B

andpass filters serve a variety of func-

tions in communication, radar and in-
strumentation subsystems. Of the avail-
able techniques for the design of bandpass fil-
ters, those techniques based upon the low
pass elements of a prototype filter have yield-
ed successful results in a wide range of appli-
cations. The low pass prototype elements are
the normalized values of the circuit compo-
nents of a filter that have been synthesized for
a unique passband response, and in some cas-
es, a unique out-of-band response. The low
pass prototype elements are available to the
designer in a number of tabulated sources
1,2,3
and are generally given in a normalized for-
mat , t hat is, mat hemat ically r elat ed t o a
parameter of the filter prototype.
This article presents a general design pro-
cedure for bandpass filters derived from low
pass prototype filters, which have been syn-
thesized for a unique filter parameter. A num-
ber of illustrated examples are offered to vali-
date the design procedure.
LO W PASS PRO TO TYPE FI LTERS
Low pass prototype filters are lumped ele-
ment networks that have been synthesized to
provide a desired filter transfer function. The
element values have been normalized with re-
spect to one or more filter design parameters
(cutoff frequency, for example) to offer the
greatest flexibility, ease of use and tabulation.
The elements of the low pass prototype filter
are the capacitors and inductors of the ladder
networks of the synthesized filter networks as
shown in Figure 1. This diagram also depicts
A GENERAL DESIGN
PROCEDURE FOR BANDPASS
FILTERS DERIVED
FROM LOW PASS PROTOTYPE
ELEMENTS: PART I
TUTORI AL
K.V. PUGLIA
M/A-COM Inc.
Lowell, MA
Ba ndpa ss f i l t ers ser ve a
va ri et y of f unct i ons i n
communi ca t i on, ra da r a nd
i nst rument a t i on subsyst ems.
g
0
= 1.00
g
n+1
= 1.00
g
2
= L
1
g
n1
g
0
= 1.00 g
1
= L
1
g
3
= L
2
g
n2
g
n
g
n2
g
n1
g
n g
1
= C
1
g
3
= C
2
g
2
= C
1
+
e
1
( s)

+
e
1
( s)

+
e
2
( s)

n+1
= 1.00
+
e
2

Fig. 1 Circuit topologies

of low pass prototype
filters.
w
Reprinted with permission of M I CRO WAVE JO U RN AL

from the December 2000 issue.

2000 Horizon House Publications, Inc.

be adjusted (de-normalized) in accor-
dance with
In addition to the tabulated data of
low pass prototype filter elements,
the values may be computed via exe-
cut ion of t he equat ions found in
Matthaei, et al.
1
, and repeated in Ap-
pendix A for convenience.
The schematic of the filter, which
was derived from Chebyshev, the low
pass prototype elements and the asso-
ciated frequency response are shown
in Figure 4. Note that the 0.5 dB in-
band ripple results in a return loss of
10 dB as expected.
A low pass filter may be converted
to a bandpass filter by employing a
suitable mapping function. A map-
ping function is simply a mathemati-
cal change of variables such that a
transfer function may be shifted in
frequency. The mapping funct ion
may be intuitively or mathematically
derived. A known low pass to band-
pass mapping function may be illus-
trated mathematically as
where
f
0
=

f
1
f
2
f = f
2
f
1
and f
0
, f
1
and f
2
represent the center,
lower cutoff and higher cutoff fre-
quencies of the corresponding band-
pass filter, respectively. If the substi-
tution of variables is made within the
Chebyshev power transfer function,
the power transfer function of the
corresponding bandpass filter may be
determined as shown in Figure 5.
The schemat ic diagr am of t he
bandpass filter, which was derived
from the low pass prototype filter via
the introduction of complementary el-
ements and producing shunt and se-
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
'

_
,

0
0
0

C
R
R
g
L
R
R
g
C
R
R
g
L
R
R
g
C
R
R
g
1
0
0
9
1
1
0
0
9
2
2
0
0
9
3
2
0
0
9
4
3
0
0
9
5
1
2 10
1
2 10
1
2 10
1
2 10
1
2 10

'
'
'
'
'

