Chapter1.

Introduction
Layering OSI 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Link Transport Network TCP, UDP IP, ICMP, IGMP device driver and interface card TCP/IP Application Telnet, FTP, e-mail, etc.

Protocol suit : Combination of different protocols at various layers. 4 layers of TCP/IP 1. Link layer : Data-link layer or network interface layer. Device driver in OS, Network interface card. 2. Network layer : Internet layer Routing of packets IP, ICMP, IGMP 3. Transport layer : Provides a flow of data between two hosts for the application layer. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) : Reliable flow of data. UDP(User Datagram Protocol) : Reliability must be provided by the application layer. 4. Application layer : Provides details of the particular application. Telnet for remote login, FTP SMTP for e-mail, SNMP Two hosts on a LAN running FTP The client requests a service from the server. The server provides some type of service to client. Each layer communicates with its peer at the same layer.

Two networks connected with a router.

- An internet means multiple networks connected together using a common protocol suit. - The Internet refers to the collection of hosts that can communicate with each other using TCP/IP - Router has multiple network interface (multihomed) and forwards packets from one interface to another. - We can call a system either a host or a router. - Bridge connects networks at the link layer.
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TCP/IP layering

- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) : Used by the IP layer to exchange error message and other vital information with the IP layer in another host or router. - IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) : Used with multicasting. - ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) Internet addresses - Internet address (or IP address) is 32-bit number. - Normally written as dotted-decimal notation Eg. 140.252.13.33 - Five different classes

- A multihomed hosts have multiple IP address : one per interface. - InterNIC (Internet Networking Information Center) assigns only network IDs. The assignment of host ID is up to the system administrator. ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) Domain Name System (DNS) - It is a distributed database that provides the mapping between IP address and hostnames. - Most applications that take a hostname as an argument also take an IP address.

Encapsulation of data

- Protocol field in IP header : ICMP = 1, IGMP = 2, TCP = 6, UDP = 17 - Port numbers in TCP and UDP headers : Store the source and destination port numbers to identify an application. Demultiplexing of a received Ethernet Frame

Client Server model (1) Iterative server : UDP Wait for a client request to arrive. Process the client request. -Send the response back to the client that sent the request. (2) Concurrent server : TCP Wait for a client request to arrive -- Start a new server to handle this clients request

Port number - The well-known ports are controlled and assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - For many years, the assigned ports were in the range 0 ~ 255. Recently, the assigned ports managed by the IANA has been expanded to the range 0 ~ 1023. - Client port numbers are called ephemeral ports. Most TCP/IP implementations allocate ephemeral port numbers between 1024 and 5000. ICANN sets policy and assigns values for names and other constants used in protocol as well as addresses after late 1998.

Standardization process: 4 groups responsible for Internet technology 1. Internet Society (ISOC) : http://www.isoc.org 2. Internet Architecture Board (IAB) : http://www.iab.org 3. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) : http://www.ietf.org 4. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) : http://www.irtf.org Request for comments (RFCs) - http://www.ietf.org RFC Pages - Assigned Numbers RFC : RFC 1700 - Internet Official Protocol Standards : RFC 1600 - Host Requirements RFCs : RFC 1009 Eg. POP RFCs
Number Title Author or Ed. RFC1725 Post Office Protocol -Version 3 J. Myers, M Rose Date Format More Info (Obs & Upd) November ASCII Obsoletes 1994 RFC 1460, Obsoleted by RFC1939, STD0053 7 DRAFT STANDARD Status

RFC1734 POP3 AUTHentication command RFC1939 Post Office Protocol -Version 3

J. Myers

December ASCII 1994

PROPOSED STANDARD

J. Myers & M Rose

May 1996

ASCII Obsoletes RFC1725, Updated by RFC1957, RFC2449

STANDARD

RFC1957 Some Observations On Implementations of the Post Office Protocol (POP3) RFC2095 IMAP/POP AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response RFC2195 IMAP/POP AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response

R. Nelson

June1996

ASCII Updates RFC1939

INFORMATIONAL

J. Klesin, R. Catoe, P. Krumviede

January 1997

ASCII Obsoleted by PROPOSED RFC2195 STANDARD

J. Klesin, R. Catoe, P. Krumviede

September ASCII Obsoletes 1997 RFC2095

PROPOSED STANDARD

Standard, simple service provided by most implementations

Name Echo discard daytime TCP port 7 9 13 UDP port 7 9 13 RFC 862 863 867 Description Server returns whatever the client sends. Server discards whatever the client sends Server returns the time and date in a humanreadable format chargen 19 19 864 TCP server sends a continual sream of characters, until the connection is terminated by the client. UDP server sends a datagram containing a random number of characters each time the client sends a datagram. time 37 37 868 Server returns the time as a 32-bit binary number. This number represents the number of seconds since midnight January 1,1900,UTC. 8

Various BSD releases with important TCP/IP features.

Application programming interfaces (APIs) (1) Sockets (Berkely sockets). (2) XTI (X/Open Transport Interface), a modification of TLI (Transport Layer Interface) developed by AT&T. Socket functions (1) socket() Specifying the type of communication protocol desired (TCP using IPv4, UDP using IPv6, Unix domain stream protocol, etc.) (2) connect() This function is used by a TCP client to establish a connection with a TCP server. (3) bind() It assigns a local protocol address to a socket. The protocol address is the combination of either a 32-bit IPv4 address or a 128-bit IPv6 address, along with a 16-bit TCP or UDP port number. (4) listen() This function converts an unconnected socket into a passive socket. (When a socket is created by the socket() function, it is assumed to be an active socket, that
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is, a client socket that will issue a connect.) (5) accept() It is called by a TCP server to return the next completed connection from the front of the completed connection queue. If the completed connection queue is empty, the process is put to sleep.

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Test network

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