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Write the formula and charge of the ion which forms when ammonia, NH3, accepts a
proton.
........................................................................................................................................
......
(1)
2.
(ii)
Write a balanced equation including state symbols for the reaction that
occurs.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(b)
(ii)
(iii)
........
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(c)
(ii)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between the gas and
ammonia.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(iii)
After a short time reddishbrown fumes are observed in the test tube.
Name this gas.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(iv)
(v)
3.
(ii)
Write a balanced equation including state symbols for the reaction that
occurs.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(b)
(ii)
(iii)
4.
A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to some potassium bromide in
a test-tube.
At first a gas is given off which fumes at the mouth of the test-tube and gives dense
white fumes with ammonia.
(i)
(ii)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between the gas and ammonia.
..................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(iii)
After a short time reddishbrown fumes are observed in the test tube.
Name this gas.
..................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(iv)
.......
(1)
(v)
5.
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
Use the Hess cycle and the data, at 298 K, to calculate the standard enthalpy
change of formation of chloroethene.
C 2 H 3 C l( g ) +
11
4
O 2(g )
[C 2 H 3 C l(g )]
H f [H 2 O (l)]
H f [C O 2 (g )]
= 1 2 6 4 k j m o l 1
= 2 8 6 k j m o l 1
= 3 9 4 k j m o l 1
[ C 2 H 3 C l]
2 C O 2 (g ) +
3
2
H 2 O ( l) +
1
2
C l 2 (g )
[C 2 H 3 C l]
2 C (g ra p h ite ) +
3
2
H 2(g ) +
1
2
C l2 (g ) +
11
4
O 2 (g )
(3)
(c)
S te p 1
4
e th e n e
C 2 H 4 C l2
S te p 2
1 ,2 d ic h lo r o e th a n e
C 2H 3C l
c h lo ro e th e n e
(d)
(i)
Write a balanced equation for the formation of
poly(chloroethene) from chloroethene.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(Total 15 marks)
6.
(1)
(ii)
(2)
7.
S te p 1
4
e th e n e
C 2 H 4 C l2
S te p 2
1 ,2 d ic h lo r o e th a n e
C 2H 3C l
c h lo ro e th e n e
8.
(i)
Write a balanced equation for the formation of poly(chloroethene)
from chloroethene.
..
...............................................................................................................
...
(1)
(ii)
...............................................................................................................
...
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
9.
Read the passage on petroleum refining straight through, and then more carefully, in
order to answer the following questions.
(a)
Petrol produced by simple crude oil distillation has a low octane rating and is
not suitable for modern car engines.
(i)
What technological change led to the need for higher octane rating
fuels?
(1)
(ii)
What is the effect of using a low octane fuel in a modern petrol engine?
(1)
(b)
B enzene
C H
M e th y lb e n z e n e
CH3C(CH3)2C(CH3)2CH3
2,2,3,3Tetramethylbutane
(i)
Name the two chemicals from the four hydrocarbons above which are
isomers of each other.
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
How has the cost of producing petrol been affected by the
reduction in permitted lead content?
(1)
(ii)
(d)
Credit will be given for answer written in good English, using complete
sentences and with correct use of technical words. Avoid copying long
sections from the original text. Numbers count as one word, as do standard
abbreviations and hyphenated words. Any title you give to your passage does
not count in your word total.
There are penalties for the use of words in excess of 100.
(Total 15 marks)
Conversion processes
Here, molecular sizes and shapes are modified to provide refinery
products. Cracking, both thermal and catalytic, reduces molecular size
and converts heavy residues into lighter and more marketable
products.
Catalytic cracking is particularly attractive for petrol production. A low
demand, high boiling point product of distillation is converted to a high
octane fuel.
The first catalytic cracking unit contained acidtreated clays, in the
form of pellets, as the catalyst. Nowadays crystalline aluminosilicates
known as zeolites, are used.
Thermal cracking, the method of increasing petrol output in about
1914, fell out of favour with the advent of catalytic processes, but is re
emerging as an important method for converting very heavy residues
into petrol blendstocks. In one variant, the residues from vacuum
distillation are heated to 500C for several seconds and the cracked
products are distilled. About 10 percent of the feed is converted to
petrol, and some gas oil suitable for catalytic cracker feedstock is
produced.