TUTORI AL
the two possible implementations of
the low pass prototype filter topolo-
gies. In both cases, the network trans-
fer function is
where
s = + j, the Laplace complex
frequency variable
Clearly, the transfer function, T(s), is
a polynomial of order n, where n is
the number of elements of the low
pass filter prototype.
The illustrated circuit topologies
represent a filter prototype contain-
ing an odd number of circuit ele-
ments. To represent an even number
of elements of the prototype filter,
simply remove the last capacitor or
inductor of the ladder network.
For purposes of illustration, an ex-
ample representing a Chebyshev fil-
ter is offered. The power transfer
function of the Chebyshev filter may
be represented by
T(f
'
) = 10log{1 + cos
2
[ncos
1
(f
'
)]}
for f' 1.0
T(f
'
) = 10log{1 + cosh
2
[ncosh
1
(f
'
)]}
for f' 1.0
T s
e s
e s
( )

( )
( )
2
1
and
where
r
dB
= inband ripple factor in decibels
These equat ions represent t he
power t r ansfer funct ion of t he
Chebyshev low pass prototype filter
with normalized filter cutoff frequen-
cy f
'
of 1.0 Hz. A graphical represen-
tation of the power transfer function
of the Chebyshev low pass prototype
filter is shown in Figure 2.
The low pass prototype filter para-
meters for the low pass Chebyshev
filter example are
n = 5
R'
0
= 1.0
and
r
dB
= 0.5
A schematic representation of the
prototype Chebyshev filter is shown
in Figure 3. The prototype elements
are from Matthaei, Young and Jones
1
where the normalized cutoff frequen-
cy is given in the radian format '
1
=
1.0 = 2f'
1
.
If this five-section prototype filter
were constructed from available ta-
bles of elements and a circuit simula-
tion performed, the transfer function
would be exactly as represented in
the schematic. To construct the filter
at another frequency (1.0 GHz, for
example) and circuit impedance level
(R
0
= 50 ), the element values must

_
,

log
1
10
1
r
dB
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 4 3 2
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY f' ( Hz)
1 0
A
T
T
E
N
U
A
T
I
O
N

(
d
B
)
L ( f' ) ( f' ) L ( f' ) 10
vFig. 2 Low pass Chebyshev filter
prototype response.
C
1
=
1
C
2
= g
3
C
3
g
5
L
2
= g
4
L = g
2
Fig. 3 Low pass prototype filter
schematic.
w
C
1
C
2
= C
3
=
L
1
= 9.78 nH L
2
= 9.78 nH
0
10
20
30
40
50
2.0 1.5 1.0
S
11
S
21
FREQUENCY ( GHz)
0.5 0
S

P
A
R
A
M
E
T
E
R
S

(
d
B
)
v Fig. 4 Chebyshev low pass filter
with a 1.0 GHz cutoff.
TUTORI AL
ries resonators, is shown in Figure 6.
This is a basic low pass to bandpass
t ransformat ion, and unfort unat ely
sometimes leads to component values,
which are not readily available or have
excessive loss. As described later, the
mapping function need not be consid-
ered as part of the bandpass filter de-
sign procedure. It is presented here as
a supplement to the filter theory.
I t bears repeat ing t hat t he low
pass prototype filter elements, that is,
the g-values, are the result of network
synthesis techniques to produce a de-
sired characteristic of the prototype
filter transfer function. These desired
characteristics might include a flat
amplitude response, maximum out-
of-band rejection, linear phase re-
sponse, Gaussian or other amplitude
response, minimum time sidelobes
and matched signal filters.
RF AN D M I CRO WAVE
RESO N ATO RS
RF and microwave resonators are
lumped element networks or distrib-
uted circuit structures that exhibit
minimum or maxi-
mum r eal imped-
ance at a single fre-
quency or at multi-
ple fr equencies.
The r esonant fr e-
quency f
0
is the fre-
quency at which the
input impedance or
admittance is real.
The r esonant fr e-
quency may be fur-
t her defined in
terms of a series or
shunt mode of reso-
nance; t he ser ies
mode is associated
with small values of
input resistance at
t he r esonant fr e-
quency, while t he
shunt mode is asso-
ciat ed wit h lar ge
values of resistance
at the resonant fre-
quency. Some typi-
cal lumped and dis-
tributed resonators are shown in Fig-
ure 7.
Resonators may be characterized
by their unloaded quality factor Q
u
,
which is the ratio of the energy stored
to the energy dissipated per cycle of
the resonant frequency. Resonators
are also characterized with respect to
their reactance or susceptance
slope parameters, which are defined,
respectively, as
These are important resonator para-
meters because they influence Q
u
and the coupling factor between res-
onators in multiple resonator filters.
Table 1 provides the reactance and
suscept ance slope par amet er s of
some common lumped element and
distributed resonators.
Q
u
may also be defined in terms of
the reactance or susceptance slope
parameter as
where
R
se
= resonator series resistance
R
sh
= resonator shunt resistance
Together these resistances represent
the resonator loss. The bandpass fil-
ter design examples will illustrate the
utility of the slope parameters.
In many bandpass filter applica-
tions, particularly those applications
where the filter is deployed at the
front end of a receiver, it is important
to know the Q
u
for the resonators in
order to accurately estimate the in-
sertion loss of the filter. The insertion
loss of a single transmission resonator
can be mathematically represented as
At f = f
0
, this equation may further
reduce to
L f
Q
f f
f
Q
Q
l
l
u
( )

