INTRODUCTION TO MIMOIn radio, multiple-input and multipleoutput, or MIMO (pronounced my-moh), is the use of multiple antennas at both the

transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance.It offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity(reduced fading). Because of these properties,MIMO is a current theme of international wireless research. MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others being - MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output).

HISTORY OF MIMO
In 1996, Greg Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschini defined new approaches to MIMO technology, which considers a configuration where multiple transmit antennas are co-located at one transmitter to improve the link throughput effectively. Siavash M.Alamouti proposed the two-branch transmit diversity scheme. Arogyaswami Paulraj along with Thomas Kailath proposed the concept of Spatial Multiplexing using MIMO in 1994. Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial multiplexing in 1998. The first commercial MIMO-OFDMA technology introduced by Iospan Wireless Inc. in 2001 supported both diversity and spatial multiplexing. All upcoming 4G systems may employ MIMO technology that support data rate upto 1 Gbit/s.
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Forms of MIMO
Multi-antenna types

fig. MIMO communications

Up to now, multi-antenna MIMO (or Single user MIMO) technology has been mainly developed and is implemented in some standards, e.g. 802.11n (draft) products.

SISO/SIMO/MISO are degenerate cases of MIMO o Multiple-input and single-output (MISO)It is a degenerate case when the receiver has a single antenna.
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Single-input and multiple-output (SIMO)It is a degenerate case when the transmitter has a single antenna.

single-input single-output (SISO) It is a radio system where neither the transmitter nor receiver have multiple antenna. Multi-user typesMulti-user MIMO

recent 3GPP and WiMAX standards, MUMIMO is being treated as one of candidate technologies adoptable in the specification by a lot of companies including Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm, Ericsson, TI, Huawei, Philips, Alcatel-Lucent, Freescale, et al. since MUMIMO is more feasible to low complexity mobiles with small number of reception antennas than SU-MIMO with the high system throughput capability. 2 o PU RC allows the network to allocate each antenna to the different users instead of allocating only single user as in single-user MIMO scheduling.The network can transmit user data through a codebook-based spatial beam or a virtual antenna. Efficient user scheduling, such as pairing spatially distinguishable users with codebook based spatial beams, are additionally discussed for the simplification of wireless networks in terms of additional wireless resource requirements and complex protocol
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modification. Recently, PU2RC has been adopted to use in 3GPP LTE standard and furthermore, PU2RC is included the system description documentation (SDD) of IEEE 802.16m (WiMAX evolution to meet the ITUR's IMT-Advance requirements). Enhanced multiuser MIMO: 1) Employ advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employ advanced precoding techniques SDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency and time division is not used but nonorthogonal approaches such as superposition coding are used.

Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)

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Utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other users.

Functions of MIMO
MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories1.precoding, 2.spatial multiplexing or SM, and 3.diversity coding.

1.Precoding
It is multi-layer beamforming in a narrow sense or all spatial processing at the transmitter in a wide-sense. The same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase (and sometimes gain) weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the signal gain from constructive combining and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In the absence of scattering, beamforming results in a well defined directional pattern, but in typical cellular conventional beams are not a good analogy. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antenna and precoding is used. Note that precoding requires knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter.

2. Spatial multiplexing
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It requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitt- ed from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently differe- nt spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams, creating parallel channels for free. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser in the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel knowledge.

3. Diversity CodingDiversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods a single stream is transmitt- ed, but the signal is codedand then the signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas using certain principles of full or near orthogonal coding.

Diversity exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance
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signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding. Spatial multiplexing can also be combined with precoding when the channel is known at the transmitter or combined with diversity coding when decoding reliability is in trade off.

Mathematical description

fig. MIMO channel model In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of multiple

paths between multiple transmit antennas at the transmitter and multiple receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. Here is a MIMO system model: y = Hx + n where y and x are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively. In addition, H and n are the channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.

