Chapter Two

Static Fluid
By Ahmed YASHAR
http://myclassroom2011.blogspot.com
Static fluid.
Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at
rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics. The term usually
refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject. It embraces
the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium.
Pressure at a point

x
z
y
y
x
s
1
Px
Py
Ps
F =M . a = 0 (static fluid )
Fx =Px . y . 1 Ps . s . Sin . 1 = 0
Fy =Py . x . 1 Ps . s . Cos . 1 ( . x . y . 1 / 2) = 0
1
2
s . Sin = y
s . Cos = x
x . y = 0 so small
Substitute in 1 and 2
Px . y . 1 Ps . y . 1 = 0 Px = Ps
Py . x . 1 Ps . x . 1 ( . x . y . 1 / 2) = 0
Py = Ps
Px = Py = Ps = P
The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest has a single value, independent of
direction.
Variations of Pressure with
Elevation
Fl uid
Densit y

Area, A
P
2
, A
P
1
, A
Z
1
Z
2
h
Ref erence/ dat um
To find the variations of pressure with elevation, lets consider a small
cylindrical element of fluid of cross-sectional area A, and height (h = Z2
Z1), surrounded by the same fluid of mass density, .
The pressure at the bottom of the cylinder is P1 at level Z1, and at the top is
P2 at level Z2. The fluid is at rest and in equilibrium so all the forces in the
vertical direction sum to zero.
Variations of Pressure with
Elevation
Force due to P
1
(upward) = P
1
A
Force due to P
2
(downward) = P
2
A
Force due to weight of element = mg = g A ( Z
2
Z
1
)
Taking the summation of forces (upward as positive);
(|) F = 0
P
1
A P
2
A - g A ( Z
2
Z
1
) = 0
P
1
P
2
= g ( Z
2
- Z
1
) = g h
Fl uid
Densit y

Area, A
P
2
,
A
P
1
, A
Z
1
Z
2
h
Ref erence/ dat um
Absolute and Gauge Pressure
Pressure measurements are generally indicated as being either
absolute or gauge pressure.
Gauge pressure
is the pressure measured above or below the atmospheric pressure (i.e. taking
the atmospheric as datum).
can be positive or negative.
A negative gauge pressure is also known as vacuum pressure.
Absolute pressure
uses absolute zero, which is the lowest possible pressure.
Therefore, an absolute pressure will always be positive.
A simple equation relating the two pressure measuring system can be written
as:
P
abs
= P
gauge
+ P
atm
Variations of Pressure with
Elevation
This statement can be explained by using a diagram in figure , where all
points, a, b, c and d, have the same value of pressure, that is
P
a
= P
b
= P
c
= P
d
However, the pressure at point D is not identical from those at points, A, B,
and C since the fluid is different, i.e.
P
a
= P
b
= P
b
P
d
1.Bourdon tube pressure gauge
2.Barometer
P
atm
= g h.
3.Piezometer & Manometer
0 = h P
A
0
2 2 1 1
= + h h P
A

( a )
h

A
( b )
A
h
1
h
2

2
( c )
A
B
h
1
h
2
h
3

3
B A
P h h h P = +
3 3 2 2 1 1

( a )
( b )
( c )
( d )
A
B
h
1
h
2
h
3

2
( d )
B A
P h h h P = +
3 3 2 2 1 1

4.Micro manometer
] ) 1 ( [
1 2 3
A
a
A
a
R P P
D C
=
h
2
R
h
1
y
y

1
A

2
a

2
C D
D
C
P y h y h
R y R h y h P
= A A +
A + + A + +
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
1 1 2 2
3 2 2 1 1


