New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

CHAPTER 15 4. y=
1
x+3
dy 1
APPLICATIONS OF dx
= −
( x + 3) 2
DIFFERENTIATION dy
= −1
dx x = −2
y −1
The equation of tangent is = −1
x+2
i.e. x + y + 1 = 0.
EXERCISE 15.1 Section 15.1 Tangents and normals
(page 102) y −1
The equation of normal is =1
x+2
Section A i.e. x − y + 3 = 0.

1. y = x3 1
5. y=
dy x +4 2
= 3x2
dx dy 2x
=− 2
dy dx ( x + 4) 2
= 12
dx x = −2 dy 2
y +8 =−
The equation of tangent is = 12 dx x = 1 25
x+2 The equation of tangent is
i.e. 12x − y + 16 = 0. 1
y− 2
y +8 1 5 =−
The equation of normal is =− 25
x+2 12 x −1
i.e. x + 12y + 98 = 0. i.e. 2x + 25y − 7 = 0.
The equation of normal is
2. xy = 12 1
dy y− 25
x +y=0 5 =
dx 2
x −1
dy y
= − i.e. 125x − 10y − 123 = 0.
dx x
dy 4 6. y= x
= −
dx ( 3, 4) 3 dy 1
=
y−4 4 dx 2 x
The equation of tangent is = −
x−3 3 dy 1
i.e. 4x + 3y – 24 = 0. =
dx x = 4 4
y−4 3
The equation of normal is = The equation of tangent is
x−3 4 y−2 1
i.e. 3x – 4y + 7 = 0. =
x−4 4
3. y = (x – 2) (x + 4) i.e. x − 4y + 4 = 0.
dy The equation of normal is
= 2x + 2 y−2
dx =−4
dy x−4
=0 i.e. 4x + y − 18 = 0.
dx x = −1
y+9 7. y = 3 tan x
The equation of tangent is =0 dy
x +1 = 3 sec2 x
i.e. y + 9 = 0. dx
The equation of normal is dy
x + 1 = 0. dx π =6
x=
4

51
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

The equation of tangent is Slope = −4

y −3 4x
π =6 y=
x− x −1
4 dy 4
3π = −
i.e. 6x − y − + 3 = 0. dx ( x − 1) 2
2 dy
The equation of normal is = −4
y −3 dx
1 4
π =− ∴ −4 = −
x− 6 ( x − 1) 2
4
π ∴ x = 0, 2
i.e. x + 6y − − 18 = 0.
4 ∴ Points of contact are (0, 0), (2, 8) .
∴ The equations of tangents are
8. y = sin x + cos x y−0 y −8
dy = −4 and = −4
= cos x − sin x x−0 x−2
dx i.e. 4x + y = 0
dy and 4x + y − 16 = 0.
= −1
dx x = π
The equation of tangent is 12. y = 2x2 + x −1
y +1 dy
= −1 = 4x + 1
x−π dx
i.e. x + y + 1 − π = 0. dy
The equation of normal is =5
dx x =1
y +1
=1 ∴ The equation of normal is
x−π y−2 1
i.e. x − y − 1 − π = 0. =−
x −1 5
i.e. 5y + x − 11 = 0.
π
9. sin ( x + y )
y= Its x-intercept = 11
2 11
π Its y-intercept =
cos ( x + y ) 5
dy
= 2 1 11
dx π ∴ The required area = × 11 ×
1 − cos ( x + y ) 2 5
2 1
dy = 12
10
dx π =0
( 0, )
2
1
π 13. Slope of the line x + 9y − 5 = 0 is − .
The equation of tangent is y = . 9
2
1
The equation of normal is x = 0. ∴ Slope of the normal = −
9
1 3 3 2 Hence, slope of the tangent = 9
10. y= x − x − 3x + 5 y = x3 − 3x
3 2
dy dy
= x2− 3x − 3 = 3x2 − 3
dx dx
dy dy
=1 = 9 (slope of the tangent)
dx dx
∴ x2 − 3x − 3 = 1 ∴ 9 = 3x2 − 3
∴ x = 4 or −1 ∴ x= ±2
 29   37  ∴ Points of contact are (2, 2) , (−2, − 2) .
∴ The points are  4, −  ,  − 1,  .
 3   6 
11. 4x + y = 5