Catalytic reforming is used to raise the octane rating of distillates in the
petrol boiling range by converting straight chain alkanes and
cycloalkanes to arenes. The octane rating is increased from 50 to
greater than 95. The dehydrogenation reactions taking place during
reforming provide a valuable source of hydrogen for use in sulphur
removal.
Greater amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons have become available
in the refinery as a result of increased cracking activity. These have
potential as polymer feedstocks.
Treatment processes
The final stage in the manufacture of petrol involves blending
components from distillation, cracking and the various reforming
processes to produce a fuel with the required volatility and knock
resistance at minimum cost. In principle, any octane rating fuel likely
to be required by the car industry can be produced in this way.
However, compensation for the reduction in allowable lead alkyls tends
to raise costs dramatically. Furthermore, limits have been placed on
the maximum concentration of benzene in petrol.
(640 words)
10.
2+
2+
11.
(a)
..............................................................................................................................
......
(1)
(b)
12.
(a) Pure samples of hydrogen halides, HC1, HBr and HI, are prepared by
adding a suitable acid to the corresponding potassium halides.
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
Explanation .........................................................................................................
.......
..............................................................................................................................
......
(2)
(c)
(i)
bromide?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
What is the formula for the compound formed when ammonia reacts
with hydrogen bromide?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(d)
A hot wire is plunged into testtubes containing each of the hydrogen halides.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1)
(e)
(1)
(ii)
The ionic equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium
thiosulphate is
I 2 (a q ) + 2 S 2O
2
3 (
aq)
2 I (aq ) + S 4 O
2
6 (
aq)
(1)
(iii)
Write the equation for the reaction between chlorine molecules, C12,
and iodide ions.
(1)
(iv)
(v)
(1)
(vi)
(1)
(vii) Suggest a reason why the concentration of chlorine in water must not
exceed 0.5 ppm.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(Total 17 marks)
13.
Pure samples of hydrogen halides, HC1, HBr and HI, are prepared by adding a
suitable acid to the corresponding potassium halides.
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
14.
15.
(i)
What would you see when ammonia reacts with hydrogen bromide?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
What is the formula for the compound formed when ammonia reacts with
hydrogen bromide?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
16.
A hot wire is plunged into testtubes containing each of the hydrogen halides.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1)
(Total 3 marks)
17.
Water companies use chlorine to purify water for domestic use. Concentrations of
chlorine are carefully monitored by testing water samples.
3
Excess potassium iodide was added to a 1000 cm sample of water.
3
The iodine formed reacted with 14.0 cm of 0.00100 m sodium thiosulphate solution.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
The ionic equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium
thiosulphate is
I 2 (a q ) + 2 S 2O
2
3 (
aq)
2 I (aq ) + S 4 O
2
6 (
aq)
(1)
(iii)
Write the equation for the reaction between chlorine molecules, C12,
and iodide ions.
(1)
(iv)
(v)
(1)
(vi)
(1)
(vii) Suggest a reason why the concentration of chlorine in water must not
exceed 0.5 ppm.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
18.
(i)
In ammonia, NH3, the ionic character of the bond between
nitrogen and hydrogen (NH) is 18%. State the charge on each
hydrogen atom and hence calculate the charge on the nitrogen atom.
(2)
(ii)
(b)
Use the results given for the sulphate ion to calculate the charge on the
sulphate ion.
(1)
(c)
(d)
(i)
S 2 O 32- .
(1)
(ii)
Suggest a reason why oxidation numbers are not always the same as the
true electric charge on atoms in molecules or ions consisting of several
atoms.
(1)
(e)
Credit will be given for answers written in good English, using complete sentences and with
correct use of technical words. Avoid copying long sections from the original text. Numbers
count as one word, as do standard abbreviations and hyphenated words. Any title you give to
your passage does not count in your word total
There are penalties for the use of words in excess of 100.
