Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction:
E. Mermaid Vamps
IX. Bioarcheological and Bicultural Evidence for the New England Vampire folk belief
X. Conclusion: Vampires: Are they simply a myth or did they really exist?
Introduction:
He was Prince Vlad III Dracula1, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks
called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend
suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Dracula was born in
1431 in the Transylvanian city of Sighisoara. .His given name was Vlad. He had an older brother,
Mircea, and a younger brother, Radu the Handsome. Their mother may have been a Moldavian
princess or a Transylvanian noble. It is said that she educated Dracula in his early years. Later he was
trained for knighthood by an old boyar who had fought the Turks.
Dracula's father was not content to remain a mere governor forever. During his years in Transyvlania,
he gathered supporters for his plan to seize Walachia's throne from its current occupant, a Danesti
prince named Alexandru I. In late 1436 or early 1437 Vlad Dracul killed Alexandru and became Prince
Vlad II. Vlad was a vassal of Hungary and also had to pay tribute to Hungary's enemy, Turkey. In 1442
Turkey invaded Transylvania. Vlad tried to stay neutral, but Hungary's rulers blamed him and drove
him and his family out of Walachia. A Hungarian general, Janos Hunyadi (who may have been the
illegitimate son of Emperor Sigismund) made a Danesti named Basarab II the prince of Walachia. The
following year Vlad regained the throne with the help of the sultan of Turkey. In 1444 he sent his two
younger sons to Turkey to prove his loyalty. Dracula was about 13. He spent the next four years in
Adrianople, Turkey as a hostage. In 1444 Hungary went to war with Turkey and demanded that Vlad
join the crusade. As a member of the Order of the Dragon, Vlad was sworn to obey this summons. But
he didn't want to anger the Turks, so he sent his eldest son, Mircea, in his place. The Christian army
was demolished at the Battle of Varna, and Vlad and Mircea blamed Janos Hunyadi.
1
Drac in Romanian means devil and "ul" is the definitive article. Therefore, "Dracul" literally means "the
devil." The "ulea" ending in Romanian indicates "the son of." Under this interpretation Dracula becomes
Vlad III, son of the devil. The experts who support this interpretation usually claim that Vlad II earned his
devlish nickname by his clever and wily political maneuvering.
In 1447 Vlad and Mircea were murdered. Since Vlad and Mircea were dead, and Dracula and Radu were
still in Turkey, Hunyadi was able to put a member of the Danesti clan, Vladislav II, on Wallachian throne.
The Turks didn't like having a Hungarian puppet in charge of Walachia, so in 1448 they freed Dracula and
gave him an army. He was seventeen years old. With the help of his Turkish army, Dracula seized the
Walachian throne. However, he only ruled for two months before Hunyadi forced him into exile in
Three years later Prince Bogdan of Moldavia was assassinated and Dracula fled the country. By now
Vladislav II had become a supporter of Turkey, and Hunyadi was sorry he had put him on the throne.
Everyone switched sides - Dracula became Hunyadi's vassal, and Hunyadi now supported Dracula's attempt
to regain his throne. In 1456 Hunyadi invaded Turkish Serbia while Dracula invaded Walachia. Hunyadi
was killed, but Dracula killed Vladislav II and took back his throne. Dracula began his reign of terror
almost as soon as he came to power. His first significant act of cruelty may have been motivated by a desire
Despite all this, Dracula's subjects respected him for fighting the Turks and being a strong ruler. He's
remembered today as a patriotic hero who stood up to Turkey and Hungary. He was the last Walachian
prince to remain independent from the Ottoman Empire. He was so scornful of other nations that when two
foreign ambassadors refused to doff their hats to him, he had the hats nailed to their heads. He was opposed
to the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches because he thought foreigners, operating through the
churches, had too much power in Walachia. He tried to prevent foreign merchants from taking business
He was then overthrown yet he remained the same. According to some accounts, Dracula's brother Radu
died in 1474. The sultan put one of the Danesti clan, Basarab the Old, on the Walachian throne. In 1476
Dracula invaded Walachia with the help of Moldavia and Transylvania. They drove Basarab out of the
country, and Dracula again became Walachia's prince. Most of Dracula's army then went home to
Transylvania.
The Turks attacked a few months later. Dracula was killed while fighting near Bucharest. Some say he was
assassinated on the battlefield by his own boyars, or was accidentally killed by one of his men. The sultan
displayed Dracula's head on a pike in Constantinople to prove that he was dead. His body was buried at the
island monastery of Snagov, which he had patronized. But excavations in 1931 failed to turn up any sign of
his coffin!