52
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

∴ The equation of normal is ∴ The equations of tangents are

y−2 1 y+2 1 a a
= − or =− y− y+
x−2 9 x+2 9 2 2 2 2
= −1 and = −1
i.e. x + 9y − 20 = 0 a a
x− x+
or x + 9y + 20 = 0. 2 2 2 2
a
14. y= x2 − 7 i.e. x + y − =0
2
dy
= 2x a
dx and x + y + = 0.
Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the point of contact. 2
Then slope of tangent
17. x = a cos3 t , y = a sin3 t
1 − y1 a
2x1 = ....................................(1) π
3 − x1 At t = , x = y =
4 2 2
also, y1 = x12 − 7.....................................(2) dx
Solving (1) and (2), we have = −3a cos2 t sin t
dt
x1 = 2, y1 = −3
dy
or x1 = 4, y1 = 9 = 3a sin2 t cos t
∴ The equations of tangents are dt
y+3 y −9 dy
= 2(2) and = 2(4) dy dt
x−2 x−4 ∴ = = −tan t
i.e. 4x − y − 11 = 0 dx dx
and 8x − y − 23 = 0. dt
dy
15. x2 + y2 = 25 dx t = π = −1
dy x 4
=− The equation of tangent is
dx y
a
dy 3 y−
=− 2 2
dx 4 = −1
( 3, 4 ) a
x−
3y2 − 8x − 18y + 48 = 0 2 2
dy 4 a
= i.e. x+y= .
dx 3 ( y − 3) 2
dy 4
= 18. x 2 − y2 = 9
dx ( 3, 4 ) 3
dy x
 3  4 =
 −  ⋅   = −1 dx y
 4  3
∴ The two tangents are perpendicular. dy 5
=
dx (5, 4) 4
2 2 2
16. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 .........................................(1) ∴ The equation of normal is
y = x ......................................................(2) y−4 4
=−
a x−5 5
Solving (1) and (2), we get x = y = ±
2 2
2 2 2
i.e. 4x + 5y − 40 = 0.
x + y = a3
3 3

dy  y 1
= −  3
dx  x
dy
= −1
dx x= y

53
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

x2 y2 4 12
19. + =1 21. (a) x= ,y=
a2 b2 (2 + t ) 2 2+t
dy b2 x At t = −1, P is (4, 12).
=− 2 ⋅ At t = 0, Q is (1, 6).
dx a y
Equation of PQ is
dy b 2 x1 12 − 6
= − y − 12 = (x − 4)
dx ( x1 , y1 ) a 2 y1 4 −1
The equation of tangent is i.e. 2x − y + 4 = 0.
y − y1 b 2 x1 dy
=− 2
x − x1 a y1 dy dt
(b) =
b x1x + a y1y − (b2x12 + a2y12) = 0
2 2
dx dx
b2x1x + a2y1y − a2b2 = 0 dt
( (x1, y1) is on the curve) −12
x1 x y1 y (2 + t ) 2
i.e. + 2 = 1. =
a2 b −8
(2 + t ) 3
Section B
3
= (2 + t)
20. (a) y2 = 12x 2
When x = 3t2,
(c) slope of PQ = 2
y2 = 12 (3t2)
∴ slope of the normal
y = ± 6t
−1
∴ (3t2, 6t) is on the curve. 1
=− = 3
dy 2 (2 + t )
(b) y = 12 2
dx 2
dy 6 ∴ t =−
= 3
dx y 9
Point of contact is ( , 9).
dy 6 1 4
= = Equation of the normal is
dx ( 3t 2 , 6t ) 6t t
1 9
Equation of the tangent at P is y − 9 = − (x − )
1 2 4
y − 6t = (x − 3t2) i.e. 4x + 8y − 81 = 0.
t
i.e. x − ty + 3t2 = 0 1 1
22. (a) (a cos4 θ) 2 + (a sin4 θ ) 2
1 6−0
(c) slope = = 1
t 3−0 =a2
1 ∴ P is on the curve
∴ t=
2 1 1 1
x2 +y2 =a2.
3
(d) P is ( , 3). dy
4
dy dθ
0 0 (b) =
dx dx
1 3 6 dθ
∴ Area of ∆OAP = 3
2 3 a ⋅ 4 sin 3 θ cos θ
4 =
0 0 a ⋅ 4 cos 3 θ (− sin θ )
1 sin 2 θ
= 2 = −
4 cos 2 θ

54
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

Equation of the tangent at P is dx dy

y +x =0
sin 2 θ dt dt
y − a sin4 θ = − (x − a cos4 θ )
cos 2 θ dx
dy −y
i.e. x sin2 θ + y cos2 θ = a sin2 θ cos2 θ. = dt
dt
x
(c) OA = x-intercept = a cos2 θ
72 dx
OB = y-intercept = a sin2 θ − ⋅
= x dt
∴ OA + OB = a for all θ
x
23. (a) x = 2t2, y = 3t dx
− 72
dy 3 = dt
= x2
dx 4t
Equation of the tangent is dy − 72( − 6) 4
= =
3 dt x = 18 18 2 3
y – 3t= (x – 2t2)
4t
4. sin2 x + sin2 y =1
i.e. 3x − 4ty + 6t2 = 0.
dx dy
(b) Putting y = 0, we get A(–2t2, 0). 2 cos x sin x + 2 sin y cos y =0
3 dt dt
Putting x = 0, we get B(0, t ). dx
2 dy − cos x sin x
(c) Let M(x, y) be the mid-point of AB. = dt
dt
3 sin y cos y
Then x = −t2, y = t .
4 2 2
dy − ⋅ (0.2)
∴ Equation of the locus is 2 2
dt π π = = −0.2
4 ( , ) 2 2
x= –( y )2
4 4
⋅
3 2 2
i.e. 16y2 + 9x = 0.
t3
5. (a) x= − 2t2 + 3t
3
EXERCISE 15.2 Section 15.2 Rates of change dx
(page 110) = t2 − 4t + 3
dt
d 2x
Section A = 2t − 4
dt 2
1. y = 2x3 dx
=0
dy dx dt t = 1
= 6x2
dt dt d 2x
dy 2 = −2
1 dt 2
dt 1 = 6   ⋅ 12 t =1
x=
2 2 ∴ Velocity = 0, acceleration = −2
= 18
(b) The direction of motion changes at v = 0.
2. x + y = 169 2 2 ∴ t2 − 4t +3 = 0
dx dy (t − 3)(t − 1) = 0
2x + 2y =0 t = 1 or 3
dt dt
dx dx
dy − 2 x −x
= dt = dt
dt 2y ± 169 − x 2