+

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
log

10
1 2
1
0
0
2
2
Q
R
R
u
se
sh

( )

( )

0
0
2
2
0
0
dX
d
and
dB
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 4 3 2 1 0
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY f
a
( Hz)
1
L ( fa) ( fa) L ( fa) 10
2 3 4 5
A
T
T
E
N
U
A
T
I
O
N

(
d
B
)
v Fig. 5 Chebyshev bandpass filter
transfer function.
v Fig. 6 Chebyshev bandpass
filter schematic.
Y
in
Z
in
Z
in
Z
in
Z, E
Z, E
Z
,

E
OPEN
Y
in
Y
in
C L
C
(a)
(b)
C
E =

E / 4 E = / 2
C
L
L
v Fig. 7 Typical resonant circuit; (a) series
and (b) shunt resonators.
TABLE I
RESO N ATO R SLO PE PARAM ETERS
Resona t or Type Rea ct a nce Sl ope, Suscept a nce Sl ope,
Series LC
Shunt LC
Shunt
/2 line (short)
/2 line (open)
/8 line (short+C)
/4 line (short)
/2 WG line (short)

0
L
C
or
1
0

0
C
L
or
1
0
2
0
C
Z
0
2
Y
0
2
Y
0
0 0
2
0
2
cot csc +
( )
Y
0
4

Z g
0
0
0
2

_
,

_
,

TUTORI AL
Solving for Q
u
, yields
Therefore, a measurement of the
single resonator insertion loss at the
resonant frequency L(f
0
) and the 3
dB bandwidth f is sufficient to accu-
rately determine Q
u
of any resonant
structure. The loaded quality factor
Q
l
may be determined from a mea-
surement of the resonant frequency
and the 3 dB bandwidth from the
equation
where
f = 3 dB bandwidth
This measurement technique may
also be employed t o compare t he
quality factors (Q
u
) of different types
of resonant structures or as a method
of comparing various plating or man-
ufacturing techniques for the filter if
insertion loss is a critical parameter.
Consider an example. A PCS1900
transmit filter was required with min-
Q
f
f
l

0

Q
Q
u
l
L f
1 10
0
20

( )

1
]
1
1
1
L f
Q
Q
l
u
( )

_
,

1
]
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
log

10
1
1
2
imum insertion loss and minimum
size as crit ical design paramet ers.
Rectangular, coaxial /8 resonators
were determined to offer the mini-
mum volume in an eight-resonator
filter consistent with the maximum
insert ion loss requirement of less
than 1.0 dB at the center frequency
of 1960 MHz. A single resonator was
constructed of the type anticipated to
be used within the filter. The single
resonator is shown in Figure 8.
A single resonator structure was
fabricated and plated with silver in
order t o obt ain t he maximum Q
u
.
The resonant structure was tuned to
the desired center frequency and the
insertion loss L(f
0
) and 3 dB band-
width were measured. The measure-
ment dat a is shown in Fi gu r e 9
where
L(f
0
= 1.950 GHz) = 0.533 dB
f = 14.50 MHz
Q
u
2250.
In executing the measurement, three
notes of caution are required in the
interest of accuracy: The coupling
probes to the cavity should be equal
and minimized t o avoid load and
sour ce r esist ance acr oss t he r es-
onator; the source and load SWRs
should be kept low; and the input
SWR at f
0
should be minimized to
avoid mismatch loss.
The equivalent circuit of the single
resonat or is shown in Fi gu re 10.
Note that the circuit element, which
represents the resonator loss R
sh
, has
been included. The value of R
sh
may
be determined with the aid of the
susceptance slope parameter from
Q
u
= R
sh
where
or
R
sh
= 122.5 k
This measur ement t echnique for
est imat ing t he value of Q
u
is
completely general and applies to
lumped element and dist r ibut ed
resonators.
RESO N ATO R CO U PLI N G
Resonator coupling represents one
of the most significant factors affect-
ing filter performance. There are sev-
eral methods to couple resonators.
For ease of manufacturing and tun-
ing, a common resonator type and
coupling method is generally prefer-
able. Matthaei
1
proposes what have
been termed J (admittance) and K
(impedance) inverters both to permit
a common type of resonator and to
serve as coupling elements for the
resonators.
The J inverters may be represent-
ed as the admittance of the element
or the value of the characteristic ad-
mittance of a quarter-wavelength line
in the equivalent circuit that couples
the resonators. Similarly, the K in-
verters may be represented as the im-
pedance of the element or the value
of the characteristic impedance of a
quarter-wavelength line that couples
the resonators. This permits the gen-
eral expression of the coupling be-
tween resonators to be mathematical-
ly written as
k
J
i i
i i
,
,
+
+