More than anything else the historical Dracula is known for his inhuman cruelty. Impalement was Dracula's
preferred method of torture and execution. Impalement2 was and is one of the most gruesome ways of
dying imaginable. Dracula usually had a horse attached to each of the victim's legs and a sharpened stake
was gradually forced into the body. The end of the stake was usually oiled and care was taken that the stake
not be too sharp; else the victim might die too rapidly from shock. Normally the stake was inserted into the
body through the buttocks and was often forced through the body until it emerged from the mouth.
However, there were many instances where victims were impaled through other bodily orifices or through
the abdomen or chest. Infants were sometimes impaled on the stake forced through their mother's chests.
The records indicate that victims were sometimes impaled so that they hung upside down on the stake.
Death by impalement was slow and painful. Victims sometimes endured for hours or days. Dracula often
had the stakes arranged in various geometric patterns. The most common pattern was a ring of concentric
circles in the outskirts of a city that was his target. The height of the spear indicated the rank of the victim.
Impalement was Dracula's favorite but by no means his only method of torture. The list of tortures
employed by this cruel prince reads like an inventory of Hell's tools: nails in heads, cutting off of limbs,
blinding, strangulation, burning, cutting off of noses and ears, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the
case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to the elements or to wild animals and boiling alive.
2
Impalement is a form of torture wherein the victim is being pierced through any part of his or her body
and then supported by a sharpened stake or pole.
No one was immune to Dracula's attentions. His victims included women and children, peasants and great
lords, ambassadors from foreign powers and merchants. However, the vast majority of his victims came
from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and his own Wallachia. Many have attempted to justify
Dracula's actions on the basis of political necessity. Many of Dracula's acts of cruelty can be interpreted as
efforts to strengthen and modernize the central government at the expense of the feudal powers of nobility
Dracula's atrocities against the people of Wallachia were usually attempts to enforce his own moral code
upon his county. He appears to have been particularly concerned with female chastity. Maidens who lost
their virginity, adulterous wives and unchaste widows were all targets of Dracula's cruelty. Such women
often had their sexual organs cut out or their breasts cut off. They were also often impaled through the
vagina on red-hot stakes that were forced through the body until they emerged from the mouth. One report
tells of the execution of an unfaithful wife. Dracula had the woman's breasts cut off, then she was skinned
and impaled in a square in Tirgoviste with her skin lying on a nearby table. Dracula also insisted that his
people be honest and hard working. Merchants who cheated their customers were likely to find themselves
In ancient Babylonian and Assyrian mythology, the male lilu and the female lilitu are demons
who haunt deserts and are especially a threat to infants and pregnant women. The ardat-lili is a
each hand. A piglet sucks upon her left breast while a whelp or puppy sucks on the
right breast. In the space between her legs and the neck of the donkey is a
home, she could snatch a baby out of the womb or out of its cradle. She also could also
inflict disease upon both men and women. Her father is the primordial sky-god Anu,
the prime-mover at the beginning of creation, who took over Heaven and separated it
from Earth.
2. Pazuzu is the king of the wind-demons. Although his own reputation is rather dark,
he was invoked on amulets to protect against Lamatsu. Pregnant women
3. In Jewish lore, Lilith is a female spirit of the night who, like a succubus seduces
men while they are sleeping, causing them to emit semen which she takes to breed
children of her own; she also strangles human infants during or after their birth.
Her female offspring are called Lilim. In the Talmud3, Lilith is only described as
being a threat to "men who sleep alone", and it is said that after Adam left Eve for
one hundred thirty years and from the semen he emitted accidentally there was
begot "ghosts and male demons and female night demons, or Lilim."
In The Alpha Bet of Ben Sirah written at some time between 600 CE and 1100 CE,
Lilith is said to be the first wife of Adam, made from dust like him. When she
demanded equality with Adam and he refused, she retired to a cave where she
consorted with demons and gave birth to demonic children. Adam complained to God
about Lilith's departure. God then sent three angels named Senoy, Sansenoy, and
Semangolef. to bring her back. These angels found her in her cave and threatened that,
unless she went back to Adam, she would lose a hundred of her demonic children daily
by death. But Lilith preferred this punishment. She takes her revenge by injuring or
killing human infants and young children. The three angels only stopped harassing her
3
Talmud is a compilation of Hebrew laws and writings.
when she swore that, whenever she saw the names and images of these angels in an
amulet worn by or near to a child, she would not harm the child.
1. The lamia
2. the mormo
3. the empusa
Both the lamia and the mormo originally specialized in preying upon infants by strangling them or drinking
their blood. The lamia also attacks pregnant women. The empusa sexually seduces young men before
consuming them and drinking their blood and devouring their internal organs.