dy −(5)(3) 5
= = ±
dt x =5 ± 169 − 5 2
4
3. xy = 72

55
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

6. (a) x = 3t2 − 5t − 2 ds
=0
dx dt
= 6t − 5
dt ∴ t=2
dx 2
d s
= 6(1) − 5 = 1 = 6t
dt t = 1 dt 2
∴ Velocity = 1 d 2s
2 = 12
d x dt 2 t = 2
(b) =6
dt 2 i.e. Acceleration = 12 cm/s2
∴ Acceleration = 6 (b) s = t3 − 12t = 0
(c) 6t − 5 = 4 t(t2 − 12) = 0
3 ∴ t = 0 or ± 2 3
t=
2 Thus the particle is next at O when
t=2 3.
7. (a) x = t3 − 6t2 + 9t + 5
dx ∴ The required velocity is
= 3t2 − 12t + 9 ds
dt = 24 cm/s.
dx dt t = 2 3
=0
dt
∴ 0 = 3t2 − 12t + 9 10. (a) s = 15t + 6t2 − t3
∴ t = 1 or 3 ds
= 15 + 12t − 3t2
∴ x = 9 or 5 dt
d 2x ds
(b) = 6t − 12 = 15
dt t = 0
dt 2
d 2x ds
=0 = 27
dt 2 dt t=2

∴ t=2 27 − 15
∴ Average velocity =
∴ x=7 2
= 6 m/s
8. x = 5 cos 2t ds
(b) = 3(t + 1)(5 – t) = 0
dx dt
= −10 sin 2t
dt ∴ t = 5 or –1 (rejected)
d 2x ∴ s = 11 + 6(5)2 – 53 = 36
= −20 cos 2t
dt 2 d 2s
(c) = 12 – 6t
At x = −5, cos 2t = −1, sin 2t = 0 dt 2
dx d 2s
∴ Velocity = =0 ∴ = 0 when t = 2.
dt dt 2
d 2x The required velocity is
Acceleration = = 20
dt 2 ds
= 27 m/s.
At x = 0, cos 2t = 0, sin 2t = ± 1 dt t = 2
dx
∴ Velocity = = ± 10
dt 11. A = πr2
d 2x dA dr
Acceleration = =0 = 2πr
dt 2 dt dt
= 2π (20)(0.04)
9. (a) s = t3 − 12t = 5.027 cm2/s
ds
= 3t2 − 12
dt

56
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

4 3 and x m be the length of the shadow.

12. (a) V= πr
3 (a) From the figure, by similar triangles,
dV dr 2 6
= 4π r 2 =
dt dt x x+ y
dr ∴ y = 2x
–12 = 4π (6)2⋅
dt dy dx
dr 1 ∴ 2
∴ =– cm/min dt = dt
dt 12π dx 1
= (2.4) = 1.2 m/s
(b) A = 4πr2 dt 2
dA dr d dx dy
= 8 πr (b) (x + y) = +
dt dt dt dt dt
1 = 1.2 + 2.4
= 8π (6)(– )
12π = 3.6 m/s
= – 4 cm2/min

1 2 16. (a) s= rθ
13. V= πr h ds dθ
3
=r
r 12 3 dt dt
= =
h 20 5 dθ
∴ 6 = 18
3 dt
∴ V= πh3
25 dθ 1
= rad/s
dV 9π 2 dh dt 3
= h
dt 25 dt 1
(b) A = r2θ
9π dh 2
∴ 5= (15) 2 ⋅
25 dt dA 1 2 dθ
dh 5 = r
∴ = cm/s dt 2 dt
dt 81π 1 1
= (18)2( )
2 3
14. PV = 240
= 54 cm2/s
dV dP
P +V =0
dt dt 17. Let x m be the distance from the bottom end
dV V dP of the ladder to the wall.
∴ =−
dt P dt Let y m be the height of the top of the ladder.
240 dP ∴ x2 + y2 = 52
=− 2
P dt dx dy
240 2x + 2y =0
= − 2 ×5 dt dt
60
dx dy
1 i.e. x +y =0
= − unit/s dt dt
3
When x = 1.4,
15. 1.42 + y2 = 5
∴ y = 4.8
dx
(a) When = −0.3,
dt
dy
(1.4)(−0.3) + (4.8) =0
dt
dy
= 0.087 5
dt
Let y m be the distance from the light,

57
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

The top of the ladder is sliding up the

wall at 0.087 5 m/s.