1
1

( )
+
( )
[ ]


Y
for Mhos
0
0 0
2
0
0
2
0 01836
4
1
70
cot csc .
and Y
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
1975 1965 1955 1945
1942 1958
0.470
3.470
FREQUENCY ( MHz)
1935 1925
L
a

(
f
)

(
d
B
)
v Fig. 9 The single resonators measured
performance.
COUPLING COUPLING
RESONATOR
R
sh C
0
/ 4
v Fig. 10 The single resonators
equivalent circuit.
/ 8
v Fig. 8 A single resonator at 1960 MHz.
TUTORI AL
and
for shunt-type and series-type res-
onators, respectively, where the cou-
pling between the i
th
and the i
th+1
resonators is represented by k
i,i+1
.
A similar approach to the general
design of bandpass filters employing
common types of resonators proposes
specific coupling elements in the case
of lumped resonator bandpass filters
k
K
i i
i i
,
,
+
+

1
1

or specific proximity methods of cou-

pling in the case of distributed res-
onator bandpass filters. To illustrate,
consider the coupled -type of L-C
resonators and the coupled /8 trans-
mission line distributed resonators
shown in Figure 11.
In the case of the coupled -type
L-C resonators, a series capacitor is
inserted between the resonators to
perform t he coupling funct ion, in
which case the coupling coefficient is
In the case of the coupled /8 trans-
mission line resonators, the equivalent
circuit shown in Figure 12 is useful in
determining the coupling coefficient.
The coupling coefficient may be deter-
mined from the capacitive matrix para-
meters associated with the coupled
lines, that is, the capacitance per unit
length to ground C
g
and the mutual ca-
pacitance per unit length between the
conductors C
m
, where is the velocity
in the dielectric medium. The coupling
coefficient may be written as
k
Y
Y
Y
c
sh
sh
se

( )

( )
( )
+
( )
[ ]
cot
cot
cot csc

0
0
0 0
2
0
2
k
C C
C
C
C

0 0
0
2 2
For the special case where
0
= /4,
the coupling may be written as
Another very popular type of res-
onator, which is frequently used in
microwave bandpass filters, is the
quarter-wavelength resonator. Figure
13 illustrates the coupling of sym-
met r ical /4 r esonat or s and t he
equivalent circuit. Note that /4 res-
onators must be grounded at opposite
ends t o prevent t he null coupling
condition caused by cancellation of
t he elect r ic and magnet ic field
modes.
The coupling coefficient for this
configuration may be written as
For a given coupled line geometry,
the /4 lines offer closer coupling
than the comb-line configuration.
The input, output and adjacent
resonator coupling in a multi-element
bandpass filter are the parameters
that determine the amplitude, phase
and SWR over the passband of the
filter. This statement understates the
importance of resonator coupling to
the bandpass filter parameters.
Recall that the elements of the
low pass prototype filter, from which
the bandpass filter is derived, deter-
mine completely the characteristics
of the resulting filter. This fact will
become evident when the coupling
between resonators is disclosed to be
a funct ion only of t he fr act ional
bandwidt h and t he low pass filt er
prototype elements. Fortunately, a
measurement technique is available
to verify the coupling values of sym-
metrical resonators, and may also be
ut ilized in mult i-resonat or filt ers.
That measurement t echnique will
now be explored.
The amplit ude response of any
pair of symmetrical resonators may
be represented by
1
k
C C
Y
C
C
C
C
c
m m m
g
m
g