Applications of MIMOSpatial multiplexing techniques makes the receivers very complex, and therefore it is typically combined with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE 802.11n standard, which is expected to be finalized soon, recommends MIMO-OFDM. MIMO is also planned to be used in Mobile radio telephone standards such as recent

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3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. In 3GPP, HighSpeed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, i.e., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).

DIVERSITYBefore reaching up to receiver, signals Have to face a lot of distrubances like Mountains, vallys, big buildings etc. Attenuations occurs due to1. Shadowing or blocking. 2. Reflection. 3. Refraction. 4. Scattering. 5. Diffrection. Due to these attenuations multipath Propagation occur the random phase

and amplitude of the different multipath components cause fluctuations in signal

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strength, thereby including fading. Rherefore fading is used to discribe the rapid fluctuations of the amplitude, phase of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance. Diversity is a technique use to compensate for fading. Diversity techniques are often employed at both base station and mobile receiver.The diversity concept can be explained simply. If one radio path undergo a deep fade, another independent path may have a strong signal. By having more than one path to select from both the instantaneous and average SNR at the receiver may be improved.

Classification of diversity Technique1. Space or Antenna diversitya) Selection diversity. b) Feed back diversity. c) Maximal ratio diversity. d) Equal gain diversity. 2. Macroscopic diversity. 3. Polarization diversity. 4. Frequency diversity. 5. Time diversity.

1. Space or Antenna diversityIt is one of the most popular forms of

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Diversity technique used in the receiver. A). Selection diversityIn this technique, the receiver branch having the signal highest instantaneous to noise ratio (SNR) is connected to demodulator circuitry.The antenna signals themselves could be sampled and the best signal having high signal power and low noise power is sent to a single modulator. In practical the branch with the largest (S+N)/N is used, since it is difficult to measure SNR alone.

fig. Selection diversity.

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B. Feed back diversityIt is also known as scanning diversity. In this diversity technique, instead of always using the best of m signals, the m signals are scanned in a fixed sequence until one is found to be above a predetermined threshold. This signal is then received until it fall below the threshold and scanning process is again initiated.

fig. Feed back diversity.

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C. Maximal Ratio DiversityThis technique is most useful to produce an output with an acceptable SNR even when none of the individual signals are themselves enough to produce a strong (SNR) signal at output. This technique gives the best statistical reduction of fading. The signal from all the m branches areweighted according to their individual SNR power ratios and then summed in summer. All the signals must be co-phase (same phase) before being summed. Maximal ratio combining produces an o/p SNR equal to the sum of the individual SNR.

fig.Maximal ratio diversity

d.- Equal gain diversity15

This technique is little different from maximal ratio combination technique. In this case, each branch weight is costant and set to unity but the signals from each branch must be in the same phase to provide equal gain combination. This allows the receiver to explot signals that are simultaneously received on each branch. The overall performance of this diversity technique is superior to selection diversity while inferior to maximal ratio combining diversity.

2. Macroscopic diversityThis technique of diversity is quite benificial in case of large scale fading. The strength of the received signal can drope well below in deep shadow condition. The mobile can improve the average SNR in forward link (M.S to B.S ) by selecting a base station which free from shadow or not shadowed. This is known as macroscopic diversity since the mobile is tracking the advantage of large separations b/w the serving base station.

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3. Polarization diversityThe comlixity and high cost of space diversity at base station forced researehers take interst in another technique known as polarization diversity. To characterize the multipath inside building circular and linear polarized antenna have been used.

4. Frequency diversityIn this diversity technique information is carried on more than one carrier frequency. The diversity could be achieved because the carrier frequenies are separated by more than the coherence bandwidth of the channel therefore there are uncorrelated. As a result they does not experience the same fade. Frequency diversity is often employed in microwave line-of-sight links which carry several channels in a frequency division multiplex mode(FDM)

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5. Time diversityIn time diversity, multiple repetition of the signal are transmitted at different time spacings. Therefore ,multiple repetition will be received at receiver side, each having independent fading condition thereby providing diversity. Time diversity involves the use of RAKE receiver for spread spectrum cdma.

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