58
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

(b) Let θ be the angle of inclination of the 1 2

(b) (i) V = πh (30 – h)
ladder. 3
y dV dh
tan θ = = π(20h – h2)
x dt dt
When x = 1.4 and y = 4.8, dh
= π [20(4) − 4 ]
2
2
4.8 4.8 2 dt
tan θ = and sec2 θ = 1+ ( )
1.4 1.4 dh 1
∴ = cm/s
dy dy dt 32π
dθ x −y
sec2 θ = dt dt dr −(20 − 2h) dh
dt (ii) = ⋅
x2 dt 2 h(20 − h) dt
 4.8  dθ
i.e. 1 + ( ) 2  −[20 − 2(4)] 1
 1 .4  dt = ⋅
2 4(20 − 4) 32π
(1.4)(0.0875) − (4.8)(−0.3)
= 3
(1.4) 2 = cm/s
128π
dθ
∴ = 0.062 5
dt 20. (a) The point Q is (s, s2).
∴ The angle of inclination of the 1
Area of ∆PQR = (PR)(PQ)
ladder is increasing at the rate 2
0.062 5 rad/s. 1
∴A = (s + 1)s2
2
18. Let x km be the height of the rocket. dA 1 ds
(b) = (3s2 + 2s)
Let s km be the distance of the rocket from the dt 2 dt
station.
∴ s2 = x2+ 52
=
1
2
[
3(4) + 2(4) (5)
2
]
When s = 13, 132 = x2 + 52 = 140 unit2/s
x = 12 (c)  = QR = ( s + 1) 2 + s 4
ds dx 2( s + 1) + 4s 3 ds
2s = 2x d ⋅
dt dt ∴ =
dt 2 ( s + 1) 2 + s 4 dt
ds dx
i.e. s =x
dt dt (2 + 1) + 2(2) 3
= ⋅5
ds (2 + 1) 2 + 2 4
When s = 13, x = 12 and = 7 500,
dt = 19 units/s
dx
(13)(7 500) = 12 ⋅ 21. (a) Area = A = xy
dt
dx dA dy dx
∴ = 8 125 =x +y
dt dt dt dt
∴ The vertical speed of the rocket is = 20(−0.3) + 15(0.2)
8 125 km/h. = −3 m2/s
(b) Let PR = cm.
 2 = x2 + y 2
Section B
d dx dy
2 = 2 x + 2y
19. (a) By Pythagoras’ Theorem, dt dt dt
r2 + (10 − h) 2 = 102 When x = 20, y = 15,
 2 = 202 +152 = 625
r2 = h(20 − h)  = 25
r = h(20 − h) d
∴ 25 = 20(0.2) + 15(−0.3)
dt
d
= −0.02 m/s
dt

59
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

22. y′ − 0 +

∴ The function is increasing on

[1, ∞) and is decreasing on
(–∞, 1].
(b) At x =1, y = 12 − 2(1) −3 = −4
∴ (1, −4) is a minimum point.

2. (a) y = 7 − 4x − x2
y′ = −4 − 2x
∴ y′ = 0 when x = −2
x x < −2 x = −2 x > −2
(a) s2 = (60 − 15t)2 + (20t)2 y′ + 0 −
= 625t2 − 1 800t + 3 600
∴ The function is increasing on
= 25(25t2 − 72t + 144)
(−∞, −2] and is decreasing on
∴ s = 5 25t 2 − 72t + 144 [–2, ∞).
(b) At x = −2, y = 7 − 4(−2) − (−2)2 = 11
(b)
72
s = 5 25(t − t +
144
2 ∴ (−2, 11) is a maximum point.
)
25 25
3. (a) y = x3 − 3x +1
 36 36 144 
= 5 25(t − ) 2 − ( ) 2 + y′ = 3x2 − 3
 25 25 25 
∴ y′ = 0 when x = ±1
 36 2304  x x < −1 x = −1 −1 < x < 1 x = 1 x>1
= 5 25(t − ) 2 +
 25 625 
y′ + 0 − 0 +
36
∴ When t = = 1.44, s is ∴ The function is increasing on
25
minimum (−∞, −1] and [1, ∞) and
and min. s = 48. is decreasing on [–1, 1].
i.e. When A and B are closest, they (b) At x = −1, y = (−1)3 −3(−1) +1 = 3
are At x = 1, y = 13 − 3(1) +1 = −1
48 km apart at 1:26 p.m. ∴ (−1, 3) is a maximum point
and (1, −1) is a minimum point.
ds
(c) 2s = 25(50t − 72)
dt 4. (a) y = 2x3 − 9x2 + 27
ds y′ = 6x2 − 18x = 6x(x − 3)
∴ dt =
t=
36
∴ y′ = 0 when x = 0 or 3
25

25  36  x x<0 x=0 0<x<3 x=3 x>3

50( ) − 72
2(48)  25  y′ + 0 − 0 +
=0
∴ The function is increasing on
(−∞, 0] and [3, ∞) and
EXERCISE 15.3 Section 15.3 Maxima and minima
(page 120) is decreasing on [0, 3].
(b) At x = 0, y = 2(0)3 − 9(0)2 + 27 = 27
Section A At x = 3, y = 2(3)3 − 9(3)2 + 27 = 0
∴ (0, 27) is a maximum point
1. (a) y = x2− 2x −3 and (3, 0) is a minimum point.
y′ = 2x − 2
5. (a) y = (x +1)3
∴ y′ = 0 when x = 1
y′ = 3(x +1)2 ≥ 0
x x<1 x=1 x>1 ∴ The function is always

60
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

increasing.
(b) Hence no maximum or minimum point.

