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Effects on Body Organ/Functioning Signs and Symptoms Treatment Nursing Interventions Complications
Diabetes (Type II) results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually continues to produce some endogenous insulin. However, the insulin that is produced is either insufficient for the needs of the body and/or is poorly utilized by the tissues. Insulin resistance in glucose and lipid metabolism, which is a condition in which body tissues do not respond to the action of insulin. Most insulin receptors are located on skeletal muscle, fat, and liver cells. When insulin is not properly used, the entry of glucose into the cell is impeded, resulting in hyperglycemia. In the early states of insulin resistance, the pancreas responds to high blood glucose by producing greater amounts of insulin (beta-cell function is normal). This creates a temporary state of hyperinsulinemia that coexists with the hyperglycemia. Marked decrease in the ablity of the pancreas to produce insulin, as the beta cells
Polyuria and polydipsia Nausea; anorexia (common) or polyphagia (occasional) Weight loss (usually 10% to 30%; persons with type 1 diabetes often have almost no body fat at diagnosis) Headaches, fatigue, lethargy, reduced energy levels, impaired school or work performance Muscle cramps, irritability, emotional lability Vision changes such as blurring Numbness and tingling Abdominal discomfort and pain; diarrhea or constipation Recurrent vaginal candidiasis Hyglycemia
Insulin replacement, meal planning, and exercise (current forms of insulin replacement include mixeddose, split mixed-dose, and multiple daily injection regimens and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions) Pancreas transplantation currently requires chronic immunosuppression
Cardiovascular disease Nephropathy Retinopathy Neuropathy Ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma Infections Peripheral Vascular Disease Hypoglycemia Amputation of lower extremities (gangrene)
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Patient Specific
Patient Specific
Patient Specific
Patient Specific