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all categoriesFeaturedRecentPeopleAuthorsStudentsResearchersPublishersGovernment & NonprofitsBusinessesMusiciansArtists & DesignersTeachers+ all categoriesMost FollowedPopular..Sign Up Log In.. 1First Page Previous Page Next Page / 2Sections not available Zoom Out Zoom In Fullscreen Exit FullscreenSelect View Mode View ModeSlideshowScroll ...Readcast Add a Comment Embed & Share Reading should be social! Post a message on your social networks to let others k now what you're reading. Select the sites below and start sharing.Readcast this Document.. Login to Add a Comment.. Share & Embed.Add to Collections Download this Document for FreeAuto-hide: on 211TOGGLE LINKAGE APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENTMECHANISMSFig. 1 Many mechanical link agesare based on the simple toggle that con-sists of two links which tend to lin e up in a straight line at one point in theirmotion. The mechanical advantage is the velocity ratio of the input pointAwithrespect to the outpoint point B : orV A/V B . As the angleapproaches 90, thelinks come into toggle, and the mechan ical advantage and velocity ratio bothapproach infinity. However, frictional eff ects reduce the forces to much les thaninfinity, although they are still quite h igh.Fig. 2 Forces can be appliedthrough otherlinks, and need not be perpendicula r to each other.(A) One toggle link can be attached to another linkrather than t o a fixed point or slider. (B) Two togglelinks can come into toggle by lining up on top ofeach other rather than as an extension of eachother. The resisting for ce can be a spring.HIGH MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEFig. 3 In punch presses,large forces areneeded at the lower end of the work stroke.However, little force is required during theremainder of the stroke. The crank and con-necting rod come into togg le at the lowerend of the punch stroke, giving a highmechanical advantage at exa ctly the time itis most needed.Fig. 5 Locking latchesproduce a high mechanical a dvantage when inthe toggle portion of the stroke. A simple latch exerts a large force in thelocked position (Fig. 5A). For positive locking, the closed position oflatch is slightly beyond the toggle position. A small unlatching forceopens t he linkage (Fig. 5B).Fig. 4 A cold-heading rivetmachineis designed to giveeach r ivet two successiveblows. Following the first blow(point 2) the hammer movesupwa rd a short distance (topoint 3). Following the secondblow (at point 4), the hamm erthen moves upward a longerdistance (to point 1) to provideclearance for moving the work-piece. Both strokes are pro-duced by one revolution of thecrank, and a t the lowest pointof each stroke (points 2 and 4)the links are in toggle.Fig. 6 A stone crusherhas two toggle linkages in series to obtain ahigh mechanical adva ntage. When the vertical linkI reaches the topof its stroke, it comes into toggl e with the driving crankII ; at the sametime, link III comes into toggle and linkIV . This multiplication results ina very large crushi ng force.Fig. 7 A friction ratchetis mounted on a wheel; a light springkeeps the friction shoes in contact with the flange. This device per-mits clockwise motio n of the armI . However, reverse rotationcauses friction to force linkII into to ggle with the shoes. This actiongreatly increases the locking pressure. HIGH VELOCITY RATIOFig. 8 Door check linkagegives a highvelocity ratio during th e stroke. As the doorswings closed, connecting linkI comes intotoggle with the s

hock absorber armII , giv-ing it a large angular velocity. The shockabsorber is more effective in retardingmotion near the closed position.Fig. 9 An impact redu ceris on somelarge circuit breakers. CrankI rotates atconstant velocity while th e lower crankmoves slowly at the beginning and end ofthe stroke. It moves rapidl y at the midstrokewhen arm II and linkIII are in toggle. Theaccelerated weight absorbs energy andreturns it to the system when it slows down.212VARIABLE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEFig. 10 A toaster switchhas an increasingmechanical advantage to aid in compressing aspring. In t he closed position, the spring holdsthe contacts closed and the operating lever inthe down position. As the lever is movedupward, the spring is compressed and c omesinto toggle with both the contact arm and thelever. Little effort is require d to move the linksthrough the toggle position; beyond this point,the spring sna ps the contacts open. A similaraction occurs on closing.Fig. 12 Four-bar linkage scan be altered to give avariable velocity ratio (or mechanical advantage).(Fig. 12A) Since the cranks I andII both come intotoggle with the connecting linkIII at the same time,there is no variation in mechanical advantage. (Fig.12B) increasing the length of linkII I gives anincreased mechanical advantage between positions1 and 2, because crank I and connecting linkIII arenear toggle. (Fig. 12C) Placing one pivot at the leftp roduces similar effects as in (Fig. 12B). (Fig. 12D)increasing the center distan ce puts crankII and linkIII near toggle at position 1; crank I and linkIII approach the toggle position at4 .Fig. 11 A toggle presshas an inc reasingmechanical advantage to counteract the resist-ance of the material being compressed. A rotatinghandwheel with a differential screw moves nutsAand B together, and links I andII are brought intotoggle.Fig. 13 A riveting machinewith a reciprocatingpisto n produces a high mechanical advantage withthe linkage shown. With a constant pi ston drivingforce, the force of the head increases to a maximumvalue when links II andIII come into toggle. Toggle Uses Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport DocumentReport this document?Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document Spam or junk Porn adult content Hateful or offensive If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it, please fo llow these directions to submit a copyright infringement notice. Report Cancel . .This is a private document. Info and Rating Reads:83Uploaded:01/08/2011Category:Uncategorized.Rated:Copyright:Attribution No n-commercial . FollowMohamed M. Rashad..Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext p. p. p. p. p. p.

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