61
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

6. (a) y = x(x − 5)2 ∴ The function is increasing on

y′ = x(2)(x − 5) + (x − 5)2 [−2, ∞) and is decreasing on
= (x − 5)( 3x − 5) (−∞, −2].
5
∴ y′ = 0 when x = 5 or (b) At x = −2, y = − 2 − 2 + 3 = −2
3
∴ (−2, −2) is a minimum
5 5 5 point.
x x< x= <x<5 x=5 x>5
3 3 3
y′ + 0 − 0 + 9. y = sin x + cos x
dy
∴ The function is increasing on = cos x − sin x
dx
5 d2y
(−∞, ] and [5, ∞) and = −sin x − cos x
3
dx 2
5
is decreasing on [ , 5]. dy π 5π
3 = 0 when x = or .
dx 4 4
(b) At x = 5, y = 5(5 −5)2 = 0
5 5 5 500 d2y
At x = , y = ( − 5)2 =
3 3 3 27 dx 2 x = π = − 2 < 0
4
∴ (5, 0) is a minimum point
π π
5 500 Maximum value of y = sin + cos
and ( , ) is a maximum point. 4 4
3 27
= 2
7. (a) y = x − 3x 6 2 2
d y
y′ = 6x5 − 6x dx 2 5π
= 2 >0
x=
= 6x(x2 +1)(x +1)(x − 1) 4

∴ y′ = 0 when x = 0, 1 or −1 5π 5π
Minimum value of y = sin + cos
4 4
x x < −1 x = −1 −1 < x < 0 x = 0 0 < x < 1 x = 1 x > 1
=− 2
y′ − 0 + 0 − 0 +

∴ The function is increasing on 10. y = x + tan x

[−1, 0] and [1, ∞) and dy
= 1 + sec2 x
is decreasing on (−∞, −1] dx
and [0, 1]. d2y
= 2 sec2 x tan x
(b) At x = 0, y = 06 − 3(0)2 = 0 dx 2
At x = 1, y = 16 − 3(1)2 = −2 dy
= 0 when 1 + sec2 x = 0
At x = −1, y = (−1) 6 − 3(−1)2 = −2 dx
∴ (0, 0) is a maximum point This is impossible.
and (1, −2), (−1, −2) are minimum ∴ There is no solution.
points.
11. y = sin2 x − 2 sin x + 2
8. (a) y = x x+3 dy
= 2 sin x cos x − 2 cos x
1 1
dx
y′ = x ( )(x + 3) − 2 + x + 3 = sin 2x − 2 cos x
2
1 1 d2y
= (x + 3) − 2 (3x + 6) = 2 cos 2x + 2 sin x
2 dx 2
∴ y′ = 0 when x = −2 dy π 3π
= 0 when x = or
dx 2 2
x x < −2 x = −2 x > −2
d2y
y′ − 0 +
dx 2 x = π = 0
2

62
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

dy (b) If k < 0, then

As changes from −ve to +ve,
dx f ′(x) = 3x2 + 3k =0
∴ Minimum value of y when x = ± −k
π π Now f ″ (x) = 6x
= sin2( ) − 2 sin ( ) + 2 = 1
2 2 ∴ f″( −k ) =6 −k >0
2
d y
f ″ (− −k ) = −6 − k < 0
dx 2 x = 3π = −4 < 0
2 Hence, f (x) has a maximum point at
∴ Maximum value of y x = − − k and a minimum point at
3π 3π x=
= sin2( ) − 2 sin( )+2 −k .
2 2
=5 1
15. (a) f (x) = k sin x + sin 3x
12. y = 2 sin x + cos x
2 2 3
= 1 + sin2 x f ′ (x) = k cos x + cos 3x
dy π π  π 
= 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x f ′ ( ) = k cos( )+ cos 3( ) = 0
dx 3 3  3 
d2y ∴k = 2
= 2 cos 2x
dx 2 (b) f ″ (x) = −2 sin x − 3 sin 3x
dy π 3π π
= 0 when x = 0, , π or . f″( )=− 3<0
dx 2 2 3
d2y ∴ f (x) has a maximum value at
=2>0 π
dx 2 x = 0 x= .
3
Minimum value of y = 1
π π 1
d2y (c) f ( ) = 2 sin + sin π = 3
3 3 3
dx 2 x = π = −2 < 0 π
2 ∴ The maximum point is ( , 3 ).
Maximum value of y = 2 3

Section B k
16. (a) y = x2 +
x
3x 2 + 4 x + 4 dy k
13. y=
x2 + x +1 = 2x – 2
dx x
x +1
=3+ 2 d2y 2k
x + x +1 =2+ 3
dx 2 x
dy ( x 2 + x + 1) − ( x + 1)(2 x + 1) dy k
= when = 2x – 2 = 0
dx ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 dx x
− x( x + 2) k = 2x3
= 2 (i) If there is a minimum at x = 2,
( x + x + 1) 2
k = 2(2)3
dy
∴ = 0 when x = 0 or −2 = 16
dx (ii) If there is a minimum at x = –3,
By the sign test, we get k = 2(–3)3
8 = –54
minimum point (−2, ),
3 (b) At the turning point, k = 2x3
maximum point (0, 4). d2y 2(2 x 3 )
∴ = 2 + =6>0
14. (a) f (x) = x3 +3kx + 5 dx 2 x3
f ′(x) = 3x2 +3k ∴ The curve cannot have a
If k > 0, then maximum
point.
f ′ (x) > 0 for all x.
∴ f (x) has no turning points.

