Materials Science and Engineering

INME 4107 by Pablo G. Caceres-Valencia B.Sc., Ph.D. U.K

Course Number Course Title Credit Hours Instructor Office Office Hours e-mail Web-site

GENERAL INFORMATION INME 4107 Materials Science and Engineering 3 Dr. Pablo G. Caceres-Valencia Lucchetti L-212 Tu and Th 7:00am to 10:00am pcaceres@me.uprm.edu http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres

The course will be assessed in the following manner: 1st Partial Exam 20% 2nd Partial Exam 20% Quizzes (*) 25% Laboratory 25% Others (**) 10% (*)
(*) Date due Moodle Quizzes and Pop-Quizzes (max-8). Missed quizzes will be graded with zero. Lack of access to Moodle is not an excuse for not submitting your answers. (**) Class participation and Attendance. After the third missed class, one point will be deducted in the final grade for each missed class thereafter (up to 10 points).

Assessment

Exams
Allexamswillbeconductedoutsidelectureperiodsonthespecified dates.Neatnessandorderwillbetakingintoconsiderationinthe gradingoftheexams.Uptotenpointscanbedeductedforthelack ofneatnessandorder.Youmustbringcalculators,classnotesand blankpagestotheexams.

Grades

FinalGradeRange 100 90 89 80 79 70 69 60 59 0

FinalLetterGrade A B C D F

Attendance
Attendanceandparticipationinthelecturearecompulsory andwill beconsideredinthegrading.Studentsshouldbringcalculators, rulers,penandpencilstobeusedduringthelectures.Studentsare expectedtokeepupwiththeassignedreadingandsolveproblems in class.PleaserefertotheBulletinofInformationforUndergraduate StudiesfortheDepartmentandCampusPolicies.

TENTATIVESDATES
Week 01/1101/11 01/25 02/08 02/22 03/08 03/22 04/05 04/19 05/03 IntroductiontoMaterialScienceand Engineering. AtomsandStructure CrystalStructure Diffusion Exam1 DislocationandStrengthening Mechanisms Q4 PhaseTransformation Q5 Ceramics,PolymersandComposites Corrosion Q6 ElectricalandMagneticProperties Q7 Exam2 Week 01/18 02/01 02/15 03/01 03/15 03/29 04/12 04/26 05/10 MechanicalProperties. Q1 CrystalStructure. Q2 DefectsandImperfections. Q3 DislocationandStrengthening Mechanisms PhaseDiagrams HolyWeek Ceramics,PolymersandComposites ElectricalandMagneticProperties ClassesEnd

OUTCOMES After the completion of the course the students should be able to: characterize structure-property-performance relationship distinguish the structure of different types of materials specify the microstructure of an alloy from phase diagrams analyze the mechanical and the electrical properties of materials select materials for various engineering applications establish how failures occur in materials and how to prevent them. describe corrosion of materials and how to prevent them.

Without materials there is no engineering

Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell Performance

Materials Engineering Designing the structure to achieve specific properties of materials.

Structure Properties
Materials Science

Processing
Processing Structure Properties Performance

Investigating the relationship between structure and properties of materials.

What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

Materials Optimization Loop

Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.

www.webelements.com

We are going to study real, complex solids.. PT should be familiar !

Length-scales
Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high

10-2 m

Natural Things
10-3 m Dust mite 200 m Ant ~ 5 mm Human hair ~ 60-120 m wide Fly ash ~ 10-20 m Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 m 10-4 m

1 cm 10 mm

The Scale of Things Nanometers and More The Scale of Things Nanometers and More

1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm)

Microwave

0.1 mm 100 m

Microworld

10-5 m

0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared

10-6 m

1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (m)

Visible

10-7 m ~10 nm diameter ATP synthase

Nanoworld

10-8 m

DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter

10-10 m

Soft x-ray

Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm

10-9 m

Ultraviolet

0.1 m 100 nm

0.01 m 10 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.1 nm

10-2 m

1 cm 10 mm Head of a pin 1-2 mm

The Scale of Things Nanometers and More

Manmade Things

The Challenge

10-3 m

1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm)

