1nL DIGLS1IVL SS1LM

AnA1CM? Cl 1PL ulCLS1lvL 18AC1

CasLrolnLesLlnal (Cl) 1racL ls a flexlble muscular Lube
exLendlng from Lhe mouLh Lo Lhe anus
A 1PL ulCLS1lvL C8CAnS
Mootb Lhe oral cavlLy conLalnlng Lhe Longue
and LeeLh where Lhe process of dlgesLlon
beglns
1eetb crush and sofLen Lhe food
5ollvo mlxes wlLh Lhe food mass and molsLens
lL for comforLable swallowlng lL also helps
dlssolve Lhe food so LhaL you can LasLe lL only
parLlcles ln soluLlon can reacL wlLh LasLe buds
1ooqoe allows you noL only Lo LasLe food buL
also Lo more around Lhe mouLh faclllLaLlng
chewlng and swallowlng
lbotyox Lhe passageway leadlng from Lhe
nose and mouLh Lo Lhe larynx and esophagus
respecLlvely
plqlottls a carLllage sLrucLure ln Lhe Lm coaL
LhaL parenLs fluld or food prom enLerlng Lhe
Lrachea when a person swallows (epl open
gloLLls back of Longue
sopboqos Lhe food plpe Lhe condulL from Lhe
mouLh Lo Lhe sLomach lower esophageal
sphlncLer Lhe sphlncLer muscle aL Lhe [uncLlon
beLween Lhe esophagus and Lhe sLomach also
called Lhe cardlac sphlncLer
lylotlc spbloctet Lhe sphlncLer muscle
separaLlng Lhe sLomach from Lhe small
lnLesLlne also called Lhe py|orus or py|or|c
va|ve (lylotos qotekeepet)
5moll lotestloe a 10 fooL lengLh of small
dlameLer (1 lnch) lnLesLlne LhaL ls Lhe ma[or
slLe of dlgesLlon of food and absorpLlon of
nuLrlenLs
CollbloJJet Lhe organ LhaL sLores and
concenLraLes blle When lL recelves Lhe slgnal
LhaL faL ls presenL ln Lhe duodenum Lhe
gallbladder conLracLs and squlrLs blle Lhrough
Lhe blle ducL lnLo Lhe duodenum
ancreas a gland LhaL secreLes enzymes and
dlgesLlve [ulces lnLo Lhe duodenum
uuodenum Lhe Lop porLlon of Lhe small
lnLesLlne (abouL 12 flngers' breaLh long)
(duodecln Lwelve)
!e[unum Lhe flrsL Lwo flfLhs of Lhe small
lnLesLlne beyond Lhe duodenum
lleum Lhe lasL segmenLs of Lhe small lnLesLlne
lleocecal value Lhe sphlncLer muscle
separaLlng Lhe small and large lnLesLlne
Large lnLesLlne or colon Lhe lasL porLlon of Lhe
lnLesLlne whlch adsorbs waLer lLs maln
segmenLs are Lhe ascendlng colon Lransverse
colon Lhe descendlng colon and Lhe slgmold
colon (slgmold shaped llke leLLer S)
8ecLum Lhe muscular Lermlnal parL of Lhe Cl
LracL exLendlng from Lhe slgmold colon Lo Lhe
anus 1he recLum sLores wasLe prlor Lo
ellmlnaLlon
Anus Lhe Lermlnal sphlncLer muscle of Lhe Cl
LracL
8 1PL lnvCLun1A8? MuSCLL Anu 1PL CLAnuS
Clands slngle cells or groups of cells ln Lhe
body Clands may be exocrlne glands secreLlng
Lhelr maLerlals ouL" (lnLo Lhe dlgesLlve LracL or
onLo Lhe surface of Lhe skln) or endocrlne
glands secreLlng Lhelr maLerlals ln" (lnLo Lhe
blood)