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

EXERCISE 15.4 Section 15.4 Sketching of simple curves − 3 ± 105

(page 127) When y = 0, x = 0 or ,
4
i.e. x = 0, −3.31 or 1.81.
Section A

1. f (x) = x4
f (–x) = (–x)4 = x4
∴ f is symmetric about the y-axis.
2. g(x) = x5
g(–x) = (–x)5 = –x5
∴ g is symmetric about the origin.
3. F(x) = 3x + tan x
F(–x) = 3(–x) + tan (–x)
= –(3x + tan x)
∴ F is symmetric about the origin.
4. G(x) = x sin x 8. y = x3 + x2 − 5x
G(–x)= –x sin (–x) = x sin x dy
∴ G is symmetric about the y-axis. = 3x2 + 2x − 5
dx
5. y2 = 4x d2y
The function consists of the branches = 6x + 2
dx 2
y = 2 x and y = − 2 x . dy 5
Put = 0 then x = 1, − .
∴ The function is symmetric about the dx 3
x-axis. 2
d y
=8>0
6. x2 + y2 = 9 dx 2 x = 1
y2 = 9 − x 2 ∴ (1, −3) is a min. point.
= 9 − (−x2) 2
d y
∴ The function is symmetric about = −8 < 0
the y-axis. dx 2 x=−
5
3
The function consists of the branches
5 175
y = 9 − x 2 and y = − 9 − x 2 . ∴ (−, ) is a max. point.
3 27
∴ It is symmetric about the x-axis. When x = 0, y = 0.
−y = − 9 − x 2 and −y = 9 − x 2 − 1 ± 21
When y = 0, x = 0 or ,
∴ It is symmetric about the origin. 2
i.e. x = 0, −2.79 or 1.79.
7. y = 2x3 +3x2 + 12x
dy
= 6x2 + 6x + 12
dx
d2y
= 12x + 6
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = −2 or 1
dx
d2y
= −18 < 0
dx 2 x = − 2
∴ (−2, 20) is a max. point.
2
d y
= 18 > 0
dx 2 x =1
∴ (1, −7) is a min. point.
When x = 0, y = 0.

64
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

9. y= x4 − 2x3 + 1 d2y
dy = −32 < 0
= 4x3 − 6x2 dx 2 x = −2
dx
∴ (−2, 16) is a max. point.
d2y
= 12x2 − 12x When x = 0, y = 0.
dx 2 When y = 0, x = 0 or ± 2 2 .
dy 3
= 0 when x = 0, . 8(−x)2 − (−x)4 = 8x2 − x4
dx 2
∴ The graph is symmetric about the y-
2
d y axis.
=0
dx 2 x = 0
∴ No conclusion.
In fact, (0, 1) is a point of inflexion.
d2y
dx 2 x = 3 = 9 > 0
2
3 11
∴ ( ,− ) is a min. point.
2 16
When x = 0, y = 1.
When y = 0, x = 1, 1.84.

11. y = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 9

dy
= 6x2 − 6x − 12
dx
d2y
= 12x − 6
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = 2, −1.
dx
d2y
= 18 > 0
dx 2 x = 2
∴ (2, −11) is a min. point.
2
d y
= −18 < 0
10. y = 8x − x2 4 dx 2 x = −1
dy ∴ (−1, 16) is a max. point.
= 16x − 4x3
dx When x = 0, y = 9.
d2y − 3 ± 33
= 16 − 12x2 When y = 0, x = 3 or ,
dx 2 4
dy i.e. x = 3, −2.19, 0.69.
= 0 when x = 0, ± 2.
dx
d2y
= 16 > 0
dx 2 x = 0
∴ (0, 0) is a min. point.
2
d y
= −32 < 0
dx 2 x=2
∴ (2, 16) is a max. point.

65
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

66
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

12. y= x5 − 15x3 d2y

dy =8>0
= 5x4 − 45x2 dx 2 x =0
dx
∴ (0, 0) is a min. point.
d2y
= 20x3 − 90x d y 2
dx 2 = −4 < 0
dy dx 2 x =1
= 0 when x = 0, ±3.
dx ∴ (1, 1) is a max. point.
d2y d y 2

=0 =8>0
dx 2 x = 0 dx 2 x =2

∴ No conclusion. ∴ (2, 0) is a min. point.

In fact, (0, 0) is a point of inflexion. When x = 0, y = 0.
d2y when y = 0, x = 0, 2.
= 270 > 0
dx 2 x =3
∴ (3, −162) is a min. point.
2
d y
= − 270 < 0
dx 2 x = −3

∴ (−3, 162) is a max. point.

