10/11/2011

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CENE - CEN0ME
Mct sc kho| n|em con b|et :
- Cencme Cencm|cs - Cenet|cs
- Cene/o||e|e/|ccus
- CpC |s|onds
- Cenet|c ||nkoge
- keod|ng frome/0pen keod|ng Frome (0kF[
- 1ronscr|ptcme
- Prctecme
- Pseudcgene
- Chrcmot|n/chrcmcscme
- Heterc/euchrcmot|n
CHU0| X0AN KEP DNA
Mct sc t|nh chot cuo phon tu DNA :
c| scng scng
Ch|eu 5P -30H
Cou truc cn d|nh phon |cn nhc su xep chcng coc bose (bose stock|ng[
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kNA
1|nh ||nh dcng hco hcc dc C
2
0H
H|nh thonh cou truc thu cop
CAU 1kUC NH|EM 5AC 1HE EUKAk01E
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M01 50 1NH CHA1
VA1 L CUA DNA
1NH D| 0NC |EN D| CUA DNA
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8c gene c eukorycte
1o| soc eukorycte cc mong nhon 7
V| soc DNA eukorycte ducc nen |o| 7
Nen nhu the noc 7
KCH 1HU0C DNA/C|0| HAN KH0NC C|AN
Ch|eu do| phon tu DNA, doc b|et c phon |cn eukorycte, vuct xo k|ch thucc
nhon con cc su nen mct coch trot tu
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CAU 1kUC 80 CENE
GENOME CONTENT
Genome size is related to the complexity of the organism because a complex organism
may need more genes participating in the formation of different parts of its organism.
Genome size : 0.58 Mb (1Mb = 1.10
6
nucleotides) 6.7 Mb in prokaryotes ; 12 Mb
12,000 Mb in eukaryotes.
Number of genes : about 500 6,000 genes in prokaryotes ; about 6,000 - 45,000 genes in
eukaryotes.
Nevertheless, the correlation between genome size/number of genes with the structural
complexity of an organism is not perfect ; e.g in human there are 27,000 genes whereas
maize has > 45,000 genes
The different ratio of the number of genes/ genome size between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes is due to the fact that prokaryotic genome is nearly entirely composed of coding
sequences (genes) whereas eukaryotic genomes contain a very small percentage of coding
sequences (about 1%) with the remaining constituted of non-coding sequences.
Gene density : number of genes / genome size (genes/Mb) ratio
Organisms with increasing structural complexity usually have decreasing gene density ;
e.g gene density in E. coli (prokaryote), S. cerevisiae (unicellular eukaryote) and human
(eukaryote) is respectively 950, 480 and 9.3.
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0PEN kEAD|NC FkAME
CAU 1kUC 80 CENE 0 NCU0|
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KCH 1HU0C EX0N & |N1k0N
M01 50 AC |EM CAU 1kUC 80 CENE EUKAk01E
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CAU 1kUC VA1 L|EU D| 1kUEN EUKAk01E
Coc muc dc nen :
DNA Nuc|ecscme 5c| 30-nm 5c| 30-
nm ||en ket vc| khung Nh|em soc chot
Nh|em soc the c trung ky (metophose[
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CHROMATIN, CHROMOSOME
In the cell, the DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. Depending on the degree of compaction,
chromatin can be classified as euchromatin or heterochromatin, named on their degree of staining with
basic dyes - slightly (euchromatin) or darkly (heterochromatin).
Most part of chromatin is euchromatin. Euchromatin is much more less compacted than heterochromatin
and is the genetically active part of the genome, mainly composed of actively transcribed genes. Constitutive
heterochromatin is essentially located at the telomeres and centromeres, some is dispersed all over the
chromosomes.This dispersed heterochromatin is mostly composed of repetitive sequences. Non-constitutive
heterochromatin originates from temporally non transcribed euchromatin.
The genome of prokaryote usually exists as a single DNA molecule whereas eukaryotic genome is
distributed into many DNA molecules ; each DNA molecule associated with its proteins is called a
chromosome.
The role of associated proteins is to compact DNA molecule in order to :
1. Make long DNA molecule fitted in a small space which is the cell (prokaryote), or the nucleus
(eukaryote). E. coli chromosome measuring 1 mm must fit in a 1 m-length cell. In human, a haploid
chromosome set is constituted of 3.10
9
bp a diploid set has 2 x 3.10
9
bp, each bp has a thickness of 3.4 (1
= 1
-10
m) in a somatic cell, the nucleus contains a 2m-length DNA !
2. Protect the long DNA molecule from damages.
3. Facilitate the replication and the recombination of DNA as a whole entity during cell division.
4. Facilitate gene expression through selectively decompacting individual regions in the genome.
The majority of eukaryotic cells are diploid, which means that they contain 2 copies of each chromosome,
each coming from one parent. Haploid cells (egg or spermatozoid) are those containing only one set of each
chromosome.
NUCLE050ME
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CAC 8AC NEN CUA N51
Nuc|ecscme ccre + H = Chrcmotcscme
Vo| trc cuo H : cn d|nh nc| DNA voc vo ro
khc| nuc|ecscme
Cou truc cuo sc|
30-nm
CAC 8AC NEN CUA N51
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5U NEN N51 VA 8|EU H|EN CENE
D| nh|em soc chot tuy y
(focu|tot|ve[ : the 8orr su
bot hcot X (su Lycn hco[
D| nh|em soc chot bot bucc (ccnst|tut|ve[ : thucng c
centrcmere vo te|cmere, chuo DNA sote|||te, cc vo| trc trcng
d|eu hco b|eu h|en gene vo cn d|nh cou truc N51
cng nh|em soc chot : bot
mou nhucm |t, |o coc v| tr|
ph|en mo monh
5U NEN N51 VA
PHAN 8A0
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CAU H0| CHU0NC 2
. Coc th| ngh|em chung m|nh DNA |o vot ||eu d| truyen cuo v| khuon, v|rus,
dcng vot
2. 1|nh cn d|nh cou truc cuo DNA cc nguyen nhon tu dou 7
3. Mot dc gene thop c eukorycte |o dc dou 7
4. ngh|o cuo cou truc N51 vo v|ec duy tr| cn d|nh thcng t|n d| truyen 7
5. Coc yeu cou de dom boc t|nh cn d|nh cuo N51 dong vcng vo N51 dong
thong 7
CAU H0| CHUAN 8[ :
Coc von de dot ro dc| vc| su soc chep DNA c eukorycte
5EM|NAk
. Quo tr|nh soc chep DNA c E. cc|| kh| phon ch|o te boc
2. Coc b|en dc| cuo DNA trcng quo tr|nh scng cuo E. cc||
3. Coc b|en phop g|u cn d|nh phon tu DNA