Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
rigidly, others enable longitudinal motion through their bottles. The engines are cut off by actuating pyro-driven
Payload sliding joints. cut-off valves. To ensure fire-and-hold staging, the sec-
The first stage is powered by six RD-253 autonomous ond stage engines are ignited before the first stage sus-
cruise engines by NPO Energomash (Chief Designer tainer thrust is cut off: as soon as the second stage thrust
10,400
V. P. Glushko). A hydraulic actuator enables maximum goes beyond the residual thrust of the first stage's liquid
∅4,100 thrust vector deflection to an angle of seven-and-a-half min- propellant engines, the pyrobolts that connect the truss-
15,300
Oxygen tank utes. The deflection is made possible by trunnion attach- work between stages are initiated to separate the stages,
ment of the engine in the vicinity of the chamber throat. while simultaneously the products of burning exhausted
Kerosene tank
The RD-253 engine featuring turbopump fuel supply from the second stage combustors act on the thermal
50 m
and oxidizing gas afterburning is fueled by nitrogen protection shield to slow down and push away the
11D58M engine
tetroxide and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine at 2.67 burned-out first stage.
DM Block
ratio of the components. The engine delivers a ground The rocket's third stage is a cylinder-shaped structure that
∅3,700 thrust of 1,500 kN, and a vacuum thrust of 1,670 kN for includes the equipment bay and the fuel and tail sections.
specific thrust impulse of 2,850 N.s/kg and 3,160 N.s/kg, The equipment bay is designed as a riveted cylinder made
RD-0214 L I Q U I D P R O P E L L A N T R O C K E T respectively. With the developed chamber pressure of up by structural rings, stringers and skin. The control and
E N G I N E S C H E M AT I C 15.0 MPa, the engine's burning time in rocket-integrated targeting system units are attached to the structural rings.
4,110
Oxidizer tank (N2O4) 1 – gas generator valve; 2 – fuel gas generator; 3 – fuel intake mode is 130 seconds. Special manholes are provided in the bay to enable access to
Fuel tank (UDMH) valve; 4 – fuel tank pressurant; 5 – starter; 6 – regulator; 7 – valve; The liquid propellant jet engine is ignited by breaking the the equipment.
8 – combustion chamber valve; 9 – combustion chamber; pyromembranes at engine inlet, following which the com- The lentil-shaped oxidizer tank is made up by the middle
40 m
10 – bellows; 11 – stabilizer; 12 – oxidizer tank pressurant;
13 – oxidizer intake valve; 14 – gas generator valve; 15 – oxidizer
ponents are forced inside the gas generator by the pressur- ring bulkhead and the lower bottom welded to the frame.
gas generator; 16 – gas generator valve; 17 – gimbal unit. ant and hydrostatic fluid column, self-ignite and impose ini- The oxidizer and the fuel tanks are separated by a common
tial rotation on the turbopump assembly (Fig. 32). bottom. The fuel tank's lower bottom is cone-shaped and
The second, cylinder-shaped stage includes the adapter, receives the thrust of the liquid propellant sustainers
RD-0214 engine, ±45° fuel and tail sections. attached to it. The top of the oxidizer tank includes a hori-
The adapter section is a riveted structure that serves to zontal damping bulkhead. The oxidizer feed line is placed
Second stage
RD-0213 engine
connect the second and the third stage. The body of the inside the fuel tank.