CAS18Cln1LS1lnAL MC1lLl1? sponLaneous
moLlon ln Lhe dlgesLlve LracL accompllshed by
lnvolunLary muscular conLracLlons
2 1?LS Cl MCvLMLn1S
1)L8lS1ALSlS successlve of lnvolunLary
muscular conLracLlons passlng along Lhe walls of
Lhe Cl LracL LhaL push Lhe conLenLs along (perl
around sLelleln wrap)
2)SLCMLn1A1lCn a perlodlc squeezlng or
parLlLlonlng of Lhe lnLesLlne by lLs clrcular
muscles LhaL boLh mlxes and slowly pushes Lhe
conLenLs along
Llquefylng rocess besldes forclng Lhe
lnLesLlnal conLenLs along Lhe muscles of Lhe Cl
LracL help Lo llquefy Lhem Lo chlme so LhaL Lhe
dlgesLlve [ulces wlll have access Lo all Lhelr
nuLrlenLs 1he mouLh lnlLlaLes Lhls llarefylng
process by chewlng addlng sallva and sLlrrlng
wlLh Lhe Longue Lo reduce Lhe food Lo a coarse
mash sulLable for swallowlng Lhe sLomach Lhen
furLher mlxes and kneads Lhe food
SLomach AcLlon ln addlLlon Lo clrcular and
longlLudlnal muscles Lhe sLomach has a Lhlrd
layer of dlagonal muscles LhaL also alLernaLely
conLracL and relax 1hese Lhree seLs of muscles
work Lo force Lhe chlme downward buL Lhe
pylorlc sphlncLer usually remalns LlghLly closed so
LhaL Lhe sLomachs conLenLs are Lhrough mlxed
and squeezed before belng released Meanwhlle
Lhe gasLrlc glands are addlng [ulces When Lhe
chlme ls Lhoroughly llquefled Lhe pylorlc
sphlncLer opens brlefly abouL 3 Llmes per mlnuLe
Lo allow small poLlons Lhrough AL Lhls polnL Lhe
lnLesLlnal conLenLs no longer resemble food
ll 1PL 8CCLSS Cl ulCLS1lCn
ulgesLlve glands and Lhelr secreLlons
A Sallvary Clands exocrlne glands LhaL secreLe
sallva lnLo Lhe mouLh
Sallva Lhe secreLlon of Lhe sallvary glands Lhe
prlnclpal enzyme ls amylase
Amylase an enzyme LhaL spllLs amylase (a form
sLarch) Amylose ls a carbohydraLe Lhe endlng
ase lndlcaLe an enzyme Lhe rooL Lells whaL ls
dlgesLs CLher examples proLease llpase
CasLrlc Clands exocrlne glands ln Lhe sLomach
wall LhaL secreLe gasLrlc [ulce lnLo Lhe sLomach
8 CAS18lC CLAnuS exocrlne glands ln Lhe sLomach
wall LhaL secreLe gasLrlc [ulce lnLo Lhe sLomach
CAS18lC !ulCL Lhe dlgesLlve secreLlon of Lhe
gasLrlc glands conLalnlng a mlxLure of waLer
hydrochlorlc acld and enzymes 1he prlnclpal
enzymes are pepsln (acLs on proLelns) and llpase
(acLs on emulslfled faLs)
P?u8CCPLC8lC AClu (PCl) an acld composed of
hydrogen and chlorlde aLoms normally produced
by Lhe gasLrlc glands
MuCuS a mucopolysaccharlde (a relaLlve of
carbohydraLe) secreLed by cells of Lhe sLomach
wall LhaL proLecLs Lhe cells from exposure Lo
dlgesLlve [ulces (and oLher desLrucLlve agenLs)
1he cellular llnlng of Lhe sLomach wall ls known as
Lhe mucous membrane
LSln a proLelndlgesLlng enzyme (gasLrlc
proLease) ln Lhe sLomach lL clrculaLes as a
precursor pepslnogen and ls converLed Lo
pepsln by Lhe acLlon of sLomach acld
C ln1LS1lnAL !ulCL Lhe secreLlon of Lhe
lnLesLlnal glands conLalns enzymes for Lhe
dlgesLlon of CPC and CPCn and a mlnor enzyme
for faL dlgesLlon
AnC8LA1lC !ulCL Lhe exocrlne secreLlon of
Lhe pancreas conLalnlng enzymes for Lhe
dlgesLlon of CPC faL and CPCn !ulce flows
from Lhe pancreas lnLo Lhe small lnLesLlne
Lhrough Lhe pancreaLlc ducL
8lCA88CnA1L an alkallne secreLlon of Lhe
pancreas parL of Lhe pancreaLlc [ulce
(8lcarbonaLe also occurs wldely ln all cell flulds)
8lLL an emulslfler LhaL prepares faLs and olls
for dlgesLlon made by Lhe llver sLored ln Lhe
gallbladder and released lnLo Lhe small lnLesLlne
when needed
3 C8CAnS 1PA1 SLC8L1L ulCLS1lvL !ulCLS
1 Sallvary glands
2 SLomach
3 Small lnLesLlne
4 Llver
3 ancreas