(Total 15 marks)
0 .7 8
O
+ 0 .3 9
+ 0 .3 9
H
H
This calculation shows that the oxygen atom in water has a very significant negative charge. This
helps to explain the solubility of ionic compounds in water. Positive ions will be powerfully
attracted to negative oxygen atoms in water molecules, and negative ions to the positive hydrogen
atoms.
The calculation of charge distribution becomes much more difficult when the molecules contain
multiple or delocalized bonds, or the molecule is nonsymmetrical. It is more convenient to use
experimental data instead of relying on theoretical calculations.
The main source of experimental data about charge distribution in molecules is the permanent
dipole moment, which is based on measurements of the effect of a substance on an applied
electric field. Unfortunately the interpretation of such data is still difficult for complex
molecules.
However, in the last twenty years the method of Xray spectroscopy has opened up new horizons
in determining the distribution of charge in molecules and ions. There are three branches of
spectroscopy which involve the interaction of Xrays with molecules: ESCA (electron
spectroscopy for chemical analysis), Auger spectroscopy and Xray fluorescence spectroscopy.
When Xrays of known energy are absorbed by an atom an electron from an inner shell is
expelled and the atom becomes a positive ion in a high energy state. ESCA is concerned with
measuring the kinetic energy of the expelled electrons using an electron spectrometer.
The kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends upon their binding energy within the atom.
When electrons are held tightly the energy needed to release them is greater and the kinetic
energy of electrons released is less. The kinetic energy of emitted electrons, Ek, is related to the
energy of the Xrays, hvk, and the binding energy of the electrons, Eb, by the equation:
Eb = hvk Ek
The binding energy of an electron depends on the attractive force exerted by the positive nucleus
on the negative electron. This is often referred to as the Coulombic force of attraction. The
Coulombic attractive force is dependent on the effective charge on the nucleus; the higher the
effective nuclear charge, the stronger the force of attraction. The effective charge on the nucleus
is related to the partial charge on the atom. So the binding energy of an electron depends on the
partial charge on an atom.
A more detailed analysis shows that there is a linear relationship between electron binding
energies and partial charges on atoms.
Thus by measuring kinetic energies of electrons, it is possible through calculating electron
binding energies to find partial charges on atoms relatively easily.
The reason ESCA is so important is that it enables the charge on the individual atoms within
molecules or ions to be calculated.
Examples of ions where ESCA helps us to understand their electronic structure are the sulphate
ion and the thiosulphate ion.
In the sulphate ion ESCA shows that the ion consists of a sulphur atom with a charge of +1.12,
and four oxygen atoms with equal charges of 0.78.
0 .7 8
O
0 .7 8
S O
23 ,
S + 1 .1 2
O
0 .7 8 O
0 .7 8
(698 words)
Adapted from ESCA and molecular charge distribution, Jacques Furnemont, Education in
Chemistry, Volume 31, Number 5, September 1994, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
19.
The table below gives the molar masses and boiling points of three carbon
compounds.
B u ta n o n e , C 2 H 5 C O C H
P e n ta n e , C 5 H
12
2 m e th y lb u ta n e , C 5 H
(a)
12
M o la r m a s s
/g m o l 1
B o ilin g P o in t
/ C
72
80
72
36
72
28
pure
butanone? ........................................................................................
.
(1 mark
(ii)
pure
pentane? ..........................................................................................
.
(1 mark
(b)
(2)
(c)
Explain why pentane and 2methylbutane have different boiling points despite
having the same molecular formula and molar mass. You may find drawing a
diagram helpful.
(2)
(d)
When equal volumes of butanone and pentane are stirred together the liquids
mix and there is a drop in temperature. When equal volumes of pentane and
water are stirred together they separate into two layers when stirring is
stopped.
(i)
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(ii)
20.
(a) Boron, nitrogen and oxygen form fluorides with molecular formulae
BF3, NF3 and OF2.
Draw the shapes you would expect for these molecules, suggesting a value for
the bond angle in each case.
BF3
(b)
(i)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of atomization of
nitrogen trifluoride,
H e[NF3(g)]. Your answer should include a sign and units.