When x = 0, y = 0.
When y = 0, x = 0, ± 15 .
(−x)5 − 15(−x)3 = −x5 + 15x3
= −(x5 − 15x3)
∴ Symmetric about the origin.

14. y = 2 + 2x2 − x4
dy
= 4x − 4x3
dx
= 4x(1 − x)(1 + x)
d2y
= 4 − 12x2
dx 2
dy
= 0 when x = 0, ±1.
dx
d2y
=4>0
dx 2 x = 0
13. y = x4 − 4x3 + 4x2 ∴ (0, 2) is a min. point.
dy
= 4x3 − 12x2 + 8x d y 2
dx = −8 < 0
= 4x(x − 2)( x − 1) dx 2 x =1
2
d y ∴ (1, 3) is a max. point.
= 12x2 − 24x + 8 2
dx 2 d y
= −8 < 0
dy dx 2
= 0 when x = 0, 1, 2. x = −1
dx ∴ (−1, 3) is a max. point.
2 + 2(−x)2 − (−x)4 = 2 + 2x2 −x4

67
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

∴ The graph is symmetric about the y-

axis.

68
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

When x = 0, y = 2. x 2 − 3x
16. y=
When y = 0, x = ± 1 + 3 = ±1.65. x2 + 3
dy 3( x + 3)( x − 1)
=
dx ( x 2 + 3) 3
d2y − 6 x 3 − 18 x 2 + 54 x + 18
=
dx 2 ( x 2 + 3) 3
dy
= 0 when x = 1, −3.
dx
d2y 3
= >0
dx 2 x = 1 4
1
∴ (1, − ) is a min. point.
2
d2y 1
=− <0
dx 2 x = −3
12
x 3
15. y= 2 ∴ (−3, ) is a max. point.
x +1 2
dy 1− x2 When x = 0, y = 0.
= 2 When y = 0, x = 0, 3.
dx ( x + 1) 2
As x → ±∞ , y → 1 .
d2y 2 x( x 2 − 3)
=
dx 2 ( x 2 + 1) 3
dy
= 0 when x = ±1.
dx
d2y 1
2 =− <0
dx x = 1 2
1
∴ (1, ) is a max. point.
2
d2y 1
= >0
dx 2 x = −1
2
1 17. The graph y2 = x2(x + 1) is symmetric
∴ (−1, − ) is a min. point.
2 about the x-axis and it is defined for
−x  x  x ≥ −1. It consists of the branches
=  
(− x) 2 + 1  x 2 + 1  y = x x + 1 and y = − x x + 1 .
∴ The graph is symmetric about the Consider y = x x + 1 .
origin.
When x = 0, y = 0. dy x 1
= x +1 + ⋅
dx 2 x +1
3x + 2
=
2 x +1
3x + 4
d2y
= 3
dx 2 4( x + 1) 2
dy 2
= 0 when x = − .
dx 3
2
d y
dx 2 x = − 2 > 0
3

69
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

2 2 3 19. y = 2 sin x + sin 2x

∴ (− ,− ) is a min. point. dy
3 9 = 2 cos x + 2 cos 2x
dx
2 2 3
By symmetry, (− , ) is a max. point. d2y
3 9 = −2 sin x − 4 sin 2x
dx 2
dy
Putting = 0,
dx
Then cos x + cos 2x = 0
2 cos2 x + cos x −1 = 0
(2 cos x −1)(cos x + 1) = 0
1
cos x = or cos x = −1
2
π π
∴ x = , − , π (for −π ≤ x ≤ π)
3 3
π d2y
When x = , <0
3 dx 2
π 3 3
∴ ( , ) is a max. point.
3 2
π d2y
18. y2 = 4x2(1 − x2) When x = − , 2 > 0
3 dx
The graph is symmetric about the x-axis and
the y-axis. π 3 3
∴ (− ,− ) is a min. point.
It is defined for −1≤ x ≤ 1. 3 2
dy d2y
2y = 8x − 16x3 When x = π, =0
dx dx 2
= 8x (1 − 2x2 ) ∴ no conclusion.
dy 2
= 0 when x = 0 or ± .
dx 2
2
Hence, the max. points are ( , 1),
2
2
(− , 1) and the min. points are
2
2 2
( , −1) , ( − , −1).
2 2

70
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

20. y = sin x cos3 x (b) y = x3 − 6x2 + 9x − 4

dy dy
= −3 sin2 x cos2 x + cos4 x = 3x2 − 12x + 9
dx dx
= cos2 x (−3 sin2 x + cos2 x) d2y
dy π π 5π = 6x − 12
= 0 when x = , , . dx 2
dx 2 6 6 dy
= 0 when x = 3, 1.
π π π π dx
x x< x= <x<
6 6 6 2 d2y
=6>0
dy
+ 0 − dx 2 x = 3
dx
∴ When x = 3, y has a minimum
value −4.
π π 5π 5π 5π d2y
x= <x< x= x> =−6<0
2 2 6 6 6
dx 2 x =1
0 − 0 +
∴ When x = 1, y has a maximum
π 3 3 value 0.
∴ ( , ) is a max. point.
6 16 dy
(c) =9
5π 3 3 dx x = 0
( ,− ) is a min. point.
6 16 Equation of the required tangent is
When x = 0, y = 0. y = 9x − 4.
π (d)
When y = 0, x = 0, , π.
2

