INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGERS

PRACTICAL FILE Submitted for partial fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF MS RANJEETA POPLI SUBMITTED BY NIDHI ENROLLMENT NO. 192

GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL ( Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University ) Madhuban Chowk, ROHINI, DELHI - 110085

TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics No. 1. MS-DOS 2. HTML 3. SPREADSHEETS 4. SQL Page 03 - 09 10 - 19 20 - 38 39 - 49

MS-DOS

Disk operating System (DOS)

MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system created for IBM compatible computers that was first introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. Although the MS-DOS operating system is not commonly used today, the command shell more commonly known as the Windows command line is still used and recommended. DOS Commands A DOS command helps you to give instruction to the operating system in Character User Interface (CUI) environment. Using DOS commands, you can perform various tasks, such as creating and managing files and folders and monitoring your system resources. To create and manage files and folders, perform the following steps:
1. Click the Start button, and then select Run. 2. In the Run dialog box, type cmd in the Run box. 3. Click the OK button.

The Command Prompt window is displayed.

In the Command Prompt window, the command is given after the command prompt and the Enter key is pressed to execute the command. As the drive displayed is the user directory, change the drive to D: drive by giving following command at the command prompt. C:\Users\user>D:

Directories
DOS uses directories to organize the files on your disks. That means we need to use directory commands to create a structure to store our files, and to find the files we have stored there. The default directory is the Root Directory and contains the minimum DOS files. The Root Directory cannot show more than 132 files in its directory listing.

Create Directory
MD or MKDIR command is used to make directory. Syntax: MD [drive:] [path] [directory name] Or MKDIR [drive:] [path] [directory name] Example: To create a new directory names Tim under C: drive, give following command: C:\>MD Tim or C:\>MKDIR Tim

Changing Directory
You can change your working directory by issuing the CD command. Syntax:

CD [drive:] [directory name] Example: To make Tim as current directory, give following command: C:\>CD Tim

Deleting Directory
RD command is used to remove a directory. Syntax: RD [drive:] [path] Examples: To remove Tim directory from the C: drive, give the following command: C:\>RD Tim

Displaying Contents of a Directory

DIR command is used to display the contents of the directory. Syntax: DIR [drive:] [path] [/option] /option stand for various options that can be used with DIR command which are displayed in the following table:

Option /p /w /s

Description Pause after each screenful Uses wide list format Also look in subdirectories

Creating text File

COPY CON command is used to create a text file. Syntax: COPY CON [filename] After the command is given at the command prompt, the cursor goes to the next line. Write the text and press Clt-Z key together to save the contents in the file. Then, press <Enter> key. Example: To create a file client.txt under the current folder Tim, give the command: C:\Tim>copy con Client.txt Now, write Hi, How are you? Then press Clt-Z and then, Enter Key.

Displaying the Contents of a File

TYPE command is used to display the contents of a file. Syntax: Type [drive:] [path] [filename]

Example: C:\Tim>type Client.txt

Renaming File
REN command is used to change the name of a file. Syntax: REN [drive:] [path] [file name] [new filename] Example: To change the name of the file Client.txt to Client1.txt, give following command: C:\Tim>REN Client.txt Client1.txt

Copying Files
COPY command is used to copy one or more files to an alternate location. Syntax: COPY [source] [destination] Source Specifies the path of the file or files to be copied. Destination Specifies the path of the destination directory. Example: To copy Client1.txt from the current Tim directory to Obama directory, give following command: C:\Tim>copy Client1.txt C:\Obama

Moving Files
MOVE command is used to move a file or files from one location to another location. Syntax: MOVE [drive:] [source] [drive:] [target] Example: To move case1.txt file from directory Tim to the directory Obama, give following command: C:\Tim>move Case1.txt C:\Obama

Deleting Files
DEL command is used to delete file or files from the disk. Syntax: DEL [drive:] [path] [filename] Example: To delete Client1.txt from the Tim folder, give following command: C:\Tim>DEL Client1.txt

HTML

Introduction
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the predominant markup language for web pages. HTML elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages. It is developed by World Wide Web consortium (W3C). It is not a programming Language. HTML is the set of markup tags. Extension of HTML files is .htm or .html. HTML Tags HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag The element content is everything between the start and the end tag Some HTML elements have empty content Empty elements are closed in the start tag Most HTML elements can have attributes

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes Attributes provide additional information about an element Attributes are always specified in the start tag Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Examples
HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Save this file in [filename].html.