One Greek myth tells of a mortal queen named Lamia who had an affair with the god Zeus. The goddess
Hera, jealous wife of Zeus, caused all of the children Lamia had by Zeus to die. In one version of the myth,
Hera causes Lamia to go insane and devour her children. There is also a version where a daughter survives
but becomes the water monster Scylla. In all versions, out of her grief and rage over the death of her
children, Lamia became an immortal spirit half-human and half-monster. She strangles and drinks the blood
of mortal children out of envy of their mothers. Lamia is sometimes depicted as having the upper body of a
There is another myth about a mortal woman named Mormo who ruled over the cannibalistic
Lystregonians. She became a monstrous spirit like Lamia after she too lost he children. But there were
believed to be many lamiai and mormoi and so perhaps these legends are a cover for an even older folk
belief.
The empusai were believed to be daughters of the witch-goddess Hecate. They came out of the Underworld
at night. they were shape-shifters whose basic form was sometimes said to have one leg of a mule and one
leg that was bronze. They took the form of beautiful women to seduce the men they preyed upon.
Shepherds in their fields at night and men traveling on the roads at night were especially at risk. Hecate
herself left the Underworld at night and haunted the cross-roads. Statues of her were set-up at cross-roads
The Pacu Pati, whose name literally means “master of the herd”, is the lord
of all vampiric spirits, witches, and ghosts. He was once regarded by some
demon who haunts charnel grounds and can take demonic possession of a
corpse which he then animates as if it were his own body. We might then
can appear as a beautiful woman who seduces her victims before she takes
their life and blood tough this is usually not the case. More often a rakshasa
The rakshasas can also take many forms that are half-human and half-
essential form, they have fangs and unkempt hair, and are covered with
blood. The rakshasas’ favorite preys are infants and young children.
A pisacha is a vampiric spirit often associated with the vetala and the.
rakshasa but with a lower order than both of these. They are said to be
hideous in appearance and blood thirsty. They haunt charnel grounds and
is repeated for days, he might restore his health. The name pisacha is
occasionally used in a way that includes all or nearly all the vampiric
The Celtic lore of the British islands includes a number of vampiric spirit-
women.
The baobhan sith4 of the Scottish highlands seduces men at night and drinks
their blood. Like the empusai of the ancient Greeks, there are many such
spirits and their prey was most often men on the road or camped in fields at
Even when appearing as a beautiful woman, she has deer hooves for feet
which she keeps hidden under her green dress. Often several baobhan siths
green glastigs though these are usually solitary spirits and generally do not
drink blood.
Another Celtic female vampiric spirit occurs in lore from the Isle of Man,
which lies between Scotland and Ireland. Her name is Liahennen-Shee5. She
haunts wells and springs until she attached herself to a man. She appears to
4
The baobhan sith (pronounced as "baavan shee" and meaning "spirit-woman")
5
Liahennen-Shee pronounced "launen-shee", and meaning "female spirit-lover"
the man as an extremely beautiful woman while remaining invisible to
everyone else. If her victim gives in to the seduction of her charm and
beauty, she becomes his lover but gradually drains him of his vitality until
In Irish lore there is the Leanan Sidhe6. She is virtually identical to the
Many Liahennen-Shee except that she inspires her lovers to become poets at
the same that she gradually drains them of their life. Sometimes it is said
that she collects the blood of her lovers into a cauldron which is both the
source of her long life, her beauty, and of the poetic inspiration she gives to
D. Mermaid Vamps
In many Scottish tales, mermaids were gentle creatures. But this is not
always the case. There are also tales in which mermaids caused shipwreck
by luring sailors into dangerous waters with their charm and beauty and
devoured them as they drowned. Good examples of this are among the folk
tales of the Channel Islands in the English Channel, near the coasts of
Normandy and Brittany. Here the mermaids play the role of sirens - they
sing from rocks and their enchanting song lure sailors to come dangerously
close to these rocks. Then suddenly a terrible storm arises and forces the
ships to crash into the rocks. The mermaids then carry the sailors down into
the depths of the sea and devour them. The Channel Islanders call these
a school teacher who saw six of them on a beach, they had the upper body
of a woman and the lower body of a fish. In tales told on the west coast of
6
the Leanan Sidhe (pronounced "lianen-shee"). Her name has the same meaning as Liahennen-Shee
France, some originating in the Middle Ages or possibly even before that
Many people have had the experience, after falling to sleep, of seeming to
wake up but unable to move a muscle. For most people (again including
feeling the weight of the being on one's own chest. More rarely, the person
The modern English word nightmare originates from the old Anglo-Saxon
mare, originally a demonic female spirit who attacked people in their sleep.