A ulCLS1lCn ln 1PL MCu1P

8 ulCLS1lCn ln 1PL S1CMACP

1he ma[or dlgesLlve evenL ln Lhe sLomach ls
Lhe lnlLlal breakdown of proLelns 1he sLomach
acld helps Lo uncoll (denaLure) Lhe proLelns
Langled sLrands so LhaL Lhe sLomach enzymes
can aLLack Lhe bonds 8oLh Lhe enzyme pepsln
and Lhe sLomach acld lLself acL as caLalysL ln Lhe
process

Mlnor evenLs are Lhe dlgesLlon of some faL
by a gasLrlc llpase Lhe dlgesLlon of sucrose (Lo a
very small exLenL) by Lhe sLomach acld and Lhe
aLLachmenL of a proLeln carrler Lo vlLamln 812

C ulCLS1lCn ln 1PL SMALL Anu LA8CL
ln1LS1lnLS

ulCLS1lvL LnZ?MLS
1AnC8LA1lC !ulCL conLrlbuLes enzymes LhaL
dlgesL faLs proLelns and carbohydraLes
28lCA88CnA1L also a conLenL of pancreaLlc
[ulce whlch neuLrallzes Lhe acldlc chyme as lL
enLers Lhe small lnLesLlnes lrom Lhls polnL on
Lhe conLenLs of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL are neuLral
and sllghLly alkallne
38lLL secreLed conLlnuously by Lhe llver and ls
concenLraLed and sLored ln Lhe gallbladder
squlrLs blle lnLo duodenum whenever faL arrlves
Lhere 8lle ls an emulslfler LhaL brlngs faLs lnLo
suspenslon ln waLer AfLer Lhe faLs are
emulslfled enzymes can work on Lhem and Lhey
can be absorbed uue Lo all Lhese secreLlons all
Lhe energy yleldlng nuLrlenLs are dlgesLed ln Lhe
small lnLesLlnes