17,050
Oxidizer tank (N2O4) section is made of structural rings, a set of molded profile The tail section is a riveted structure accommodating
stringers and the skin. There are four channels in the sec- the four-chamber steering engine. Four powder retro-
30 m ∅4,100
tion's fore end designed to remove gases generated during engines are attached to the tail section. The body of the
Fuel tank (UDMH) ignition of the third stage's steering engine. Six powder tail section is made up by the skin, two docking structur-
retrorockets covered by fairings are installed in the rear of al rings and a set of stringers. In addition, the tail section
the adapter section. provides for attachment of the second stage by means of
The fuel section is designed as a joint block of the propel- pyrobolts and centering pins.
lant and the oxidizer tanks featuring a common intermedi- The thruster unit of the RD-0212 third stage block
ate bottom to reduce stage length. includes the sustainer engine and the four-chamber RD-0214
RD-0211 L I Q U I D P R O P E L L A N T R O C K E T The tail section consists of the shell (skirt), the load-bear- steering engine. In terms of design and operating principle,
E N G I N E S C H E M AT I C ing cone and the protective shield. the sustainer engine is similar to the RD-0210 engine of
20 m Engines 1 – gas generator; 2 – oxidizer valve; 3 – pressurant generator; The thruster facility of the second stage includes four the second stage: in fact, the 0212 model is a modification
1 x RD-0211 4 – turbopump assembly; 5 – starter unit; 6 - throttle; 7 – combus- similar liquid propellant autonomous sustainer jet engines: of RD-0210 (Fig. 33).
3 x RD-0210 tion chamber valve; 8 – starter valve; 9 – combustion chamber;
10 – regulator; 11 – gas generator fuel valve
three RD-0210 and one RD-0211. The engines were The steering engine (designed with no gas generator
4 x 582 KN designed at the KBKhA Design Bureau for Chemical afterburning function) includes four chambers, one tur-
±3°15’
Automation by S. A. Kosberg's team. Unlike RD-0210, the bopump assembly, two gas generators and the powder
Fuel tank (UDMH) 0211 engine features tank pressurization units similar to starter. To ensure thrust vector control, the gimbal-
those of the RD-253, specifically, the fuel tank pressurant mounted combustion chambers are deflected by an electric
First stage
gas generator unit and the oxidizer tank pressurant mixer actuator to a maximum angle of 45 degrees. The 30.9 kN
unit. All second stage motors are trunnion-fixed in the stage RD-0214 steering engine provides a specific thrust impulse
10 m structure, which makes possible electrohydraulic deflection of 2,870 N.s/kg by burning the already mentioned fuel
of any to a maximum angle of 3°15'. components: nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetric
The second stage engines incorporate the turbopump fuel dimethyl hydrazine in 1.8 proportion.
feed system and provide for oxidizer gas afterburning capa- The second and the third stages are separated under the
bility. The propellant components are nitrogen tetroxide thrust load developed by the third stage's steering engine
and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine at a ratio of 2.67. that ignites before the second stage sustainer engines are
Prior to 1992: RD-253 While each engine develops 582 kN vacuum thrust, the spe- cut off, in the meantime, six powder retroengines slow
6x(1,500/1,670 kN)
cific thrust impulse is 3,201 N.s/kg, the developed chamber down the second stage.
Since 1992: RD-275
6x(1,600/1,750 kN) pressure is 14.7 MPa, and the burning time is 230 seconds. The sustainer RD-0213 is cut off at the end of the pow-
RD-253 L I Q U I D P R O P E L L A N T R O C K E T
The engines are kicked-off by a pneumatic starter: the ered phase, leaving the steering engine to operate alone.
E N G I N E S C H E M AT I C
Fig. 32. Proton-K Launch Vehicle with 1 – gas duct; 2 – gas generator; 3, 4, 8, 10, 14 – pyrovalves;
initial rotation is imposed on the turbopump assemblies That approach enables greater accuracy of the required
DM Upper Stage - Cutaway Drawing 5 – regulator; 6 – turbine; 7 – jet pump; 9, 11, 12 – pumps; by the compressed gas stored for the purpose in special final velocity of the stage.
13 – throttle; 15 – nozzle; 16 – combustion chamber
86 87
RUSSIAN/SOVIET LAUNCH VEHICLE DESIGNERS C O M B AT M I S S I L E S F O R C O N V E R S I O N P R O G R A M S
Payload Aerodynamic
fairing payload fairing
and adapter stage) role of the ascent unit of Strela, thus making any Central Scientific Research Institute for Machine Building
modification of the ground control and targeting system and several other Russian and Ukrainian entities.