A popular image associated with the mare is the creature sitting upon her
victim's chest. In England she evolved into The Old Hag, a witch whose
soul left her body at night. People wasting away from "consumption", a
sometimes described as an ugly troll-like spirit. But there are also tales
where she appears as a beautiful woman and becomes her victim's lover.
In Slavic lore, there is the mora who is always a terrifying night spirit. The
mora also appears in Greek folk lore, but is sometimes called the
ephilaties7. The pagan Romans also had beliefs about such a night spirit. It
The incubus and the succubus are the inventions of early Christian
theologians based on older lore. The incubus is a male demon who appears
demon who appears to men at night and sexually seduces them. There was
some debate during the late middle Ages about whether or not an incubus
not procreate. A widely accepted resolution of the problem was that the
demon first seduced a man as a succubus; after collecting the man's semen,
the demon appeared to a woman as an incubus and deposited the semen into
her womb.
The same semi-dream phenomena that gave rise to belief in night attacking
spirits also can account for some details in European lore concerning the
undead vampires who return from their graves to prey upon their mortal
What we know today about ancient Roman belief about the stryx
7
ephilaties, a name derived from a Greek word that means "to leap upon."
8
Inuus, a name derived from a Latin word which means "to sit upon."
According to Ovid, the striges attacked children at night in a
chest with their beaks and talons and then drink the blood from
Crane.
Crane then appeared and went through the home performing rituals
to ban the return of the striges. Her last act was to place a branch of
against both witches and undead vampires. Ovid wrote that he was
not sure whether the striges were born in owl-like form or whether
But the latter notion seems to be the case. In Italian language, strega
literally means "witch" and in Italy during the Middle ages it was
believed that the strega transformed into a bird at night to prey upon
Eventually she will vomit some of the blood.she had drank from
this vomit onto a silver coin, wrap the coin in cloth, and wear it
these doors.
Balkan countries whose main prey was infants but were also
an old woman whose soul leaves her body at night when she
goes to sleep. Her soul then takes the body of a hen, a black
moth, or a fly. In this form, she enters houses and feeds upon the
March. A protective ritual during this time was to stir the ashes
in the hearth of the house with two horns which were then stuck
into the pile of ashes. Like the witches of Western Europe, it was
So, when a woman was accused of being such, she was sometimes
bound and cast into water. If she floated, she was guilty. If she
In the article The Vampire in Romania by Agnes Murgopci, published in the December 1926 issue of Folk-
Lore, it is said that the strigele are either the spirits of living witches or of dead witches who appear as little
points of light in the air. They sometimes come together in groups of seven or nine and dance together."
After they break off their dance, they do mischief to human beings.
It seems obvious that the Romanian name strigoi, which can mean either a "living vampire" (strigoi viu) or
from their graves as vampires who prey upon the living. But this
To distinguish between the two, there are the Romanian terms strigoi mort [fem: strigoaica morta, masc.
plural: strigoi morti, fem. plural: strigoaice morte] and strigoi viu [fem: strigoaica via, masc. plural: strigoi
vii, fem. plural: strigoaice vie]. If we translate strigoi from Romanian into English as "vampire", then
strigoi mort) means "dead vampire" and strigoi viu means "live vampire" or "living vampire."
With the exception of the striga which might be regarded as a special kind of strigoaica via , the Romanian
living vampires rarely drink blood, but they can rob people, animals, and crops of their vitality to enhance
their own. They can also leave their own physical bodies at night to travel in animal form such as that of a
wolf, a dog, a cat, a hen, or a raven, or as a small glowing ball or spark of light. People who are born with a
caul9, with a little tail, or some other such peculiarity were believed to be such living vampires. And the
living vampires become undead vampires after they die unless their corpses are treated at burial by such
means as used to destroy the undead vampire, i.e., a stake driven into the heart, decapitation, cremation, etc.
According to some Romanian lore, the living vampires join together in covens which socialize with the
undead vampires on certain nights. In some accounts of this, the undead vampires teach the living vampires
9
caul- fetal membrane still attached to the head
person born with a caul (embryonic membrane still attached to
alive - his soul would leave his body at night in animal form and
community.
champion of the community. While he lived, his soul left his body in
animal form at night to fight against both living and undead kudlaks.
became a kudlak but a person born with a white or clear caul became
a kresnik.
When at home at night, an obur will take off all clothes, smear an
ointment over all of his or her body, and wallow in the ashes in the
hearth. Then the obour mounts a broom, picks up a whip, and runs in
circles around the room until he flies up through the chimney in the
form of a cat. The obur then enters the home of a family through the
When an obur hunts outside his village at night, he joins with one or
two of kind and they transform into wolves. In this environment and
The Old Hag occurs in the lore of England and Scotland. She is
about her, she is a witch whose soul leaves her body at night and
According to some of this lore, she would ride upon her victim into
the sky. People suffering from repeated attacks, lacking as much rest
and energy in the morning as they did when they first fell asleep,
a vulture, or a flea.