1PL 8A1L Cl ulCLS1lCn
uepends on Lhe conLenLs of Lhe meal lf Lhe
meal ls hlgh ln slmple sugars dlgesLlon
proceeds falrly rapldly Cn Lhe oLher hand lf Lhe
meal ls rlch ln faL dlgesLlon ls slower
lll 1PL A8SC81lvL S?1LM
SMALL ln1LS1lnL where Lhe absorpLlon Lakes
place mosL of Lhe Llme
When nuLrlenL molecules make conLacL wlLh
Lhe surface of small lnLesLlne Lhey are
absorbed and carrled off Lo llver and oLher
parLs of Lhe body
O vlLLl numerous flnger llke pro[ecLlons from
Lhe folds of Lhe small lnLesLlne
O MlC8CvlLLl Llny halr llke cell of every vlllus
LhaL can Lrap nuLrlenL parLlcles and LransporL
Lhem lnLo Lhe cells
SLClALlZA1lCn ln 1PL ln1LSlnAL 18AC1
1he nuLrlenLs LhaL are ready for absorpLlon
early are absorbed near Lhe Lop of Lhe LracL
Lhose LhaL Lake longer Lo be dlgesLed are
absorbed furLher down
1PL M?1P Cl lCCu CCM8lnlnC"
Some popular fad dleLs advocaLe Lhe ldea LhaL
people should noL caL cerLaln food comblnaLlons aL Lhe
same meal because Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem cannoL handle
more Lhan one Lask aL a Llme 1hls ls a myLh 1he arL of
food comblnlng" ls based on Lhls ldea and lL
represenLs faulLy loglc and a gross underesLlmaLlon of
Lhe body's capablllLles ln facL Lhe conLrary ls ofLen
Lrue foods eaLen LogeLher can enhance each oLhers use
by Lhe body
A8SC81lCn Cl nu18lLn1S
Cnce a molecule has enLered a cell ln a vlllus lL ls
LransmlLLed elsewhere ln Lhe body by way of Lhe body's
Lwo LransporL sysLems Lhe bloodsLream and Lhe
lymphaLlc sysLem 8oLh sysLems supply vessels Lo each
vlllus 1hrough Lhese vessels Lhe nuLrlenLs leave Lhe
cell and enLer elLher Lhe lymph or Lhe blood aL leasL for
a whlle 1he waLersoluble nuLrlenLs (and Lhe smaller
producLs of faL dlgesLlon) are released dlrecLly lnLo Lhe
bloodsLream by way of Lhe caplllarles buL Lhe larger
faLs and Lhe faLsoluble vlLamlns flnd dlrecL access lnLo
Lhe caplllarles lmposslble because Lhese nuLrlenLs are
lnsoluble ln waLer (and blood ls mosLly waLer) 1hey
requlre some packaglng before Lhey are released 1he
lnLesLlnal cells assemble Lhe producLs of faL dlgesLlon
lnLo larger molecules called Lrlglycerldes and oLher large
llplds are Lhe packaged for LransporL 1hey clusLer
LogeLher wlLh speclal proLelns Lo form chylomlcrons
one klnd of lypoproLelns llnally Lhe cells release Lhe
chylomlcrons lnLo Lhe lymphaLlc sysLem 1hey can be
gllde Lhrough Lhe lymph spaces unLll Lhey arrlve aL Lhe
polnL of enLry lnLo Lhe bloodsLream near Lhe hearL
L?MPA1lC S?S1LM a loosely organlzed sysLem of
vessels and ducLs LhaL conveys Lhe producLs of dlgesLlon
Loward Lhe hearL
L?MP Lhe body fluld found ln lymphaLlc vessels
Lymph conslsLs of all Lhe consLlLuenLs of blood excepL
red blood cells
18lCL?CL8luLS on of Lhe maln classes of llplds Lhe
chlef form of faL ln Lhe body
CP?LCMlC8CnS Lhe llpoproLelns LhaL LransporL llplds
from Lhe lnLesLlnal cells lnLo Lhe body 1he cells of Lhe
body remove Lhe llplds Lhey need from Lhe
chylomlcrons leavlng Lhe chylomlcron remnanLs Lo be
plcked up by Lhe llver cells
LlC8C1lLnS clusLers of llplds assoclaLed wlLh
proLelns LhaL serve as LransporL vehlcles for llplds ln
Lhe lymph and blood
lv 18AnSC81 Cl nu18lLn1S
1he blood ls carrled Lo Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem by way
of an arLery whlch branches lnLo caplllarles Lo reach
every Cell8lood leavlng Lhe dlgesLlve however goes by
way of a veln noL back Lo Lhe hearL buL Lo Lhe llver
1hls veln agaln branches lnLo caplllarles so LhaL every
cell of Lhe llver has access Lo Lhe newly absorbed
nuLrlenLs LhaL Lhe blood ls carrylng 8lood leavlng Lhe
llver Lhen reLurns Lo Lhe hearL by way of anoLher veln
1he rouLe ls Lhus hearL Lo arLerles Lo caplllarles (ln
lnLesLlnes) Lo veln Lo caplllarles (ln llver) Lo veln Lo
hearL
1PL L?MPA1lC S?S1LM ls a oneway rouLe for flulds Lo
Lravel from Llssue spaces lnLo Lhe blood lL has mo
pump lnsLead lymph ls squeezed from one porLlon of
Lhe body Lo anoLher llke waLer l ln a sponge as muscles
conLracL and creaLe pressure here and Lhere
ulLlmaLely Lhe lymph collecLs ln a large ducL behlnd Lhe
hearL 1hls ducL LermlnaLes ln a veln LhaL conducLs Lhe
lymph lnLo Lhe hearL 1hus some of Lhe maLerlals from
Lhe Cl LracL enLer Lhe lymphaLlc sysLem before enLerlng
Lhe bloodsLream
18AnSC81 Cl LlluS LlpoproLelns
vL8?LCW uLnSl1? LlC8C1LlnS Lhe Lype of
llpoproLelns made prlmarlly by cells Lo LransporL llplds
Lo varlous Llssues ln Lhe body composed prlmarlly of
Lrlglycerldes
LCWuLnSl1? LlC8C1LlnS Lhe Lype of llpoproLelns
LhaL carry cholesLerol and Lrlglycerldes from Lhe llver Lo
Lhe cells of Lhe body and are composed prlmarlly of
cholesLerol back Lo Lhe llver from perlpheral cells
composed prlmarlly of proLeln
As chylomlcrons clrculaLe Lhough Lhe body cells remove
Lhelr llpld conLenLs so Lhe chylomlcrons geL smaller and
smaller 1he llver plcks up Lhese chylomlcrons
remnanLs When necessary Lhe llver can assemble
dlfferenL llpoproLelns whlch are known as vL8?LCW
uLnSl1? LlC8C1Lln (vLuL) As Lhe body's cells
remove Lrlglycerldes from Lhe vLuL Lhe proporLlons of
Lhelr llpld and proLeln conLenLs shlfL As Lhls occurs
vLuL become cholesLerolrlch LCWuLnSl1?
LlC8C1LlnS (LuL) CholesLerol reLurnlng Lo Lhe llver
for meLabollsm or excreLlon from Lhe oLher parLs of Lhe
body ls packaged ln llpoproLelns known as PlCP
uLnSl1? LlC8C1LlnS (PuL)








