HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY Study of the STRUCTURE of the body Approaches in studying anatomy Systemic approach

ch o Study of the body by systems

produces body movement maintains posture produces body heat

Regional approach o Study of the body by areas

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Basic functions: o provides protection o regulates temperature o prevents water loss o produces vitamin D precursors NERVOUS SYSTEM Basic functions: o major regulatory system that: o detects sensations o controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Basic functions: o performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion o absorption of nutrients o elimination of wastes CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Basic functions: o transport of nutrients, wastes, gases, & hormones o plays a role in immune response o body temperature regulation URINARY SYSTEM Basic functions: o removes wastes from the blood o regulation of pH, ion balance, & water balance RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Basic functions: o O2 & CO2 exchange
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PHYSIOLOGY Study of the FUNCTION or PROCESS of the body Goals of physiology: To understand and predict the bodys response to a stimulus To understand how the body maintains Homeostasis*

STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL Atomic and chemical level 2. CELLULAR LEVEL Basic and functional unit of all plants and animals Deals with organelles 3. TISSUE LEVEL Group of similar cells and materials surrounding them 5. ORGAN LEVEL Two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions 6. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Group of organs classified as a unit to perform a common function or set of functions MUSCULAR SYSTEM Basic functions:

o pH regulation LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Basic functions: o Removes foreign substances o Combats diseases o Maintains tissue fluid balance o Fat absorption ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Basic function: o Homeostasis SKELETAL SYSTEM Basic functions: o Protection and support o Body movement o Blood cell formation REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (FEMALE) Basic functions: o Fertilization o Fetal development o Milk formation o Hormone production REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE) Basic functions: o Sperm production and transfer o Hormone production 7. ORGANISM LEVEL Life o Most common feature of all living things

Metabolism o Ability to utilize energy to perform vital functions Responsiveness o Ability to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments to maintain life Growth o Increase in number and size of cells Development o Growth + Differentiation* *Differentiation is change in cell structure and function General to specific

Reproduction o Formation of new cells / organisms HOMEOSTASIS Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Mechanisms that influence Homeostasis 1. Negative-feedback mechanism o Doing the opposite to prevent deviation from a normal value
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Positive-feedback mechanism o Causes greater deviation from a normal value

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Organization o Condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS a number of terms are used to designate position and directions in the body. These terms always refer to the body in the ANATOMIC POSITION

Right Left

Superior Inferior Anterior Ventral Posterior Dorsal

- above - below

o Runs vertically from right to left

Proximal - closer to a point of attachment/origin Distal - farther to a point of attachment/origin

Types of Planes of Section through an Organ: Longitudinal section o Cuts through the long axis of the organ

Transverse / Cross section o Cuts at a right angle to the long axis Oblique section o Cut other than a right angle to the long axis

Lateral - away from the midline of the body Medial - towards the midline of the body Superficial - towards or on the surface Deep - away from the surface; internal

BODY CAVITIES 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdomino-pelvic cavity o Abdominal cavity o Pelvic cavity

ABDOMINO-PELVIC DIVISIONS Quadrants (4) Regions (9)

*Diaphragm o Separates the Thoracic cavity from the Abdominal cavity

PLANES Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body Types of Planes of Section of the Body: Sagittal Plane o Runs vertical o Midsagittal plane Divides the body into equal right & left halves

THORACIC CAVITY o Surrounded by the rib cage o Mediastinum Divides the cavity into left & right parts ABDOMINAL CAVITY o Bounded by the abdominal muscles PELVIC CAVITY o Enclosed by the pelvic bones SEROUS MEMBRANE Lines cavities without any external openings
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Transverse / Horizontal Plane o Runs parallel to the surface of the ground Frontal / Coronal Plane

Parts: Parietal s. m. o Outer part o Lines the wall of the cavity

Prepared by: Nathaniel H. Gaddi, R.N., M.D.

Visceral s. m. o Inner part o In contact with the organ Serous cavity o Fluid-filled (Serous fluid) o Reduces friction

Serous Membrane-Lined Cavities Thoracic cavity (3) o Pericardial cavity / Pericardium o Pleural cavity / Pleura

Abdomino-pelvic cavity (1) o Peritoneal cavity / Peritoneum *Mesentery Two layers of peritoneum fused together Functions: Anchors the organs to the abdominal wall Provides a pathway for nerves & blood vessels to the organs

Retroperitoneal organs Organs that do NOT have any mesenteries Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum o Kidneys o Adrenal glands o Pancreas o Urinary bladder o Parts of the Intestines