HTML Lines The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

Output

HTML Text Formatting

<b> tag is used for bold the text. <i> tag is used for italic the text. <u>tag is used for underline the text.

Output

HTML Fonts

Output

HTML Style

Output

HTML Links
<a href> is used for HTML link.

Output

HTML Images

Output

HTML Tables
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Output

SPREADSHEETS

INTRODUCTION
A spreadsheet is essentially a matrix of rows and columns. Consider a sheet of paper on which horizontal and vertical lines are drawn to yield a rectangular grid. The grid namely a cell, is the result of the intersection of a row with a column. Such a structure is called a Spreadsheet .

Some examples of spreadsheet are:

Spreadsheets act like a calculator by automatically doing calculations. Spreadsheets are used for tracking personal investments, budgeting, invoices, inventory tracking, statistical analysis, numerical modeling, address books, telephone books, printing labels, etc. Spreadsheets are used in almost every profession to calculate, graph, analyze and store information. Spreadsheets are used for What-if calculations. Change one number in a spreadsheet and all the calculations in a large spreadsheet will re-calculate, will automatically change.

Here we will discuss about MS-EXCEL. Microsoft Excel is a proprietary commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X. MS-Excel is the most powerful spreadsheet package brought by Microsoft. The three main components of this package are Electronic spreadsheet Database management Generation of Charts. Each workbook provides 3 worksheets with facility to increase the number of sheets. Each sheet provides 256 columns and 65536 rows to work with.

Step of Opening Ms-Excel

Start All Programs - Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel

Or Start Run type excel and press OK The first page of Microsoft Excel 2007

Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576. The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it.

Excel Formulas
A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel to perform calculations. Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign.

There are many elements to and excel formula. References: The cell or range of cells that you want to use in your calculation Operators: Symbols (+, -, *, /, etc.) that specify the calculation to be performed Constants: Numbers or text values that do not change Functions: Predefined formulas in Excel To create a basic formula in Excel:

Select the cell for the formula Type = (the equal sign) and the formula Click Enter

Calculate with Functions A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments (the mathematical function) in parentheses.

Common functions in Excel:

Sum: Adds all cells in the argument Average: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument Min: Finds the minimum value Max: Finds the maximum value Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a range of the argument To calculate a function:

Click the cell where you want the function applied Click the Insert Function button Choose the function Click OK

Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you want calculated Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you want calculated

Function Library The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of the Ribbon. These functions include:

AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a range Recently Used: All recently used functions Financial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial functions Logical: And, If, True, False, etc. Text: Text based functions Date & Time: Functions calculated on date and time Math & Trig: Mathematical Functions

Sort and Filter

Sorting and Filtering allow you to manipulate data in a worksheet based on given set of criteria. Excel is great at putting data in order. There are some cool tricks that allow you to sort perfectly every time. Basic Sorts To execute a basic descending or ascending sort based on one column:

Highlight the cells that will be sorted Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Click the Sort Ascending (A-Z) button or Sort Descending (Z-A) button

Custom Sorts To sort on the basis of more than one column:

Click the Sort & Filter button on the Home tab Choose which column you want to sort by first Click Add Level Choose the next column you want to sort Click OK

Filtering Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To filter:

Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish to filter On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter Click Filter button Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell Click the Text Filter Click the Words you wish to Filter

To clear the filter click the Sort & Filter button Click Clear

Charts
Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a graphic format. Excel offers many types of charts including: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view the charts available click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon. Create a Chart To create a chart:

Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon Click the type of Chart you want to create

Modify a Chart Once you have created a chart you can do several things to modify the chart. To move the chart:

Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet in the workbook)

To change the data included in the chart:

Click the Chart Click the Select Data button on the Design tab

To reverse which data are displayed in the rows and columns:

Click the Chart Click the Switch Row/Column button on the Design tab

To modify the labels and titles:

Click the Chart On the Layout tab, click the Chart Title or the Data Labels button Change the Title and click Enter

Chart Tools The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The tools are located on three tabs: Design, Layout, and Format. Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, and location.

Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text boxes, labels, axes, background, and analysis.

Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size of the chart.