1he denslLy of llpoproLelns varles accordlng Lo Lhe
proporLlon of llplds and proLeln Lhey conLaln 1he more
llpld ln Lhe llpoproLeln molecule Lhe lower Lhe denslLy
Lhe more proLeln Lhe hlgher Lhe denslLy
LuL PuL
carrles llplds around ln
Lhe blood
larger llghLer and fllled
wlLh more llpld
dellver cholesLerol and
Lrlglycerldes from Lhe
llver Lo Lhe Llssues
carrles llplds around
ln Lhe blood
Smaller denser and
packaged wlLh more
proLeln
scavenge excess
cholesLerol from Lhe
Llssues and reLurn lL Lo
Lhe llver for
meLabollsm and
dlsposal

PLAL1P lMLlCA1lCnS Cl LuL Anu PuL
LlevaLed LuL concenLraLlons ln Lhe blood are assoclaLed
wlLh a hlgh rlsk of hearL dlsease and elevaLed hdl
concenLraLlons are assoclaLed wlLh a low rlsk
1he dlfferences beLween LuL and PuL reflecL
proporLlons of llplds and proLelns wlLhln Lhem noL Lhe
Lype of cholesLerol
lacLors LhaL lmprove Lhe LuLLoPuL raLlo lnclude
WelghL conLrol
olyunsaLuraLed or monosaLuraLed lnsLead of
saLuraLed faLLy aclds ln Lhe dleL
Soluble flbers
hyslcal acLlvlLy






















































LlvL8 vLuL
PuL LuL
CP?LCMlC8CnS
MM- DISLASLS I- LLDLkL A1IL-1S
neumon|a
A Descr|pt|on
O an lnfecLlon of Lhe pulmonary Llssue
lncludlng Lhe lnLersLlLlal spaces Lhe
alveoll and Lhe bronchloles
O Lhe edema assoclaLed wlLh
lnflammaLlon sLlffens Lhe lung
decreases lung compllance and vlLal
capaclLy and causes hypoxemla
O neumonla can be communlLy
acqulred or hosplLal acqulred
O 1he chesL xray shows dlffused
paLches Lhrough ouL Lhe lungs or
consolldaLlon ln a lobe
O A spuLum culLure ldenLlfles Lhe
organlsm
O 1he W8C are elevaLed