34,300
Payload practically unnecessary. The configuration of the prototype missile allows devel-
1,000
Spacecraft The sole new component incorporated into the design of opment of a launch vehicle that meets every requirement
Measurement
the Strela launch vehicle compared to its prototype is the set before a launcher intended to deliver up to 4.0 t pay-
30 m Instruments Control system
Compartment compartment measuring equipment compartment of the ascent unit. The loads into orbit.
new compartment sized 2,400 mm in diameter and 550 mm Dnepr launch vehicle is 34.3 m tall, 3.0 m in diameter.
Payload
Upper stage
in height accommodates the equipment required to provide The rocket is fueled by high-boiling propellant compo-
Payload fairing
fuel tank telemetry and ground-supported trajectory measurements, nents: nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetric dimethyl
fairing
28,500
Adapter the 1st and 2nd stage booster emergency cutoff system, the hydrazine.
28,270
Payload section auxiliary coast flight phase stabilization system and the The converted launch vehicle includes the first, second
Payload Oxidizer power supply equipment. and the upper stage, the adapter of the first and the second
Breeze KM tank The ascent unit that contains the measuring equip- stages, and the aerodynamic nose cone complete with
5,713
upper stage ment compartment and the payload support pad can be adapter. All the components of the configuration, except for
N2O4 oxidizer Fuel protected optionally by two different fairings: a stan- the nose cone adapter, have been borrowed unchanged from
Measurement tank dard RS-18 nose cone (Ascent Unit 1 option) or a larg- the original RS-20A ICBM.
UDMH fuel
Instruments er cone optimized during RS-18 trial launches (Ascent Payload is mounted in the body of the upper stage on a
Compartment
Unit 2 option). newly designed spacer pad.
14D30 engine,
Mechanisms and By converting an intercontinental ballistic missile into No modifications were introduced into stage engines.
~20 kN
Instruments Section a space launch vehicle the designers secured high reliabil- While the 1st stage has four RD-263 single-chamber gim-
Upper stage
Steering engines
22,337
N2O4 oxidizer ity factor of the prototype ICBM known to be have been baled, close-loop motors, the 2nd stage is powered by the
20 m
successfully launched 152 times in as many as 155 launch RD-0229 single-chamber sustainer and the four-chamber
RD-237 Engine Steering
engines
operations. RD-0230 steering motor (block RD-0228).
RD-0230 A joint decision of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian The original high-precision inertial control system
Second stage
Federation, the Russian Aerospace Agency and the operated by the central onboard digital computer has
Adapter section Sustainer Research and Production Association for Mashine Building been upgraded to ensure adaptability of the software
N2O4 oxidizer engine
designated the new launch site of Svobodny as the main and compatibility of spacecraft's electrical connections
RD-0229
venue for future launches of Strela. In addition, certain with the ground checking and launching equipment,
launches of Strela can take place at Baikonur with use made and to enable input of service pre-launch and in-flight
of the ground infrastructure already available on site. commands.
Based on the existing pattern of Baikonur's ground The rocket launches in a mortar mode from its standard
Oxidizer tank tracks, payloads can be delivered to 63° inclination orbits. launch canister, with the power unit of the 1st stage ignit-
Engines RD-0236 (N2O4)
Unlike that, the Svobodny Launch Site provides for satel- ed upon release of the launch vehicle from the canister.
UDMH fuel
lite insertions into orbits inclined 52°-61° or 90°-97°. «Hot»-mode separation of stages is implemented with the
Hence, utilization of hardware and processes previously steering engine burning, for which purpose the separated
Engine
RD-0235 associated with the decommissioned RS-18 ICBM has lower stage is slowed down by dropping the pressure of gas
134 KN made possible the development of a light launch vehicle in the fuel tank. The payload is separated from the upper
that offers relatively low costs of launching just because stage by burning the upper stage motor in throttled mode
10 m Oxidizer tank newly fabricated nodes or assemblies are very few, and for break-off.