Microwave

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100 m wide

10-4 m

0.1 mm 100 m

Microworld

10-5 m

0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared

Zone plate x-ray lens Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

O O

O O

10-6

1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (m)

Visible

Red blood cells Pollen grain Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm

10-7 m

Ultraviolet

0.1 m 100 nm

Nanoworld

10-8 m

0.01 m 10 nm

Nanotube electrode

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

10-9 m
Soft x-ray

1 nanometer (nm)

10-10 m

0.1 nm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter Corral diameter 14 nm

Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter

Solids
Ca10(PO4)6OH2

we are interested in their mechanical properties

oxide

polymer

metal

polymer

we are interested in their electronic properties

'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behavior of the electrons Electrical conduction: insulating, semiconducting, metallic, superconducting

Can we understand this huge variation in conductivity ?

'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behaviour of the electrons Optical properties: absorption, emission, amplification and modification of light
laser mirror prism

window

SHG glass fibre

Magnetic properties: paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism

IBM

Chemical classification:
molecular ionic covalent metallic

bonding

The world of materials

Steels Cast irons Al-alloys

Metals
Cu-alloys Ni-alloys Ti-alloys Alumina Si-Carbide PE, PP, PC PA (Nylon)

Ceramics, glasses
Soda-glass Pyrex

Polymers,
GFRP CFRP elastomers Butyl rubber Neoprene

Composites
KFRP Plywood

Silicon, GaAs

Woods

Electronic
(Semiconductors, Magnetic, Optical)

Bio-materials
Natural fibres: Hemp, Flax, Cotton

Metals:
Materials that are inorganic substances which are composed normally of combinations of "metallic elements and may also contain some non metallic elements (alloys). Examples of metallic elements are iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium. Non metallic elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen may also be contained in metallic materials. These elements, when combined, usually have electrons that are non localized and as a consequence have generic types of properties. Metals usually are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals have a crystalline structure in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. Also, they are quite strong but malleable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished. Metals and alloys are commonly divided into two classes: ferrous metals and alloys and non ferrous metals and alloys that do not contain iron or only a relatively small amount of iron.

Metals Historical Timeline

9000 - 3500BC 3500 - 1500BC 1500BC - 100AD 500 - 1600AD 1750 1850 1850 1900 1900 - 1935 1935 - 1955 1955 1970 1970 1995 Use of native (pure) copper (Copper Age) Tin added to copper forms bronze, a stronger alloy (Bronze Age) Iron smelting in Egypt, begins the Iron Age. High quality iron and steel processing, (Feudal Era) Commercial production of high quality steels. Halls ore reducing process produces cheap aluminum in large quantities. Aircraft moves from fabric to high strength aluminum alloy. Specialty alloys produce turbines for more efficient power production. Human body parts. Superalloys developed for jet-engines

Ceramics:
Ceramics are generally compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements chemically bonded together and include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Ceramic materials can be crystalline, non-crystalline, or mixtures of both. Typically they have high hardness and high-temperature strength but they tend to have mechanical brittleness. They are usually insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. Ceramics can be divided into two classes: traditional and advanced. Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement; while advanced ceramics consist of carbides (SiC), pure oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), nonsilicate glasses and many others.

Ceramics Historical Timeline

26000BC 6000BC 4000BC 50BC 50AD 600AD 1870 1960 1965 1987 1992 Early man discovers that clay can be molded and dried to form a brittle heat resistant material Ceramic firing is first used in ancient Greece Glass is discovered in ancient Egypt Optical glass (lenses and mirrors), window glass and glass blowing production begins in Rome. Porcelain is created by the Chinese Refractory materials (able to withstand extremely high temperatures) are introduced during the industrial revolution. Discovery of laser opens the field of fiber optics Development of a photovoltaic cell, which converts light into electricity Discovery of a superconducting ceramic oxide with a critical temperature of 92K Era of the Smart Materials

Plastics:
Plastics or polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure and are made of organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. Usually they are low density and are not stable at high temperatures. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Man-made polymers have been studied since 1832. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers, composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics.