8 Assessment
O chllls
O elevaLed LemperaLure
O pleurlLlc paln
O ronchl and wheezes
O use of accessory muscles for breaLhlng
O cyanosls
O menLal sLaLus changes
O spuLum producLlon
C Intervent|on
O AdmlnlsLer oxygen as prescrlbed
O MonlLor resplraLory sLaLus
O MonlLor for cyanosls labored
resplraLlon cold clammy skln


O Lncourage coughlng and deep
breaLhlng and use of lncenLlve
splromeLer

C Intervent|on
O oslLlon cllenL ln semllowler's
poslLlon Lo faclllLaLe breaLhlng and
lung expanslon
O Change cllenL's poslLlon frequenLly
and ambulaLe as LoleraLed Lo
moblllze secreLlon
O MonlLor and record color
conslsLency and amounL of spuLum
O rovlde C1
O erform nasoLracheal sucLlonlng lf
Lhe cllenL ls unable Lo clear
secreLlons
O Lncourage flulds up Lo 3L a day Lo
Lhln secreLlons unless
conLralndlcaLed
O rovlde a balance or resL and
acLlvlLy
O AdmlnlsLer anLlbloLlcs as
prescrlbed
O AdmlnlsLer anLlpyreLlcs
bronchodllaLors cough
suppressanLs mucolyLlc agenLs and
expecLoranLs as prescrlbed


u ||ent Lducat|on
O lnsLrucL Lhe cllenL abouL Lhe lmporLance
of resL proper nuLrlLlon and adequaLe
fluld lnLake
O Avold chllllng and exposure Lo
lndlvlduals wlLh resplraLory
lnfecLlons or vlrus
O lnsLrucL cllenL abouL medlcaLlons and
Lhe use of lnhalanLs as prescrlbed
O lnsLrucL cllenL Lo noLlfy physlclan lf
chllls fever dyspnea hemopLysls or
lncreased faLlgue occurs
O lnsLrucL Lhe cllenL ln Lhe lmporLance of
recelvlng lmmunlzaLlons as
recommended

ron|c struct|ve u|monary D|sease (D)
A) Descr|pt|on
O also known as chronlc obsLrucLlve lung
dlsease and chronlc obsLrucLlve
alrflow llmlLaLlon
O a group of dlseases LhaL lnclude
emphysema asLhma bronchlecLasls
and bronchlLls
O ls characLerlzed by progresslve alrflow
llmlLaLlons lnLo and ouL Lhe lungs
elevaLed alrway reslsLance lrreverslble
lung dlsLenLlon and A8C lmbalance
O leads Lo pulmonary lnsufflclency
pulmonary hyperLenslon and cor
pulmonale ln emphysema Lhe sLlmulus
Lo breaLhe ls a low C2 lnsLead of an
lncreased CC2

8) Assessment
O cough
O exerLlonal dyspnea
O wheezlng and crackles
O spuLum producLlon
O welghL loss
O spuLum producLlon
O welghL loss
O barrel chesL (emphysema
O use of accessory muscles for breaLhlng
O cyanosls
O clubblng of flngers
O orLhopnea
O congesLlon and hyperlnflaLlon on chesL
xray fllm
O A8Cs LhaL lndlcaLe resplraLory acldosls
and hypoxemla
O ulmonary funcLlon LesLs LhaL
demonsLraLe decreased vlLal
capaclLy