0
4
4 4
k
Y
Y
C
C
C
C
c
sh
se
m
g
m
g

_
,

_
,

_
,

2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2

C
(a)
(b)
C CC

C
r
C

/ 8
k
c
kk
L L
v Fig. 11 Coupled (a) -type LC
resonators and (b) /8 distributed resonators.
(b)
(a)
Z
sh
= 1/ vC
g
Z
se
= 1/ vC
m
/ 8
/ 8
k
c
kk
/ 8 / 8
v Fig. 12 The coupled /8 transmission
line resonators (a) proximity coupled line
and (b) equivalent circuit.
/ 4
/ 4
/ 4 / 4
Y
se
Y = vC
m
Y
sh
= vC
g
(a)
(b)
v Fig. 13 The symmetrical /4 coupled
resonators (a) proximity coupled /4 line
and (b) equivalent circuit.
TUTORI AL
In the equation, k is the coupling co-
efficient between the symmetrical
resonators, Q
u
is the unloaded quality
factor of each resonator and Q
e
is the
external quality factor. The external
quality factor is defined to differenti-
ate the source and load coupling and
loss from the losses associated with
the individual resonators (Q
u
).
If the overcoupled condition is sat-
isfied such that
it is possible to determine the res-
onator coupling coefficient from
where f
0
, f
a
and f
b
are subsequently
defined.
The utility of the equations will be
demonstrated by two examples. Con-
sider the symmetrical, lumped ele-
ment resonat ors in t he schemat ic
shown in Figure 14 where two, -
type, L-C resonators are coupled by
the capacitor C

, and the external

source and load are coupled to the
respective resonators by capacitor C
e
.
Note also the Q
u
of each resonator is
k
f f
f Q Q
c
b a
e u

_
,

+ +

_
,

0
2 2
1 1
k
Q Q
e u
> +
1 1
L f
Q
Q
kQ
k
Q
Q
Q
k
Q
f f
f
Q
k
f f
f
e
u
e
e
e
u
e
e
( )

_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
+
+

_
,

1
]
1
1
1
1
1

_
,

_
,

_
,

log

10
1
2 2
2
1
4
2
2
2
2
2 0
0
2
2
0
0
44

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
The following variables have been as-
signed
With the assigned variables, the
amplitude response is shown in Fig-
ure 15. The two peaks in the ampli-
tude response correspond to the fre-
quencies f
a
and f
b
. Using the assigned
variables, the calculated coupling co-
efficient is k
c
= 0.05033.
A second illustrative example us-
ing coupled /8 resonators is shown
in Figure 16. An equivalent circuit
representation of the coupled lines,
external coupling and resonator loss
is required in order to quantify the
coupling factor.
The variables have been assigned
as
Q
R
f L
Q
f C R f L
f
LC
MHz
k
C
C
u
e
e s

_
,

1
]
1
1



2
1000
1
1
2
50
2
100
1
2
2
100
2
0 050
0
0
2
0
0

.
Q
R
L
u

0
With the assigned variables, the
amplitude response is shown in Fig-
ure 17. The two peaks in the ampli-
tude response correspond to the fre-
quencies f
a
and f
b
. Using the assigned
variables, the calculated coupling co-
efficient is k
c
= 0.01999. Part II ex-
Q R
RY
Q
f C R Z
f
Z C
MHz
k
C
C
u
e
e s
m
g

+

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

_
,

0
0
2
0 0
0
0 0
2 1
2
2250
1
1
2
50
250
1
2
1950
2
1
2
0 020
tan
tan
.
EXTERNAL
COUPLING
EXTERNAL
COUPLING
RESONATOR
COUPLING
RESONATOR 1 RESONATOR 2
C
e
C
e
C

CC
e
CC
e
CC

C
r
C

L L
v Fig. 14 Lumped element symmetrical resonators.
0
1

3
5

7
8

10
105 103 101 99
FREQUENCY ( MHz)
97
97.55 102.45
0.83
0.837 7 0
95
L

(
f
)

