Lecture 14

20 April 2011 11:30

Setthivoine You - 2010 - AA 260 - Thermodynamics

Seen: Thermodynamics is the study of thermal energy conversion Introduced the concepts of energy, energy conversion and energy transfer as heat or as work. Defined what we mean by system, properties, state, process. Defined the concept of pressure. Defined the concept of temperature from the zeroth law. Looked at properties of substances. Conceived the first law from mechanical work of an adiabatic process in a closed system (control mass). Looked at different types of work and heat for the closed system. Looked at open systems (control volume) with steady-state or uniform-unsteady flow. Examples of components that have mass flow through them.

Now:
Examples of unsteady flow situations.

Unsteady flows
unsteady : change with time. Also called transient. Start and end (finite time period ), so deal with changes within that time period.

Cannot use the previous formulae because need to track mass and energy content of the control volume in addition to the energy interaction at inlets/outlets. But conservation of mass still applies and conservation of energy

Uniform flow assumption: flow at inlet and outlet does not vary across the cross-section and during the time period So

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where is the total energy of the fluid stream entering/exiting the system is the energy of the non-flowing fluid within the control volume per unit mass Special case: neglect k.e. and p.e.

if no mass enters/leaves, the equation reduces to the energy balance for closed systems.

Unsteady flow often involves boundary work as well as electrical and other mechanical work (shaft work). "Steady-flow" and "uniform unsteady-flow" are idealizations but many actual processes can be approximated reasonably well one of these with satisfactory results (depends on desired accuracy and the validity of assumptions).

Example 1:

Fill a tank with air (

J/kgK,

J/kgK)
K.

Air line: , T=250 K Tank m3, not insulated so maintained at room temperature initial kPa, K final kPa, K Find , ?

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Discussion Even though the inlet gas is colder than the tank gas, the temperature of the gas injected into the tank rises. The temperature rise comes from the flow energy (work) required to inject the gas which is then converted into temperature once inside the tank and the valve closes.

Example 2: Same but the tank is insulated. Temperature will change. What are

and

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Discussion Temperature has risen, again due to the flow energy. The injected mass is smaller than the previous case where the temperature was kept constant, which shows that in filling a tank, we can put more in if we actively cool the tank (keep the temperature constant by preventing it from rising). If the tank was initially empty

So far, we have looked at application of the first principle of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) and examples of closed and open systems. In closed systems, we looked at four special cases of processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, adiabatic) which can all be generalised into a polytropic process with different index .

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Here is an example of problem we cannot do yet: Exhaust from an insulated tank.

The temperature goes down, so the enthalpy Conservation of mass still holds so Conservation of energy still holds

will change during the exhaust.

but which we cannot compute yet (do not know the path). => Will need the second law of thermodynamics.

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