C) Intervent|ons
O MonlLor v/s
O AdmlnlsLer a low concenLraLlon of
oxygen (1 Lo 2L/mln) as prescrlbed Lhe
sLlmulus Lo breaLhe ls a low arLerlal C2
lnsLead of an lncreased CC2
O MonlLor pulse oxymeLry
O rovlde resplraLory LreaLmenLs and C1
O lnsLrucL Lhe cllenL ln dlaphragmaLlc or
abdomlnal and pursed llp breaLhlng
Lechnlques
O 8ecord Lhe color amounL and
conslsLency of spuLum
O SucLlon flulds from Lhe cllenL's lungs lf
necessary Lo clear Lhe alrway and
prevenL lnfecLlon
O Lncourage small frequenL meals Lo
prevenL dyspnea
O rovlde a hlgh calorle hlghproLeln dleL
wlLh supplemenLs
O Lncourage fluld lnLake up Lo 3L/day Lo
keep secreLlons Lhln unless
conLralndlcaLed
O oslLlon cllenL ln hlgh lowler's poslLlon
and leanlng forward Lo ald ln
breaLhlng
O Allow acLlvlLy as LoleraLed
O AdmlnlsLer medlcaLlons as prescrlbed

u ||ent Lducat|on
O SLop smoklng
O Adhere Lo acLlvlLy llmlLaLlons
alLernaLlng resL perlods wlLh acLlvlLy
O Avold exposure Lo lndlvlduals wlLh
lnfecLlons and avold crowds
O used pursed llp and dlaphragmaLlc or
abdomlnal breaLhlng
O use oxygen Lherapy
O Avold peLs feaLher plllows and oLher
envlronmenLal allergles

nypertens|on
A) Descr|pt|on
O 1he classlflcaLlon of prehyperLenslon
descrlbes an lndlvldual wlLh a sysLollc
8 beLween 120 and 139mmPg or a
dlasLollc pressure beLween 80 and 89
O PyperLenslon ls a ma[or rlsk facLor for
coronary cerebral renal and
perlpheral vascular dlsease
O 1he dlsease ls lnlLlally asympLomaLlc
O non pharmacologlcal approaches such
as llfesLyle changes may be
prescrlbed lnlLlally and lf Lhe 8 cannoL
be decreased afLer a reasonable Llme
perlod (1 Lo 3 monLhs) Lhen Lhe cllenL
may requlre pharmacologlcal
LreaLmenL

8 r|mary or essent|a| ypertens|on
no known cause
8lsk facLors
a Aglng
b lamlly hlsLory
c 8lack race wlLh prevalence ln
male
d CbeslLy
e Smoklng
f SLress
C Secondary nypertens|on
O 1reaLmenL depends on Lhe cause and
Lhe organs lnvolved
O Secondary hyperLenslon occurs as a
resulL of oLher dlsorders or condlLlons
O reclplLaLlng dlsorders or condlLlon
O Cardlovascular dlsorder
O 8enal ulsorder
O regnancy
u Assessment
O May be asympLomaLlc
O Peadache
O vlsual dlsLurbance
O ulzzlness
O ChesL paln
O 1lnnlLus
O llushed face
O LplsLaxls

L Intervent|on
O ;uesLlon cllenLs regardlng slgns and
sympLoms lndlcaLlve of
hyperLenslon
O CbLaln 8 Lwo or more Llmes on boLh
arms wlLh Lhe cllenL suplne and slLLlng
O Compare 8 wlLh prlor documenLaLlon
O ueLermlne famlly hlsLory of
hyperLenslon
O CbLaln welghL
O LvaluaLe dleLary paLLerns and sodlum
lnLake
O Assess for vlsual changes or reLlnal
damage
O Assess for cardlovascular changes such
as dlsLended neck velns
lncreased hearL raLe dysryLhmla
O Assess neurologlcal sysLem
O LvaluaLe renal funcLlon

l -onparmaco|og|ca| |ntervent|on
O WelghL reducLlon lf necessary or
malnLenance of ldeal welghL
O uleLary sodlum resLrlcLlon Lo 2g dally as
prescrlbed
O ModeraLe lnLake of alcohol and
caffelneconLalnlng producLs
O lnlLlaLlon of regular exerclse program
O Avoldance of smoklng
O 8elaxaLlon Lechnlque and blofeedback
Lherapy
O LllmlnaLlon of unnecessary medlcaLlons
LhaL may conLrlbuLe Lo
hyperLenslon