Copy a Chart to Word

Select the chart Click Copy on the Home tab Go to the Word document where you want the chart located Click Paste on the Home tab

Pivot Table

PivotTables are an interactive table that allow the user to group and summarize large amounts of data in a concise, tabular format for easier reporting and analysis. They can sort, count, and total the data, and are available in a variety of spreadsheet programs. The reason they're called "pivot tables" is because you can drag and drop fields to "rotate" a summary field and create cross tabs.

When creating the pivot table, you specify what fields need to appear and how to organize the data in the table. Once created, you can change the way that the data is summarized to give you a different view of your information, and it is this feature that puts the pivot in pivot table.

Creating a Simple Pivot Table

After your source data is prepared, you can create a pivot table. We'll create a pivot table that shows the total insured value in each of the four regions where we sell insurance. 1. Select any cell in the source data table. 2. On the Ribbon, click the Insert tab. 3. In the Tables group, click PivotTable.

4. In the Create PivotTable dialog box, the address of your source data table should be automatically entered in the Table/Range box. If not, click on the worksheet, and select the range manually.

5. Next, select New Worksheet or Existing Worksheet as the location for your pivot table, and then click OK.

Adding Fields to the Pivot Table

An empty pivot table is created in your workbook, either on a new sheet, or the existing sheet that you selected. When you select a cell within the pivot table, a PivotTable Field List appears, at the right of the worksheet.

We want to see the total insured value in each of the four regions, so we'll add the Region and Insured Value fields to the pivot table. 1. In the PivotTable Field List, add a check mark to the Region field. The Region field is automatically added to the pivot table, in the Row Labels area.

2. Add a check mark to the Insured Value field, and it will be automatically added to the Values area. You can now see the total insured value in each region.

Modifying the Pivot Table

After you've created a pivot table, you can add more fields, remove fields, or move the fields to a different location in the pivot table layout. We'll remove the Region field, and add the Location field, to see the value of rural policies compared to Urban. 1. To remove the Region field, click on its check box, to remove the check mark. 2. To add the Location field, click on its check box, to add a check mark.

The pivot table now shows the totals for Rural and Urban locations.

SQL

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and can be pronounced as SQL or sequel (Structured English Query Language). It is a query language used for accessing and modifying information in the database. IBM first developed SQL in 1970s. Also it is an ANSI/ISO standard. It has become a Standard Universal Language used by most of the relational database management systems (RDBMS). Some of the RDBMS systems are: Oracle, Microsoft SQL server, Sybase etc. Most of these have provided their own implementation thus enhancing its feature and making it a powerful tool. Few of the sql commands used in sql programming are SELECT Statement, UPDATE Statement, INSERT INTO Statement, DELETE Statement, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY Clause, GROUP BY Clause, ORDER Clause, Joins, Views, GROUP Functions, Indexes etc. In a simple manner, SQL is a non-procedural, English-like language that processes data in groups of records rather than one record at a time. Few functions of SQL are:

store data modify data retrieve data modify data delete data create tables and other database objects delete data

Types of SQL statements

There are three basic types of SQL statements:

Data definition language (DDL) statements Data manipulation language (DML) statements Dynamic SQL statements

Create a Database
Syntax: CREATE DATABASE <database name> <additional parameters> Example: CREATE DATABASE gibs

Create a Table
Syntax: CREATE TABLE <table name> ( <table element>, <table element>, . . . ); Example: Create table student ( Student_id char (10), Student_Fname varchar (10), Student_Lname varchar(10), Student_address varchar(15), Student_dob datetime )

Insert values into Table

Syntax: Insert into <table_name> values (<value>, <value> , .); Example: Insert into student values (001, sanjeev, gupta, delhi, 04-122010);

Retrieving Data from Table

Syntax: Select * from <table name> Retrieve some specific data. Select <table element > from <table name> where <condition>

Example

Alter Table
Syntax: Alter table <table name> Add <table element> Example: Alter table customer Add cust_id varchar (20)

Drop table
Syntax: Drop table <table name> Example: Drop table student;

SQL Constraints
Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table. Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created (with the ALTER TABLE statement). We will focus on the following constraints:

NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY

FOREIGN KEY CHECK DEFAULT

SQL NOT NULL Constraint The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values. The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain a value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a record without adding a value to this field.

SQL UNIQUE Constraint

The UNIQUE constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints both provide a guarantee for uniqueness for a column or set of columns.
A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has a UNIQUE constraint defined on it.

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a database table. Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot contain NULL values. Each table should have a primary key, and each table can have only ONE primary key.