(N2O4) pre-launch processing procedures have been brought to A feature of Dnepr is the launch vehicle's ability to main-
Fuel tank
(UDMH)
perfection over the years of active defense duty, thus tain launch readiness for an unlimited period of time that
Fuel tank introducing a highly competitive product on the global may be restricted solely by the requirements of the inte-
(UDMH)
market of commercial launches. grated payload.
In addition, no supplementary operations are required if
DNEPR LAUNCH VEHICLE launching is rescheduled.
First stage
∅3,000
So far, mission requirements have not been fully met in
∅2,500
What is now called Dnepr launch vehicle, was originally only as few as four launches during trial, control or train-
the powerful R-36M (15A14) ICBM – the one designated ing launch operations in which production Dnepr rockets
RS-20A under START I Treaty or SS-18 (nicknamed were involved, bringing the estimated flight reliability fac-
Satan by NATO). The commercial launch vehicle was tor to 0.97.
developed by a team lead by Chief Designer V. F. Utkin at The commercial operator of Dnepr is Kosmotras
KB Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. With a liftoff mass of 211 Company established in 1997.
Engines tons, the converted product offers high power performance, Dnepr was first launched from Baikonur in April 1999 to
3 x RD-0233, Cruise engine accuracy of orbital insertion and in-flight reliability. deliver UK's UoSat-12 science research experimental satel-
1 x RD-0234 RD-264 (4 x RD-263)
The overall conversion program is being implemented by lite to orbit. In its second launch operation in September
ROCKOT STRELA DNEPR Kosmotras – an international space company established by 2000 five satellites (Italy's, Malaysia's and Saudi Arabia’s)
KB Yuzhnoye, the Southern Engineering Plant, TsNIIMASH were orbited. The third launch took place in December 2002.
Fig. 38. Rockot, Strela and Dnepr Launch Vehicles: the Products of Conversion
102 103
R U S S I A' S L A U N C H FA C I L I T I E S L A U N C H FA C I L I T I E S B Y K B O M – T H E G E N E R A L E N G I N E E R I N G D E S I G N B U R E A U
5
1 – The N1 (11A52) launch vehicle
2 – Platform
3 – Trunk
4 4 – Mounting crane
5 – Lightning protection
6 – System for industrial waste collection
3 7 – Escape slide
8 – Knee
9 – Frame
10 – Idling
11 – Antitheft device
6 12 – Working stroke
2
13 – Supporting and rotating gear
7
Top launch
umbilical tower
(1 item)
8 12
11
10
1
Supporting
9
truss (ST, 4 items)
Supporting 13
boom (4 items)
Counterweight
Another element located on the supporting ring is the tion of five more plants in 1958-1961, including one
launch umbilical tower (LUT) designed to bring and con- deployed at Baikonur and four - at Plesetsk.
nect cables, filling, drain and pneumatic lines or other util- Long-term operation of the launching plants under cli-
Driver of ities. Those connections disengage and move away togeth- matic extremities of Kazakhstan and Northern Russia,
Foundation the turn
(4 items)
er with the counterweighted LUT during the launch. with seasonal variation of the outdoor temperatures from
plate
The rooms available inside the launching plant accom- -40°C to +50°C, heavy rain and snow, strong wind proved
Turn plate modate stationary propellant filling, thermal condition- high reliability of the equipment that survived owing to
ing, remote control, compressed gas supply systems, fire- its robust design and high maintainability.
fighting and gas monitoring equipment, etc. A niche in the N1, ENERGIA-BURAN LAUNCHING PLANTS.