In some versions of the belief, she leaves her legs behind in the form
of a cross before she goes out in animal to seek her victims. Her
favorite victims are infants but she also attacks adults and cattle.
according to some versions of the belief, she thirsts for blood four
tlahuelpuchi will also not prey upon her family or neighbors in order
of being a tlahuelpuchi.
leaves her body at night in the form of a small ball of light which
flies through the air and sucks the blood of sleeping people,
the same belief, but they call this type of witch the asiman.
The asema is a vampiric witch or sorcerer found in the lore of the South American country of Surinam,
once a colony called Dutch Guiana. The asema was usually an old man or woman who lived undetected in
a community. At night the asema takes off his or her skin and flies through the air as a ball of light, entered
houses, and sucks the blood of sleeping people. One way to personally protect oneself against the asema is
to consume garlic or certain other herbs which make one's blood taste unpleasant to the asema. A way to
prevent an asema from entering a home is to place a sesame seeds or rice grains mixed with the nails of a
ground owl before the entrances. The asema is compelled to count the seeds or grains but each time it
inadvertently picks up an owl's nail it lets go off all the seeds or grains it had counted and is forced to start
over again. If the dawn comes while the asema is so occupied, the sunlight kills him or her. The ultimate
way to kill an asema is to pore salt or pepper on the skin that he or she leaves behind at night. This shrinks
the skin, and, when the asema returns to it near dawn, he or she can no longer fit into it.
Belief in the asema is an import from slaves brought to Surinam from West Africa. It seems likely that the
name asema is derived from the Dahomean name asiman. But the compulsion of the asema to count seeds
or grains might be due to European influence. The undead vampires in European lore often have such an
obsession. But then such an obsession can be found to attribute to vampires in Asian lore as well.
In the lore of Caribbean islands there is the loogaroo and the soukoyan. Both have close similarities to the
asemaIn the lore of Caribbean islands there is the loogaroo and the soukoyan. Both have close similarities
to the asema.
The name loogaroo10 occurs in islands or, in the case of Haiti, part of an island that was colonized by the
French who imported African slaves to do the hard labor on their plantations. According to the Voodoo lore
of Haiti, the loogaroo is most often a woman. At night she frees herself of her skin by rubbing a magical
concoction made of herbs on her body. She then hides her skin in a cool place where it will not shrink. She
then makes certain movements which cause turkey wings to sprout on her back. Flames shoot out from her
armpits and anus. She then flies through the thatch of her hut. Flying though the sky, she leaves a luminous
trail behind her. She sucks the blood of her victims, most often infants and children, and causes them to
10
The name loogaroo is obviously derived from loups garou, a French name for the werewolf which
literally means "wolf-man" and was originally applied in France to werewolves. But the loogaroo exists
primarily in Afro-Carribean lore and no doubt is more closely a derivative of West African vampiric
witches such as the obayifu and the asiman.
have illnesses which are sometimes fatal. To enter a dwelling where her little victim lies, the Haitian
loogaroo takes the form of a cockroach or some other insect. She may also insert a long straw through the
thatch composing the walls of a dwelling until it rests against her victim's cheek. She then sucks the blood
through the straw. Her nocturnal flights for prey occur on the 7'th, 13'th, and 17'th of each month.
On the island of Granada, the loogaroo is also most often a woman. She flies each night. In her natural
human form, she goes to a silk-cotton-tree. Botanists call this tree by the Latin name bombax ceiba . But in
Granada it is known as the Devil's tree or the Jumbie tree. There the woman gets out of her skin which she
then carefully folds and hides. Then the loogaroo transforms into a ball of light and flies through the air.
The loogaroo in Granada often drinks the blood of adults, causing them to wake up tired and languid.
This witch or sorcerer can pass through any tiny crack to get into dwelling. But if enough grains of rice or
sand are scattered around the outside of the dwelling, he or she is compelled to count them until dawn.
The soukoyan is part of the lore of the islands of Dominica and Trinidad. According to one account from
Trinidad, the soukoyan is much like the loogaroo of Granada. The soukoyan leaves his or her skin at night
in a cool place and flies off at night in the form of a ball of light to drink the blood of humans. In one
account there is added the detail that she can be destroyed if salt is poured on her skin to shrink it. In an
account from Dominica that I've read, the loogaroo is most often a man.
body. They have at their command giant bats that can carry them
chimney. Then they bite the person and suck his blood. The
will catch on fire. The loup garou will then step out of his skin
and run away. But if you shoot one with a gun the bullet goes
right through it. If one attacks you, you can drive it away by
throwing a frog at it. They are scared of frogs. The loups garous
Goula. And they have the power to change into mules to work
night to fly off and seek human prey whose blood she drinks.