22. (a) y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

dy
= 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dx
d2y
Section B = 6ax + 2b
dx 2
21. (a) y= x3 + px2 + qx + r When x = 0, y = −4
dy ∴ d = −4........................................(1)
= 3x2 + 2px + q dy
dx When x = −3 , =0
dy dx
=0 ∴ 27a − 6b + c = 0........................(2)
dx x = 1
dy d 2 y
∴ 3 + 2p + q = 0............................(1) When x = 1 , = = 16
dx dx 2
(1, 0) and (4, 0) are on the curve,
∴ 1 + p + q + r = 0...............(2) ∴ 3a + 2b + c = 16....................(3)
64 + 16p + 4q + r = 0................(3) 6a + 2b = 16....................(4)
Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get From (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get
p = −6, q = 9, r = −4. a = 1, b = 5, c = 3, d = −4.

71
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

(b) y = x3 + 5x2 + 3x − 4 d2y

dy = 6 (−1) − 2 = −8 < 0
= 3x2 + 10x + 3 dx 2 x = −1
dx
∴ (−1, 7) is a maximum point.
d2y
= 6x + 10
dx 2 (d) and (e)
Thus, we get
1 121
minimum point (− , − ),
3 27
maximum point (−3, 5).
(c)

EXERCISE 15.5 Section 15.5 Maximization and minimization

problems
(page 134)
23. (a) y = f (x) = x − x + kx + 4
3 2

dy Section A
= 3x2 − 2x + k
dx
dy 1. Let the two numbers be x, y.
When x = 2, =3 Then x + y = 100
dx
∴ 3 (2)2 − 2 (2) + k = 3 Product, P = xy
= x(100 – x)
∴ k = −5
dP
(b) f (2) = 23 − 22 + (−5)(2) + 4 = −2 = 100 – 2x
dx
Equation of tangent at x = 2 is
y +2 = 3(x −2) d 2P
= –2 < 0
i.e. 3x − y − 8 = 0. dx 2
dy dP
(c) = 0 when 3x2 − 2x − 5 = 0 ∴ P has a maximum value for =0
dx dx
(3x − 5) (x + 1) = 0 when x = 50.
5 ∴ The two numbers are 50 and 50.
x = or −1
3
d2y
= 6x − 2
dx 2
d2y 5
dx 2 = 6 ( ) − 2 = 8 > 0.
x=
5 3
3

5 67
∴ ( ,− ) is a minimum point.
3 27

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 15)

2. Let the two parts be x, y. dA

Then x + y = 40 (b) = 360 − 120x
dx
Let the required product be P.
P = xy2 d 2A
= –120 < 0
= x(40 – x) 2 dx 2
dP A has a maximum value.
= (40 – x)(40 – 3x) dA
dx = 0 when x = 3,
d 2P dx
= 6x – 160 and y = 9(5 − 3) = 18.
dx 2
dP 40 ∴ The required values of x and y are
= 0 when x = 40 or 3 and 18 respectively.
dx 3
2
d P 5. (a) V = (24 – 2x)(24 – 2x)x
>0 = 4x(12 – x)2
dx 2 x = 40
dV
d 2P (b) = 12(12 – x)(4 – x)
dx
dx 2 <0
x=
40 d 2V
3 = 24(x – 8)
40 dx 2
∴ P is maximum when x = dV
3 = 0 when x = 4 or 12.
40 dx
and y = 40 – d 2V
3 <0
80 dx 2 x = 4
=
3 V is maximum when x = 4.
40 80
∴ The two parts are and . 6. (a) x2y = 32
3 3
32
y= 2
3. Let the sides of the rectangle be x m and y m. x
Then 2(x + y) = 72 i.e. x + y = 36 32
Area, A = xy (b) P = 2x + 2y = 2 ( x + )
= x(36 – x) x2
dA 32
= 36 – 2x (c) P = 2 (x + )
dx x2
dP 64
d 2A = 2 (1 − 3 )
= –2 < 0 dx x
dx 2
A has a maximum value.
2
d P 192
= 2( 4 ) > 0
dA dx 2 x
= 0 when x = 18 and y = 18.
dx ∴ P has a minimum value.
∴ The required dimensions are dP 64
Putting = 0, then 2 (1 − 3 ) = 0
18 m × 18 m. dx x
i.e. x = 4.
4. (a) Area of triangle ∴ The required values are
1 2 32
(8x) (5 x) 2 −   = 12 x2
8x x = 4 and y = 2 = 2.
=
2  2 4
Area of rectangle = 8xy
7. (a) Let M be the mid-point of YZ and N
∴ Area of pentagon, A = 8xy + 12x2 be the mid-point of PQ.
Perimeter = 5x + 5x + y + 8x
+y XM = XY 2 − YM 2
= 90 10 2
∴y = 45 − 9x = 13 2 − ( )
2
∴ A = 8 × (45 − 9x ) + 12x2 = 12
= 360x − 60x2

73