launching structure accommodates multiple-level service Soviet manned lunar mission program approved in the
cabin for servicing the launch vehicle's lower part. The 1960s required a launch vehicle able to carry at least 100-
cabin extends above the exhaust duct. tons payload and a set of relevant ground facilities,
The sophisticated equipment of the launching plant is including a special launcher. Ground construction works
remotely controlled from the command post, where the were kicked off in 1964. Within a short time the launch-
processes are monitored, documented and displayed by ing plant featuring unprecedented systems and assem-
Pilot device Lower launch umbilical applicable systems. blies was built with its launch system, erector, propellant
(PD, 4 items) tower (2 items)
The expertise gained by operating Russia's first space filling equipment and service tower designed to enable
Fig. 46. Baikonur Space Launch Site. R-7 and Soyuz Launch Facilities rocket launching plant facilitated designing and construc- processing, fuelling and launching of the 100-meters tall
126 127
FOREIGN LAUNCH VEHICLES US LAUNCH VEHICLES
Payload
T I TA N M I S S I O N
Designation Boosters 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage
PROFILE
Length, m 48.77 overall length 2nd stage Orbital flight
Diameter, m 3.1 3.0 3.0 4.0 1st stage separation t = 1,018 s
3rd stage
separation t = 541 s h = 163.2 km
Centaur IIA Mass, tons 680 tons overall mass
t = 304 s v = 7.8 km/s
Pratt and Whitney Thrust, kN 2 x 6,210 956 463 2 x 67
RL10A-3-3A engine
Specific impulse, Liquid Liquid
134 kN Control
N.s/kg 2,602 2,959 3,106 4,350 Hydrogen Oxygen system
Nose cone Propellant Solid Aerozine 50/N2O4 H2+O2
Adapter Aerial
Fairings Hydrogen Fairing
jettisoned valve
Aerojet t = 233 s Hydrogen
Guidance
1xLR91-AJ-II h = 114 km tank
system
463 kN
Oxygen
Oxygen
N2O4 tank
Boosters valve
separation
t = 126 s
Helium
h = 51.9 km Hydrazine
Aerozine 50 tank
v = 1.87 km/s tank
Pratt and
Whitney
RL10A liq-
uid propel-
RL10A-4 lant engine
N2O4 PROPELLANT
FLOW SCHEMATIC CENTAUR UPPER STAGE
LITVC tank
Payload
platform Solid propel-
lant engine Adapter stage
1st stage
engine
ignited
Control
t = 115.9 s
system
Aerozine 50
Solid pro-
pellant
engine
Engine
nozzle
Expanding
nozzle
IUS UPPER STAGE
Titan LV
liftoff
t=0s
Guidance and Control Pratt and Whitney RL10 liquid-propellant engine
Guidance: inertial platform and digital computer of RL10A-3-3A RL10A-4 RL10A-4-1 RL10A-4-2
General Motors Delco System Thrust, kN 67 85.28 91.43
STAGE 0 1 2 3 Mixture Ratio 5:1 5.5:1 5.5:1 5.5:1
Pitch, yaw N2O4 injection Hydraulic Hydraulic By gimballing Specific Impulse 4,444 4,490 4,510 4,510
TVC gimballing gimballing nozzles
the 2 nozzles the 2 nozzles
Roll idem Hot gas Hot gas Aerojet
2xLR-87-AJ-II
956/1,054 kN
Fig. 67. Titan IIIE Launch Vehicle Fig. 68. IUS, Centaur Upper Stages
156 157
FOREIGN LAUNCH VEHICLES EUROPEAN LAUNCH VEHICLES
5,000
∅4,000 ∅3,650
∅4,000 The strap-on booster engines are started up simultane-
4,000
Spelda ∅3,650 ously with the first-stage liquid engine, while the PAP solid
∅4,000
6,250
(British Aerospace) propellant booster ignites 3 seconds after the first-stage liq-
Height: 3.8-4.8 m ∅3,360 uid engine.