(
d
B
)
v Fig. 15 Symmetrical resonators
response.
EXTERNAL
COUPLING
EXTERNAL
COUPLING
/ 8
/ 8
/ 8 / 8
Y
sh
= vC
g
Y
se
Y vC
m
C
C
e
C
e
k
c
kk
C
e e
C C
C
(a)
(b)
v Fig. 16 /8 symmetrical coupled
resonator; (a) schematic
and (b) equivalent circuit.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1975 1965 1955 1945
FREQUENCY ( MHz)
1935
1931 1959
8.377
0.915
1925
L
a

(
f
)

(
d
B
)
v Fig. 17 Symmetrical resonators
response.
TUTORI AL
plores how to use the preceding prin-
ciples and data to design bandpass fil-
ters using a variety of lumped and
distributed element resonators.
ACKN O WLEDGM EN T
The principal reference for the
content of this article is the work of
Matthaei, Young and Jones.
1
Many of
the concepts within this reference
have been investigated and interpret-
ed in order to provide a greater intu-
itive understanding of the bandpass
filt er design process. This t ext is
strongly recommended for those hav-
ing little familiarity with this work. s
Ref erences
1. G.L. Matthaei, L. Young and E.M.T. Jones,
Microwave Filters, Impedance-matching
Net works and Coupling St ruct ures,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
2. E.G. Cristal, Coupled Circular Cylindrical
Rods Between Parallel Ground Planes,
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, Vol. MTT-12, July 1964,
pp. 428439.
Ke nne t h V. Pugl ia
holds the title of
Distinguished Fellow of
Technology at the
M/A-COM division of
Tyco Electronics. He
received the degrees of
BSEE (1965) and
MSEE (1971) from the
University of
Massachusetts and
Northeastern
University, respectively. He has worked in the
field of microwave and millimeter-wave
technology for 35 years, and has authored or
co-authored over 30 technical papers in the
field of microwave and millimeter-wave
subsystems. Since joining M/A-COM in 1971,
he has designed several microwave components
and subsystems for a variety of signal
generation and processing applications in the
field of radar and communications systems. As
part of a European assignment, he developed a
high resolution radar sensor for a number of
industrial and commercial applications. This
sensor features the ability to determine object
range, bearing and normal velocity in a
multi-object, multi-sensor environment using
very low transmit power. Puglia has been a
member of the IEEE, Professional Group on
Microwave Theory and Techniques since 1965.
3. W.J. Getsinger, Coupled Rectangular Bars
Between Parallel Plates, IRE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.
MTT-10, January 1962, pp. 6572.
4. A. Zverev, Handbook of Filter Synthesis,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967.
5. G.L. Matthaei, Interdigital Band Pass Fil-
ters, IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-10, No.
6, November 1962.
6. G.L. Matthaei, Comb-line Bandpass Fil-
ters of Narrow or Moderate Bandwidth,
Microwave Journal, Vol. 6, No. 8, August
1963.
7. S.B. Cohn, Parallel-coupled Transmission-
line Resonator Filters, IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.
MTT-6, No. 2, April 1958.
8. R.M. Kur zr ok, Design of Comb-line
Bandpass Filters, IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.
MTT-14, July 1966, pp. 351353.
9. M. Dishal, A Simple Design Procedure
for Small Percentage Round Rod Interdig-
ital Filters, IEEE Transactions on Mi-
crowave Theory and Techniques, Vol.
MTT-13, September 1965, pp. 696698.
10. S.B. Cohn, Dissipation Loss in Multiple-
coupled Resonator Filters, Proceedings of
t he I RE, Vol. 47, No. 8, August 1959,
pp. 13421348.
APPEN DI X A
C ALCU LATI O N O F TH E CH EBYSH EV LO W PASS
PRO TO TYPE ELEM EN TS
For Chebyshev filters with resistive terminations and pass band
ripple, r
dB
, g
o
= 1.00, and '
1
= 1.0, the low pass prototype elements
may be computed using the following procedure.
Define:
Then calculate:
g
a a a
b g
k k
k k
1
1 1
1 1
2
2 4
1 00
4

_
,

, ,
. ,
coth

g for k = 2, 3, n,
g for n odd,
g , for n even.
k
n+1
n+1

_
,

1
]
1
1

_
,

( )

1
]
1
1

+

1
]
1

ln coth
.
sinh
sin

sin
r
n
a
k
n
b
k
n
dB
k
k
17 37
2
2 1
2
2 2
, for k = 1,2, n
, for k = 1,2, n