Her favorite victims are children and women in labor. One way
she returns to her own home before dawn that they can't cannot
fit back into the part of her body that she left behind. She needs
vinegar will all have leaked out by the time she needs it.
One type of aswang is a woman who changes into the form of a large bird at night. In this form, she has a very long,
Hollow tongue with a sharp point at the end. She lands on the thatched roof of her victims. The tongue reaches down
Through a crack in the roof. The tip of this tongue inserts into the neck of a sleeping person and draws up the blood.
When this type of aswang returns to her own home before dawn, she changes back into human form.
But her breasts and belly are swollen with blood. She then breast feeds the blood to her own children.
Sometimes this type of aswang is called the tik-tik or wak-wak. But in some Phillipine lore the name tik-tik
Is given to a small owl-like bird which accompanies this type of aswang at night. The smaller bird makes the
Sound "tik-tik" which forewarns the potential victims of the nearby presence of the aswang. This type of aswang
is described in The Vampire Book by J. Gordon Melton (1994, 1999) and in The Vampire Encyclopedia by
Matthew Bunson (1983. According to one of my informants, a woman who grew up on the Philippine island
Of Mindanao, this type of aswang was called the tyanak . Her American husband mentioned that the correspondence
between different names for different types of Philippine vampires tended to be switched around as you go from
But the name tiyanak often applies to an infant who becomes a vampire as the result of having died without being
Baptized.
Another type of aswang is a man or woman who separates at the waist at night. The top half then grows wings
And flies off to seek victims. This type of aswang is also sometimes said to have a long tongue. It has a reputation
For snatching unborn babies from the wombs of pregnant women. He or she can be destroyed by casting salt
Onto the lower part of his body after he becomes detached. The upper half can then no longer re-connect with
the lower half. This type of aswang is mentioned in the article "Philippine (Visayan) Superstitions " by
Terri Hardin (Barnes & Noble, 1995.) According to one of my informants, the woman from Mindanao,
this vampire is called the aswang. But, according to two of my Philippine informants, the specific name for this type
of aswang is manananggal11.
You might recognize a resemblance here with the Malaysian penanggalan as described under
The Penanggalan of Malaysia here above in Gallery 2 The similarity in names might simply be due
To the fact that Malaysian and Philippine languages share common roots. But then it is also possible
That Malaysian and Philippine beliefs in the supernatural have the common roots.
A third type of aswang is a man or women who can change into all sorts of animal forms, including that of a bird,
a dog, or a pig. Again, it is frequently said that the favorite victims are young children and pregnant women.
This type seems to correspond the more specific meaning of the name aswang.
A fourth type of aswang, the mandurugo, occurs in a Tagalog folk tale summarized by J. Gordon Melton
in The Vampire Book. According to this tale, at one time a certain girl was the most beautiful woman
on her island. She was also a mandurugo . When she was 16 years old, she married a husky young man.
He withered away and died within a year after the marriage. She next married another man soon after, and
he suffered the same fate as the first husband. The same sequence was repeated with her third husband.
She then married a fourth husband. But he was warned in time. He went to bed one night, with a knife
under his pillow, and feigned sleep. When he felt something over him pricking his neck, he struck with
his knife and stabbed the creature on top of him. It was too dark to see the creature, but he heard a screech
and the sound of flapping wings. In the following morning, his wife was found dead at some distance from
11
This name derives from the Philippine word tanggal which means "to separate."
his cottage with a knife wound in her chest.
In beliefs, myths, legends. and folk tales from the Far East, there
Can be found a number of were-animals who can change into human form.
the magical power to transform into human form to trick people into
is the shen (spirit) of a dead person which has taken the form
Of a fox and can then take the form of a human being. It's intentions
But the fox was most often regarded by Chinese and Japanese
of the fox subtly enters the victim's body and slowly consumes the vitality,
The life-force, of its host. At the same time, the fox can live a separate life
Of its own. By taking the spiritual life-force from its human victim,
According to the belief, some foxes lived for many centuries at the expense
Of a succession of human victims. The older the fox becomes, the more adept
It becomes in the arts of magic and deceit. A thousand year old fox
Even today, there are special Japanese temples to which people, believing
fox possession and fox trickery during the year before the next
Fox-expelling festival.
The form of a beautiful woman who entices a man to become her lover.