H f [NF3(g)]
124.7 kJ mol
H e [N2(g)]
+472.7 kJ mol
H e [F2(g)]
=
H a t
( g )
[ 3N
F
F
( g
1
2
[3 N
) ]
( 32g 2 )
+79.0 kJ mol
F
( g ) ]
N
( g ) +
3
( g
( g
(3)
(ii)
Use your answer to (i) to calculate the bond energy of the NF bond
(1)
(c)
(2)
(ii)
Draw diagrams to show two possible shapes for the N2F2 molecule
(1)
(iii)
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(d)
BF3 and NF3 react together readily to give a solid with composition BN3NF3.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
What is the type of bond between the nitrogen and boron atoms?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(e)
Suggest a balanced equation for the reaction of 1 mole of OF2 with 1 mole of
water to form two products.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
21.
(a)
2cm portions of hot aqueous silver nitrate solution are added to each testtube.
A precipitate forms immediately in the third test-tube, slowly in the second
test-tube and extremely slowly in the first test-tube.
+
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Name the precipitate which forms extremely slowly in the first testtube and write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for its
formation.
Name of
precipitate........................................................................................
....
Ionic
equation...........................................................................................
.........
(3)
(vi)
Ammonia solution is added to the precipitate formed in the first testtube. Describe and explain what you would observe.
Description.................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
Explanation................................................................................................
........
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(vii) Explain why the rates of hydrolysis of the three halogenoalkanes are
different
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(b)
Draw a fully labelled diagram to show an apparatus for carrying out this
reaction in the laboratory and collecting the gaseous but1ene
(3)
(ii)
22.
2
8
(a)
Persulphate ions, S O
(i)
iodine molecules,
I2............................................................................................
iodide ions, I
....................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between persulphate ions and
iodide ions.
(1)
(b)
The effect of persulphate ion concentration on the rate of this reaction can be
measured as follows.
Some starch solution and a small measured quantity of sodium thiosulphate
solution are added to potassium persulphate solution.
Potassium iodide solution is added and the time measured for the solution to
change colour.
This occurs when all the sodium thiosulphate is used up and the starch reacts
with the iodine.
The reaction is repeated using difference concentrations of potassium
persulphate.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
The rate of reaction is measured by taking the reciprocal of the time for the
colour of the reaction mixture to change.
Typical results are shown in the table below.
[S 2 O 8 (a q )]
/m o l d m 3
tim e
/s
1 /tim e
/s 1
0 .0 1 0 0
480
2 .0 8 1 0
0 .0 0 9 0
533
1 .8 8 1 0
0 .0 0 7 5
640
1 .5 6 1 0
0 .0 0 6 0
800
1 .2 5 1 0
(i)
(3)
(ii)
Use your graph to deduce the order of the reaction with respect to
persulphate ions.
Justify your answer.
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(d)
(i)
The reaction is first order with respect to iodide ions. Use
this information and your answer to (c)(ii) to write the overall rate
equation for the reaction.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
What are the units of the rate constant for the reaction?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
23.
Read the passage on BENZENE straight through, and then more carefully, in order
to answer the following questions.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
Credit will be given for answers written in good English, using complete
sentences and with correct use of technical words. Avoid copying long
sections from the original text. Numbers count as one word, as do standard
abbreviations and hyphenated words. Any title you give to your passage does
not count in your word total.
There are penalties for use of words in excess of 100.
(Total 15 marks)
BENZENE
Benzene was first discovered by Michael Faraday in London in 1825. By this time
gas lighting was becoming common in London. The Portable Gas Company was
producing gas by heating whale oil in a furnace. When they compressed the gas to
put it in cylinders an oily liquid separated out. They told Faraday about this and he
set about identifying the liquid. He distilled it and collected a fraction which boiled
at 80C and condensed to a clear liquid. We now know this as benzene.
In 1834 Mitscherlich discovered that the same colourless liquid could be obtained by
heating benzoic acid with lime.
In 1845 Hofmann demonstrated the presence of benzene in coal naphtha, the lowest
boiling fraction obtained by the distillation of coal tar, and in 1848 Mansfield
succeeded in isolating benzene from coal naphtha.