∅3,360
2,800
∅3,650
2,800
Mass: 400-450 kg
V=28 m3 The commercial operator for Ariane is Arianespace. The
V=28 m3 launch of an Ariane-4-4L costs between 90-110 million US
Vehicle Equipment Bay
(Matra Marconi Space) dollars. On February 15, 2003 Ariane 4 launcher completed
Height: 1 m its highly successful 15-year career with a perfect mission
Mass: 520 kg
for its largest customer Intelsat. Demonstrated reliability
Third Stage H10 (Aerospatiale) N O S E C O N E C O N F I G U R AT I O N O P T I O N S of Ariane-4 is 97.4 percent with only three unsuccessful
Mass: 12.5 t Fuel capacity: 10.5 t (O2/H2) launches out of a total of 116 since June 1988.
Engine: HM-7B, 62 kN thrust
PAL Boosters
Mission option Orbit parameters Payload
(Erno, Deutsche Aerospace) GTO Apogee altitude: Single payload:
Mass: 2 x 42.2 t (Geostationary 35,786 km 6,800 kg
Fuel capacity: 2 x 39 t Transfer Orbit) Perigee altitude: Double payload:
(UH-25/N2O4) 580 km 5,970 kg
Liquid engine: Viking-6, SSO Altitude: 800 km
2 x 666 kN thrust (Sun Synchronous Inclination: 98.6 ° 10,000 kg
Burn time: 135-143 s Orbit)
LEO Altitude: 500 km
1/2 Intertank Structure (Low Earth Orbit) Inclination: 28.5° 18,000 kg
PAP Boosters VIKING-5C LIQUID ENGINE The two-stage Ariane-5 has a liftoff weight of around 740
(Fiat Avio - Aerospatiale Matra)
P R O P E L L A N T S U P P LY S Y S T E M tons. The approximately 52-m high launch vehicle includes
Mass: 2 x 12.6 t
Fuel capacity: 2 x 9.5 t C O N F I G U R AT I O N two solid propellant boosters strapped on in parallel to the
Solid motor: 2 x 650 kN thrust 1 – preburner; 2 – turbine; 3 – N2O4 pump; first stage that is powered by a liquid engine. The propel-
Burn time: 40.5 s 4 – water feed pump; 5 – regulator F I R S T S TA G E C O N F I G U R AT I O N lant for the solid propellant boosters (abbreviated as EAP
Fixed 10° 1 – N2O4 oxidizer; 2 – nitrogen; 3 – water; or Etage Acceleration a Poudre) consists of ammonium per-
4 – UH-25 fuel; 5 – 4 x Viking-5C propulsion system chlorate ~ 66 % (the oxidizer) and butadiene (~16 %) and
Fig. 89. Ariane-4-4LP Launcher aluminum ~16 % (the fuel).
192 193
FOREIGN LAUNCH VEHICLES J A PA N ' S L A U N C H V E H I C L E S A N D L A U N C H S I T E S
50,000
third stage:
payload fairing rocket faring fairing
solid rocket Fairing
fairing third stage: LE-5B
second third jettisoned
third stage solid rocket LE-5A
30 m stage: stage: t = 226 s
second second liquid solid
stage: stage: rocket rocket
liquid liquid
LE-5
rocket rocket second
stage: first stage:
LE-3
solid liquid 40 m
20 m
rocket rocket hydrogen
tank
first stage:
first first liquid
first liquid
stage: stage: rocket
stage: rocket
liquid liquid booster
liquid oxygen
10 m rocket rocket 2 solid
rocket first tank
boosters 2 solid
stage:
3 solid solid solid boosters
boosters boosters rocket LE-5A
solid
30 m engine
boosters
122 kN
MB-3 MB-3 MB-3 LE-7 2xLE-7A
oxygen
LE-7 ROCKET ENGINE tank
SRB-A 2x2,300 kN
S C H E M AT I C
N-I N-II H-I H-II J-I H-IIA (Augmented) 1 – hydrogen pump; 2 – gas generator;
Liftoff mass, ton 3 – oxygen pump; 4 – combustor; 5 – nozzle
90 135 140 260 90 410
Overall Rocket Length, m
33 35 40 50 33 53 20 m
Vehicle’s First Stage Diameter, m liquid
2.4 2.4 2.4 4 1.8 4 helium
GSO Payload Capacity, kg tanks
130 350 550 2,200 100 4,000 SRBs burn out hydrogen
and separate tank
Fig. 94. Japan's Launch Vehicles
SRB solid
rocket boosters:
2 x 1,600 kN
multiple advanced design, process or configuration solu- time is 346 sec. With the components supplied by means of
tions (Fig. 95). a turbopump assembly, the turbines of the assembly are 10 m
H-II is a two-stage launcher with two solid rocket boost- driven by the gas produced by the gas generator.