Often one who the fox has killed. And, in at least one old Chinese tale,
Korean tales it kills its victims outright and eats their livers or bites them
This legend begins with the Prince of Hizen enjoying the evening hours
With his favorite consort, O Toyo. They do not notice that a cat has
Been following them. After O Toyo retires to her room and falls asleep,
The cat then drags her body into the country side, buries it., and
Then takes her form. The prince of course knew nothing about
His room at night and tried to stay awake to protect him. But they
Always nodded off before morning. But then it came to pass that
To take part in the vigil. After everyone else fell asleep, Ito Soda
But when the false O Toyo realized that Ito Soda was watching her,
She left the room. The same thing happened on following nights
Until the form of O Toyo failed to appear. After that, the fake
O Toyo lost interest in the prince and even neglected him while
Battle-axe in the tip). When Ito Sota fended her off, she changed
Back into cat form and escaped. This same vampire cat then began
Troubling people living in the mountains. Finally, this vampire cat was
And Ito Soda received all the honors and awards he deserved.
According to Ainu folklore, if a person kills a cat and does not take
The cat's killer eating part of the same cat. If this is not done,
the spirit of the cat enters him, causing him to make gestures like
Able to, can cure himself by killing another cat and eating part of it.
The same principles as cat punishment. But the cat is the animal
It sucks the breath out of sleeping people while tapping on their chest.
Three days. But if there is, the person attacked lives a long life instead.
of flying squirrel, with brown skin and wings which are part and
Bat called the Nodeppo which has passed through the form Mami (??).
This secondary creature covers its human victims with its wings
And sucks out their breath, causing them to die. The victims are
Believed to have existed in large numbers during the 7'th century A.D.
A certain area of the wilderness. That was the end of any appearances
E. The Chupacabras
The mid-1990. The first reports were from Puerto Rico in 1995.
Then, soon after, there came reports from Mexico, Central America,
According to The Field Guide to Bigfoot, Yeti, and Other Mystery Primates Worldwide
by Loren Coleman and Patrick Huyghe(Avon Books, 1999), the chupacabras is about
Four feet tall, covered with short, fine gray fur with spots. It has damp, dark, protruding
Eyes that run up to the temples and spread to the sides. Its nostrils appear as two little holes.
It has a slit-like mouth. Its legs are long and skinny, and it has only three toes.
It also has long, skinny arms and hands, and three long, skinny fingers that end with claws.
J. Gordon Melton, in his revised, second edition of The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of
the Undead (Visible Ink Press, 1999) gives a somewhat different but not entirely contradictory
Description. According to this, the chupacabras has “hairy arms, glowing red eyes, and
Bright-colored spine-like appendages that run over the body from the head to the end of the back.”
Melton also indicates that, in some descriptions, the chupacabras has scales and or bat-like wings.
The chupacabras hunts at night. In the initial reports, the victims were goats. But, coming later,
There were reports where horses, dogs, and cats have been its prey. In many cases, it was claimed
That there were two little holes in the neck of the dead animal and all of the blood had been drained.
It seems that, at least so far, no human deaths have been attributed to an attack by a chupacabras .
But there are reports of individuals being threatened by one. In some of these, a crucifix was
According to the lore of the Australian Aborigines, the Yara-ma-yha-who is a man-like creature about
Four feet tall. It is covered with red hair and has a very large head for its size. The head is said to be
Larger than any other part of the body. The mouth is also very large and the creature has no teeth.
The jaws unhinge like a snake. And, like a snake, the Yara-ma-yha-who swallows its prey whole.
At the tips of the fingers and toes, there are suckers that look like those on the tentacles of an octopus.
But these suckers are used for more than grappling onto victims or other objects. The Yara-ma-yha-who
The creature lives mostly in thick, leafy trees, especially fig trees. It preys upon human beings.
It lurks in the branches of the trees. When a person walks under a tree in which a Yara-ma-yha-who lurks,
The creature pounces upon him. It places it hands and feet on him and sucks out most of his blood with
Its suckers. It leaves enough blood in the victim to keep him alive while it goes off walking to work
Up an appetite. Later, the creature returns to its victim. It lies down on the ground facing the victim,
Crawls to him like a lizard, and swallows him whole. The Yara-ma-yha-who then stands up on its two
Feet and does a sort of dance to jiggle all of the living body of its victim down into its stomach.
But then, after some more time, the yara-ma-yha-who vomits its victim, who is still in one piece.
The person is then usually still alive. The victim then does best for himself by pretending to be dead.