Now most benzene is produced from petroleum. Petroleum is fractionally distilled to
separate the crude oil into fractions on the basis of their boiling points. A typical
crude oil composition is 2% butane, 11% petrol, 14% naphtha, 17% furnace oil, 39%
gas oil and 17% residue. The naphtha fraction which contains hexane is used to
produce benzene.
The naphtha fraction is purified to remove sulphur compounds which would poison
the catalyst used in the process. Sulphur compounds are removed by reduction to
form hydrogen sulphide. This is known as hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) and leaves a
very low concentration of sulphur in naphtha. The hydrogen sulphide produced is
used to manufacture sulphur and sulphuric acid. This treatment was originally only
used in the production of sulphurfree fuels but it is now used to reduce the sulphur
content of most crude oil fractions.
Purified naphtha is now heated to about 770 K. It then passes into a reactor where
one of two processes may be used, depending on the catalyst.
An aluminium oxide catalyst may be used with the reactants at a pressure of 40
atmospheres. Hexane first reacts to form cyclohexane and hydrogen. Then
cyclohexane is dehydrogenated to form benzene. Other aromatics like
methylbenzene and dimethylbenzenes are also produced. The mixture of products is
dissolved in a suitable solvent. The aromatic products are separated from the solvent
by further distillation in fractionating towers. Residual impurities are removed, for
example, by passing through an active clay catalyst. A final fractionation is then
used to separate and purify benzene.
The second process is called platforming because it uses the metal platinum. In
platforming the same chemical reactions are involved. The difference is that a
platinum catalyst is used, in spite of the extra expense, and a lower pressure of 15
atmospheres is sufficient.
Benzene is the starting material for a large number of useful chemicals and
materials.
The insecticide BHC, benzenehexachloride (systematic name, 1,2,3,4,5,6
hexachlorocyclohexane) is made by passing chlorine through benzene irradiated by
ultraviolet light. BHC is particularly valuable in the fight against the locust.
Benzene is the starting material for the manufacture of many plastics.
By reacting benzene with chloroethane in the presence of an aluminium chloride
2C 2
2 H1 1
24.
The gases hydrogen sulphide, H2S, and sulphur dioxide, SO2, react according to the
equation
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(1)
(a)
(b)
Which of the four substances in the equation would you expect to have the
lowest entropy at 298 K?
Justify your answer.
..............................................................................................................................
......
..............................................................................................................................
......
..............................................................................................................................
......
..............................................................................................................................
......
(2)
(c)
(i)
Would you expect Ss
positive or negative value?
s for
t e m the
reaction to have a
(ii)
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(iii)
25.
Iodine is only slightly soluble in water, but it is much more soluble in organic
solvents and also in aqueous potassium iodide solution.
(a)
dissolved in hydrocarbon
solvent ...................................................................
(iii)
(b)
y
W
(i)
l v e nV t o l u m
s o l u t i o
/ c 3m
d
r o
c a r 5b
a t e r
o
0
e
n
Vo of l u m
e
o f
u s so e d d i u m
t h
s o l u t i o n
/ c m3
7
. 9
0 3 . 0 I 12 0 c 0 o nm c o e l n dt r m a
i o s u l / p m h oa lt 3 e d m
u s e d
?
8
. 9
Which indicator, if any, would you use for this titration and what would
the colour change be at the end point?
Indicator ....................................................................................................
.......
Colour change from ............................................... to ..........
....................
(3)
t i
(ii)
The equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium thiosulphate is
I2(aq) + 2Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)
3
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
(hydrocarbon)
(water)
I2
Write down an expression for Kc for this equilibrium and calculate its
value.
Kc =
(2)
(v)
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(vi)
(c)
I2(aq) + I (aq)
I 3-
(aq)
How would you expect this to affect the volume of sodium thiosulphate
solution used in the titration of the aqueous layer?
Justify your answer.
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
26.
equilibrium was reached. The mixture was allowed to settle and then 5 cm of the
3
hydrocarbon solvent layer and 50 cm of the aqueous layer were removed and
titrated separately with sodium thiosulphate solution of concentration 0.0100 mol
3
dm .