Polymers Historical Timeline

1500s 1839 1907 1920 1927 1930 1938 1941 1970 1971 1976 The Mayans are assumed to be among the first to find an application for polymers, as balls were made from local rubber trees. Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization by combining natural rubber with sulfur and heating it to 270 degrees Fahrenheit (automobile tires) The oldest recorded synthetic plastic is fabricated by Leo Bakeland (bakelite). It was used for electrical insulation. Staundinger published his classic paper entitled Uber Polimerization. It begins the development of modern polymer theory. Large scale production of vinyl-chloride resins begins. (PVC pipes, bottles). Polystyrene is invented (videocassettes). Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) is used in cups, packaging and thermally insulating materials, Wallace Carothers of the Dupont Company produces Nylon (ropes and clothes) Polyethylene (PE) is developed. It is used for everything from packaging film to piping to toys. James Economy develops Ekonol (Liquid Crystal Polymer used in electronic devices) S Kwolek develops Kevlar. High strength polymer used in bullet proof vests and fire proof garments for firefighting and auto racing (300oC) Polymer/Plastic industry bigger (per volume) than steel industry.

Semiconductors (Electronic Materials): Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide. In a process called doping, small amounts of impurities are added to pure semiconductors causing large changes in the conductivity of the material. Due to their role in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors are an important part of our lives. Imagine life without electronic devices. The developments in semiconductor technology during the past 50 years have made electronic devices smaller, faster, and more reliable.

Semiconductors Historical Timeline

1600 1824 1833 1873 1927 1943 1947 1958 1962 1970 1980 1993 William Gilbert is the first person to use the term electricity John Berzelius isolates and identifies silicon. Faraday discovers that electrical resistivity decreases as temperature increases in silver sulfide. William Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium. Arnold Sommerfeld and Felix Bloch apply quantum mechanics to solids. Karl Lark-Horovitz uses high quality germanium to make diode detectors. Schockley, Brattain and Bardeed invent the transistor. The semiconductor electronic industry is born. Robert Noyce, founder of Intel Corporation develops a planar process for making semiconductors called Monolithic IC Technology W.P. Dumke shows that semiconductors such as GaAs can be used to make lasers (optoelectronics). The first charge coupled devices (CCDs) are made. Explosion in the use of personal computers. GaN light emitting diodes are made which can produce blue light. Possible application are flat screen displays and high density memory storage.

Composites: Composites consist of a mixture of two or more materials. Most composite materials consist of a selected filler or reinforcing material and a compatible resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics and properties desired. Usually, the components do not dissolve in each other and can be physically identified by an interface between the components. Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, is an example. Concrete and plywood are other familiar composites. Many new combinations include ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix.

The evolution of materials

What is Concrete? Brain Storming Activity 1: Concrete Survey 1. When was concrete first made? 9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 2. Circle the possible components of concrete. water cement gravel sand 3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete? 4. What role does water play in producing concrete? 5. Why does concrete harden? 6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? 7. How can you make concrete set: (a) faster (b) slower? 8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either? 9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000 10. How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50 1756 air 1824 steel rods

scores: 8-10 materials science major; 2-4 concrete laborer; 5-7 concrete contractor; 0-1 home owner Concrete Survey (Key) 1. When was concrete first made? 9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824 air

2. Circle the possible components of concrete. water cement gravel sand

3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete? It acts as a primary binder to join the aggregate into a solid mass. 4. What role does water play in producing concrete? Water is required for the cement to hydrate and solidify. 5. Why does concrete harden? The chemical process called cement hydration produces crystals that interlock and bind together.

6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? It takes time for the hydrated cement crystals to form 7. How can you make concrete set: faster? add calcium chloride or accelerator" slower? add sugar or "set retarder" 8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either? It is stronger in compression. 9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000 10.How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50