1
A
a R
y
a R A y
2
. 2
= A
= A
2
Substituting equation 2 in 1 we get
Since
5.Inclined manometer

R
h
h
P
1
P
2
2 1
) ( P h h P = A +
) (
2 1
h h P P A + =
1
Since
a R h A
h R
.
sin
= A
= o
2
) sin (
2 1
R
A
a
R P P + = o
Substituting equation 2 in 1 we get
) (sin
2 1
A
a
R P P + = o
A
a
Pressure measurements.
Absolute pressure
Local atmosphere
pressure
Gage pressure ( + )
A
B
Absolute pressure
Gage pressure ( - )
Absolute pressure
Note
Atmosphere pressure at the sea level
101.3 kN/m
3
14.7 psia
760 mm Hg
29.9 in Hg
10.3 m H
2
O
33.9 ft H
2
O
Example (1)
Express a pressure of 155 kPa (gauge) as an absolute pressure.
Express a pressure of 31 kPa (gauge) as an absolute pressure.
The local atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs).
Solution:
Pabs = Pgauge + Patm
Pabs = 155 + 101 = 256 kPa
Pabs = -31 + 101 = 70 kPa
Example (2)
What will be the gauge pressure and absolute
pressure of water at a depth 12m below the
surface?
Take
water
= 1000 kg/m
3
and P
atm
= 101 kN/m
2
Solution:
P
gauge
= gh
= 1000 x 9.81 x 12
= 117.7 kN/m
2
(kPa)
P
abs
= P
gauge
+ P
atm
= (117.7 + 101) kN/m
2
= 218.7 kN/m
2
Example (3)
Figure below shows a tank with one side open to the atmosphere
and the other side sealed with air above the oil (SG=0.90).
Calculate the gauge pressure at points A,B,C,D,E.
2 m
3 m
1 m
E
A
C
B D
Oil (SG = 0.90)
At point A, the oil is exposed to the atmosphere
thus P
A
= P
atm
= 0 (gauge)
Point B is 3 m below point A,
Thus P
B
= P
A
+
oil
g h
= 0 + 0.9x1000x9.81x3
= 26.5 kPa (gauge)
Point C is 5 m below point A,
Thus P
C
= P
A
+
oil
g h
= 0 + 0.9x1000x9.81x5
= 44.15 kPa (gauge)
Point D is at the same level of point B,
thus P
D
= P
B
= 26.5 kPa (gauge)
Point E is higher by 1 m from point A,
Thus P
E
= P
A
-
oil
g h
= 0 - 0.9x1000x9.81x1
= -8.83 kPa (gauge).
2 m
3 m
1 m
E
A
C
B D
Oil (SG = 0.90)
Example (4)
Find the pressure at the bottom of a tank containing
liquid and clearance under pressure as shown ?
Solution :-
= 12.34
kN/m
50 kPa
2m
Pressure at the bottom of the tank =
= 50 + 2 x 12.34 = 74.68 kPa
Example (5)
The atm pressure is given as 660mm of Hg at amount
location. Convert this to kPa and meters of water ?
Solution :-
SHg = 13.6
= 133416 x 0.66 = 88054.56 Pa
88054.56 = 9810 x h h = 8.976 m
Example (6)
P
A
P
B
=?
Solution :-
P
A
-
1
h
1
-
2
h
2
+
3
h
3
= P
B
P
A
P
B
=
1
h
1
+
2
h
2
-

3
h
3
A
B
h
1
h
2
h
3

3
Example (7)
Water and oil flow in horizontal pipe lines a double u-tube manometer is connected
between the pip lines as shown, calculate the pressure differences between the water and oil
pipe ??
20 cm
2 cm
13 cm
A
B
Water
Oil
S
oil
=0.9
S
L
=1.6
Solution :-
P
A
+
W
0.2 S
L

W
0.22 + S
oil

W
0.15 = P
B
Air
Examples (8) , (9)
Convert a pressure head (4.6m) of water to meters of oil with
S
oil
=0.75 ?
If the atmospheric pressure is equal to 660mm of Hg, calculate
the pressure with kPa & with meter of water ??
m 6.13
75 . 0 9810
6 . 4 9810
6 . 4 9810
=

= =
= =
oil W oil
oil
W W
S
P P
h
P h P

m 8.976
9810
88054.56 P
h
Pa 88054.56 66 . 0 6 . 13 9810
W
W
= = =
= =
=

P
h S P
Hg W
Example (10)
For the open tank with pizometer attached on the side, containing two different
liquids as shown in figure find :-
a- the elevation of the liquid surface in the pizometer A.
b- the elevation of the liquid surface in the pizometer B.
c- the total pressure at the bottom of the tank.
EL=0m
EL=0.3m
EL=2m
h
1
h
2
Liquid (A)
S=0.72
Liquid (B)
S=2.36
Example (11)
1m
1m
30cm
30cm
A
B
C
D
Water Water
Find pressure at A,B,C and d ??
Example (12)
PA
PB
P
A
=80kPa
P
B
=120kPa
P
bar
=750 mm Hg
Find PA in absolute pressure and in cm mercury ??
Examples (13) , (14)
200mm
PA
2 m
WATER
MERCURY
r.d = 13.56
AIR
Find gauge indicator value ??
25mm
y
200
kPa
P
bar
=750mm Hg
Find y value ??
AIR AIR
MERCURY
r.d = 13.56
MERCURY
r.d = 13.56