(a)
y
W
l v e nV t o l u m
s o l u t i o
/ c 3m
d
r o
c a r 5b
a t e r
o
0
e
n
Vo of l u m
e
o f
u s so e d d i u m
t h
s o l u t i o n
/ c m3
7
. 9
0 3 . 0 I 12 0 c 0 o nm c o e l n dt r m a
i o s u l / p m h oa lt 3 e d m
u s e d
?
8
. 9
t i
(i)
Which indicator, if any, would you use for this titration and what would
the colour change be at the end point?
Indicator ....................................................................................................
.......
Colour change from ............................................... to ..........
....................
(3)
(ii)
The equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium thiosulphate is
I2(aq) + 2Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)
3
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
(hydrocarbon)
(water)
I2
Write down an expression for Kc for this equilibrium and calculate its
value.
Kc =
(2)
(v)
(vi)
(b)
I2(aq) + I (aq)
I 3- (aq)
How would you expect this to affect the volume of sodium thiosulphate
solution used in the titration of the aqueous layer?
Justify your answer.
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
27.
(a)
M a s s o f 1 m o le
/g
S p e c ific h e a t c a p a c ity
/J g 1 K 1
D e n s ity
/g c m 3
B o ilin g p o in t
/C
E th o x y e th a n e
7 4 .1
2 .2 8
0 .7 1
35
H exane
8 6 .2
2 .2 6
0 .6 6
69
T r ic h lo r o m e th a n e
1 1 9 .4
0 .9 8
1 .4 8
62
Use this information to calculate a value for the strength of the dipoledipole
interactions in 1 mole of trichloromethane.
(3)
(b)
any risks involved and hence safety precautions you would take;
details of how you would calculate the strength of the hydrogen bond
from your results and the approximate value you would expect.
(9)
(c)
28.
M a s s o f 1 m o le
/g
S p e c ific h e a t c a p a c ity
/J g 1 K 1
D e n s ity
/g c m 3
B o ilin g p o in t
/C
E th o x y e th a n e
7 4 .1
2 .2 8
0 .7 1
35
H exane
8 6 .2
2 .2 6
0 .6 6
69
T r ic h lo r o m e th a n e
1 1 9 .4
0 .9 8
1 .4 8
62
Use this information to calculate a value for the strength of the dipoledipole
interactions in 1 mole of trichloromethane.
(3)
29.
any risks involved and hence safety precautions you would take;
details of how you would calculate the strength of the hydrogen bond
from your results and the approximate value you would expect.
(9)
(b)
30.
The boiling points and molar masses of the hydrogen halides are given in the table.
H y d ro g e n h a lid e
M o la r m a s s
/g m o l 1
B o ilin g p o in t
/K
h y d ro g e n flu o r id e
2 0 .0
293
h y d ro g e n c h lo r id e
3 6 .5
188
h y d ro g e n b ro m id e
8 0 .9
206
h y d ro g e n io d id e
1 2 7 .9
238
(a)
Why do the boiling points increase from hydrogen chloride to hydrogen iodide
as molar mass increases?
..............................................................................................................................
......
..............................................................................................................................
......
(1)
(b)
(i)
Name the strong attractive force between hydrogen
fluoride molecules which accounts for the unusually high boiling point.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
31.
(a) Boron, nitrogen and oxygen form fluorides with molecular formulae
BF3, NF3 and OF2.
Draw the shapes you would expect for these molecules, suggesting a value for
the bond angle in each case.
BF3
NF3
(b)
(i)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of atomization of
nitrogen trifluoride,
H e [NF3(g)]. Your answer should include a sign and units.
Use the Hess cycle, and the data at 298 K:
H f [NF3(g)]
124.7 kJ mol
H e[N2(g)] =
+472.7 kJ mol
H e[F2(g)]
+79.0 kJ mol
[3 N
( g
( g
) ]
( 32g 2 )
H a t
( g )
[ 3N
F
F
( g
1
2
(ii)
) ]
) +
( g
( g
)
(3)
Use your answer to (i) to calculate the bond energy of the NF bond.
(1)
(c)
(2)
(ii)
Draw diagrams to show two possible shapes for the N2F2 molecule.
