacitor. This bypasses R2 during the high part of the cycle so that the high interval depends only on R1 and C.

4017B

Pin number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Name 6 2 1 3 7 8 4 0 V, VDD 9 5 10

Purpose The 6th sequential output The 2nd sequential output The 1st sequential output The 3rd sequential output The 7th sequential output The 8th sequential output The 4th sequential output The connection to the 0 V rail

13 14 15 16

The 9th sequential output The 5th sequential output The 10th sequential output Carry out output - outputs high on counts 0 to 4, outputs low on counts 5 to CO 9 (thus a transition from low to high occurs when counting from 9 back to 0) Latch enable - latches on the current LE output when high (i.e. the chip counts when LE is low) CLK Clock in Reset - sets output 1 high and outputs 2 RST through 10 low, when taken high +9 V, The connection to the +VCC rail (voltage VCC between +3 V and +15 V)

DIODEs
1N4148

The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching diode. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 has a DO-35 glass package and is very useful at high frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no more than 4ns. It was second sourced by many manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed their version of the device in an October 1966 data sheet. The 1N914 is an equivalent diode. These devices types have an enduring popularity in low-current applications.

CONCLUSION
In the practical product design lab, I have learned a lot about the product design. I have gained knowledge about the component. At our college I learn most of the things theoretically, which does not provides sufficient information about the subject, and students remain unaware of the problems and errors when they go to the field. This practical product lab has provided us the knowledge about various component in the electronics field. I am highly grateful to the lab guide Mr. Janak Kapoor for the support and guidance given to us for the successful completion of our product design.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com www.electronicsforu.com www.kitsnspares.com www.wikipedia.org

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