ers. The second stage incorporates the re-startable main The LE-7 engine's pivoting in gimbal suspension enables
LE-5A engine. While the guidance system does not include pitch and yaw control of the vehicle during the flight.
a gyro-stabilized platform, the corresponding function is Rolling control is effected by two 2-kN thrusters that are Additional
implemented by laser gyroscopes. fueled by liquid hydrogen borrowed from the cruise engine
Liftoff
The first stage of H-II is 35 m long, 4 m in diameter. The engine's supplies. SRB ignition hydraulic
mass of the stage is 97 tons, including 85 tons propellant. The The fuel tank is a thin-wall, cylinder-shape shell with two 1st stage system tank
propellant components (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) spherical bottoms. The lower bottom occupies a large vol- engine (LE-7) LE-7 engine
ignition 840/1,080 kN
feature the fuel-to-oxidizer mass ratio of 6.0 (Fig. 95). ume in the rear compartment.
t=0s
The cruise engine LE-7 of the rocket's first stage with its The structure elements of the tank are made of aluminum
dry mass of 1,714 kg delivers a thrust of 840 kN on the alloy. The tank covered with thermal insulation coating is
ground or 1,080 kN in vacuum. The combustor pressure is pressurized with vaporized hydrogen withdrawn from the
13 MPa, the nozzle expansion ratio is 52, while the burning combustor cooling line.
Fig. 95. H-II Launch Vehicle
202 203
FOREIGN LAUNCH VEHICLES LAUNCH VEHICLES AND LAUNCH SITES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Table 20
China's Liquid Propulsion Systems
Booster LM-2E BOOSTER
System Index YF-3 YF-20 YF-22 YF-73 YF-75
10 m Propellant NT + UDMH NT + UDMH NT + UDMH O 2 + H2 O2 + H2
Oxidizer N2O4
Year developed 1970 1975 1975 1984
Tank YF-20 LV (ICBM) LM-1D LM-2C LM-2C LM-3 LM-3B
1st Stage UDMH Liquid Stage 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd
Fuel Tank Engine Engines on stage 1 + 1 vernier 4 1 + 1 vernier 1 2
Fairing 697 kN Mission control method by steering by chamber by steering by chamber by chamber
Fuel Tank liquid engine swing liquid engine swing swing
Adapter System configuration 1 chamber + 1 chamber + 1 chamber + 4 chambers + 2 chambers +
Stage 1 turbopump 1 turbopump 1 turbopump 1 turbopump 1 turbopump
Thrust, kN 294 (ground) 4 x 697(ground) 762 (vacuum) 44 (vacuum) 2 x 78.5 (vacuum)
Specific thrust impulse,
YF-20B Cruise Engines
N.s/kg 2,620 2,680 2,740 4,169 4,286
4 x 740 kN ∅2,250 Chamber pressure, MPa 7.0 8.5 8.5 3.0
Tail Section Burn time, s 135 132 129 451
210 211
FOREIGN LAUNCH VEHICLES LAUNCH VEHICLES OF INDIA
Stage 3
S TA G E 3 ( 1 2 K R B U P P E R S TA G E )
N2O4
Oxidizer Tank
ASLV AUGMENTED SATELLITE
Stage 2 LAUNCH VEHICLE
218 219