(1)
(iii)
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(d)
BF3 and NF3 react together readily to give a solid with composition BN3NF3.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
What is the type of bond between the nitrogen and boron atoms?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(e)
Suggest a balanced equation for the reaction of 1 mole of OF2 with 1 mole of
water to form two products.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
32.
(a)
2cm portions of hot aqueous silver nitrate solution are added to each testtube.
A precipitate forms immediately in the third test-tube, slowly in the second
test-tube and extremely slowly in the first test-tube.
+
In each reaction the precipitate is formed by silver ions, Ag (aq), reacting with
the halide ions formed by hydrolysis of the halogenoalkane.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Name the precipitate which forms extremely slowly in the first testtube and write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for its
formation.
Name of
precipitate .......................................................................................
....
Ionic
equation ..........................................................................................
..........
(3)
(vi)
(vii) Explain why the rates of hydrolysis of the three halogenoalkanes are
different.
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(b)
Draw a fully labelled diagram to show an apparatus for carrying out this
reaction in the laboratory and collecting the gaseous but1ene.
(3)
(ii)
33.
(a)
Persulphate ions,
S 2 O 82-
(i)
iodide ions, I
........................................................................
(1)
(ii)
sulphate ion, SO 4
.............................................................................................
S O 2persulphate ion, 2 8
...................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between persulphate ions and
iodide ions.
(1)
(b)
The effect of persulphate ion concentration on the rate of this reaction can be
measured as follows.
Some starch solution and a small measured quantity of sodium thiosulphate
solution are added to potassium persulphate solution.
Potassium iodide solution is added and the time measured for the solution to
change colour.
This occurs when all the sodium thiosulphate is used up and the starch reacts
with the iodine.
The reaction is repeated using different concentrations of potassium
persulphate.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
The rate of reaction is measured by taking the reciprocal of the time for the
colour of the reaction mixture to change.
Typical results are shown in the table below.
[S 2 O 8 (a q )]
/m o l d m 3
tim e
/s
1 /tim e
/s 1
0 .0 1 0 0
480
2 .0 8 1 0
0 .0 0 9 0
533
1 .8 8 1 0
0 .0 0 7 5
640
1 .5 6 1 0
0 .0 0 6 0
800
1 .2 5 1 0
(i)
(3)
(ii)
Use your graph to deduce the order of the reaction with respect to
persulphate ions.
Justify your answer.
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
...................................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(d)
(i)
The reaction is first order with respect to iodide ions. Use
this information and your answer to (c)(ii) tow rite the overall rate
equation for the reaction.
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(ii)
What are the units of the rate constant for the reaction?
...................................................................................................................
.......
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
34.
(a)
1st
2nd
3 rd
4 th
5 th
6 th
7 th
1251
2297
3822
5158
6542
9362
11 018
1521
2666
3931
5771
7238
8781
11 996
419
3051
4412
5877
7975
9649
11 343
(b)
th
(c)
(d)
(e)
The sketch graph shows the first ionization energies of R, S and T. Continue
the sketch so as to show the pattern of the first ionization energies of the next
three elements of the Periodic Table, U, V and W, assuming that transition
elements are not involved.
1500
1000
io n iz a tio n
e n e rg y
500
W
(3)
(f)
io n iz a tio n
e n e rg y
2
3
4
e le c tr o n s re m o v e d
..............................................................................................................................
......
..............................................................................................................................
......
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
35.
(2)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
C 3H 6 (g ) + H 2 (g )
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction. Use the data, at 298
K.
H f [C3H8(g)] = 104.5 kJ mol
H f [C3H6(g)] = +20.2 kJ mol
(2)
(c)
B
i n
r
t h
2
Ap
C
(i)
2H
3H
a r k
2H
r o
e a c t i o n
C2
B a n
C3
H
e n e
O
r o
C
R
a n
H
o
e a c t i o n
Co l Hy
( p r o
p C e ln
e )
Name..........................................................................................................
.......
(2)
(ii)
State the type of reaction occurring and the type of reagent used in the
formation of compound A.
Type of
reaction ...........................................................................................
......
Type of
reagent ............................................................................................
......
(2)
(iii)
........
(2)
(iv)
(2)
(v)
(vi)