The Yara-ma-yha-who will test the victim by walking away from the body and then quickly turning
Around, by poking him with a stick, and by tickling him under the chin and arms. If the live
victim has still been successful in feigning death, the Yara-ma-yha-who may then also walk off to
Some distance where it then sits and watches its victim for signs of life. But the creature will then
Eventually need to seek a bush and fall asleep. The victim, if indeed still alive, can then make his escape.
If the Yara-ma-yha-who suddenly awakes and gives chase, the human victim has still a good chance of
Escaping. The creature has a slow, wobbling gait, like the cockatoo.
If it happens that the human victim does not escape from the Yara-ma-yha-who after being regurgitated,
He is swallowed whole a second time. Again he is vomited out afterwards, but now he is shorter than
He was before. If he is still alive but cannot escape, he is swallowed and regurgitated for a third time.
If still alive, the victim is not only even closer in height to a Yara-ma-yha-who but also now has smooth
Skin like the creature. If the process of being swallowed and vomited alive is repeated enough times,
The Yeti is allegedly found in the Himalayan mountains and the high valleys between them, in Tibet,
Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim. The Yeti has also become known as The Abdominal Snow Man.
According to both legends and documented reports, the Yeti is a creature somewhat similar to the
Legendary Sasquatch or Big Foot of the North American Pacific Northwest. Its appearance is half-way
Between that of a large ape and a human being. Most accounts of the Yeti that I have read or
Heard have nothing to do with vampirism. But I have found two notable exceptions to this in the book
Folk Tales of Sherpa and Yeti edited by Shiva Dakhal (New Delhi: Nirala Publications, 1991).
The Sherpa folk tales in this book are all from the valleys of Rolwalwing and Khumbu in the vicinity
Of Gauri-Shankar Himal, in eastern Nepal. The average altitude of these valleys is 12,000 feet above
Sea level. The Sherpa people there speak a language similar to Tibetan. Their religion is the same form
One folk tale retold in the book is titled “The Ravishing of Angnima by a Yeti.” In this tale, a Sherpa
Maiden named Angnima went out one day to herd the cattle as usual. But she fell asleep in the pasture.
A male Yeti saw her sleeping body from afar. He became lustful. He approached her, removed
Her clothes, and raped her. The pressure upon Angnima and the resulting pain caused her to wake up.
She saw the beast defiling her and then fainted back into unconsciousness. Eventually, Angnima's father
Became worried about her when she did not return to home on time. The father went out looking for her
and found her naked and unconscious After her father brought her back to their home, Angnima
Regained consciousness at times and told of what happened to her. But then she fell into a deep
Coma from which she did not recover. Finally, she died.
Some of the principles in that tale are perhaps best explained in another tale told in the same book.
This tale is titled “Sonam and Yeti in Chhringma’s Lap.” In this story, a man named Sonam Sherpa
Went out to gather juniper twigs for the name-giving ceremony of his son which was to be held the next day.
After he reached a spot on the hill where the juniper was bountiful, he saw a strange creature approaching him.
After the beast was close enough that Sonam could see that it was a Yeti, Sonam found himself unable
To move. The Yeti kept coming closer and Sonam soon became unconscious. When Sonam regained
Consciousness, he found himself back in his village surrounded by a group of his neighbors and the village lama.
The neighbors had gone out in search of Sonam, had found him unconscious, and had brought him back to
Their village. It was through the lama’s care and prayers that Sonam was brought back to his senses.
The lama explained: “Since Sonam was first to see Yeti; he was saved. He could have died otherwise.”
IV. The Undead in Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Western Europe and Asia
The ancient Greeks did not believe in people returning from their graves with a need to prey upon the living.
This belief came about at some time after the Greece had become solidly Christian. The most common name
for the undead vampire in Greece seems to be vrykolakas. On some of the small islands of the Greek
Archipelago, this vampire has such names as vurvukalas and vrukolakas. On Crete, the vampire is called the
kathakanas . At least from the 17'th century to the early 20'th century, it was a common belief in Greece
that the undead vampire was essentially a corpse possessed and animated by a demon. It was sometimes
believed that the vampire only had to return to grave on Saturday and that he could go about even during
the day time, though in most tales he is most active at night. There were several ways to deal with such
a vampire. Usually the first means resorted was to exhume the corpse and have a priest exorcize the demon
from it. If this method failed, the corpse might be exhumed and reburied on a desert island - it was often
believed that the vampire could not cross sea water. The ultimate way to get rid of the vampire
According to Greek beliefs, those most likely to become undead vampires include:
• Those who were stillborn or otherwise died without having received baptism.
• Those whose corpse an animal had jumped over before the burial
• Those who had eaten the flesh of an animal that had been killed a vampire.
• Those who died as victims of a vampire, especially true when vampire were