ATOM$ AND MOLECULE$

- LveryLhlng an organlsm ls and does depends on

chemlsLry
- ChemlsLry ls ln Lurn dependenL on Lhe
arrangemenL of aLoms ln molecules
- ln order Lo undersLand Lhe whole blologlsLs sLudy
Lhe parLs (reducLlonlsm)
- Llfe's unlque characLerlsLlcs sLarL wlLh Lhe
properLles of dlfferenL aLoms
- ALom
O undamenLal bulldlngblock parLlcle of maLLer

- An aLom ls made up of proLons and neuLrons
locaLed ln a cenLral nucleus
- 1he nucleus ls surrounded by elecLrons
- Lach aLom ls held LogeLher by aLLracLlons beLween
Lhe poslLlvely charged proLons and negaLlvely
charged elecLrons

- neuLrons are elecLrlcally neuLral

- ALoms of each elemenL are dlsLlngulshed by a
speclflc number of proLons

- 1he number of neuLrons may vary
varlanL forms of an elemenL are called lsoLopes
Some lsoLopes are radloacLlve


WALoms whose shells are noL full Lend Lo lnLeracL
wlLh oLher aLoms and galn lose or share
elecLrons


HYDROGEN (H) CARBON (C NITROGEN (N) OXYGEN (O)


!OM ATOM$ TO MOLEULE$

WALoms can also flll Lhelr vacancles by sharlng
elecLrons wlLh oLher aLoms

WA chemlcal bond forms when Lhe elecLrons of Lwo
aLoms lnLeracL

WChemicaI bond
An aLLracLlve force LhaL arlses beLween Lwo aLoms
when Lhelr elecLrons lnLeracL

WoIecuIe
roup of Lwo or more aLoms [olned by chemlcal
bonds

WCompound
1ype of molecule LhaL has aLoms of more Lhan one
elemenL







- olLers are caused by lodlne deflclency

- Molecules and ecosysLems are aL opposlLe ends of
Lhe blologlcal hlerarchy

Lach level of organlzaLlon ln Lhe blologlcal
hlerarchy bullds on Lhe one below lL
AL each level new properLles emerge

L|fe requ|res about 2S chem|ca|
L|ements

WA chemlcal elemenL ls a subsLance LhaL cannoL
be broken down Lo oLher subsLances by ordlnary
chemlcal means
WAbouL 23 dlfferenL chemlcal elemenLs are
essenLlal Lo llfe

L|ements can comb|ne to form compounds

WChemlcal elemenLs comblne ln flxed raLlos Lo

form compounds
WLxample sodlum + chlorlne sodlum chlorlde



INCkGANIC MCLLCULLS

WMAC8CMlnL8ALS
na
k
Cl
S

Ca
Mg
W18ACL
LLLMLn1S
e
Se
l
Mn
Co
Cu

Zn

Ion|c 8onds and Cova|ent 8onds

Wependlng on Lhe aLoms a chemlcal bond may be
lonlc or covalenL

WIonic bond
A sLrong muLual aLLracLlon formed beLween lons
of opposlLe charge

WCovaIent bond
1wo aLoms sharlng a palr of elecLrons

An Ion|c 8ond Sod|um Ch|or|de

Cova|ent 8onds



Water Un|versa| So|vent


Water

-AbouL 6090 percenL of an organlsm ls waLer
WaLer ls used ln mosL reacLlons ln Lhe body
WaLer ls called Lhe unlversal solvenL

A water moIecuIe (H2O), is made up of
three atoms --- one oxygen and two
hydrogen.

9kC9Lk1ILS CI WA1Lk
WWaLer ls olar
WPydrogen bond exlsL ln waLer molecule
COHESION
- ALLracLlon beLween parLlcles of Lhe same
subsLance ( why waLer ls aLLracLed Lo lLself)

- 8esulLs ln Surface Lenslon (a measure of Lhe
sLrengLh of waLer's surface)

- roduces a surface fllm on waLer LhaL allows
lnsecLs Lo walk on Lhe surface of waLer

Water and So|ut|ons

WHydrophiIic (waLerlovlng)
A subsLance LhaL dlssolves easlly ln waLer

WHydrophobic (waLerdreadlng)
A subsLance LhaL reslsLs dlssolvlng ln waLer

WaLer ls an excellenL solvenL

WSoIvent
Llquld LhaL can dlssolve oLher subsLances

WSoIute
A dlssolved subsLance

WSalLs sugars and many polar molecules dlssolve
easlly ln waLer

WSaIt
Compound LhaL dlssolves easlly ln waLer and
releases lons oLher Lhan P+ and CP
Example: sodlum chlorlde (naCl)

WWaLer molecules surround Lhe aLoms of an
lonlc solld and pull Lhem aparL dlssolvlng lL

Ac|ds and 8ases

WaLer molecules separaLe lnLo hydrogen lons (P+)
and hydroxlde lons (CP)
WpH
A measure of Lhe number of hydrogen lons (P+) ln
a soluLlon
1he more hydrogen lons Lhe lower Lhe pP
Wure waLer has neuLral pP (pP7)
number of P+ lons CP lons

WAcid
SubsLance LhaL releases hydrogen lons ln waLer
pP less Lhan 7

WBase
SubsLance LhaL releases hydroxlde lons (accepLs
hydrogen lons) ln waLer
pP greaLer Lhan 7

1ak|ng notes from a keference

keference Mater|a|s can be

Summary
2 araphrase
3 lrecL CuoLe
4 CuLllne
3 1exL AnnoLaLlon

IIILkLNCL between SUMMAk and 9AkA9kASL

Summary

* 8rlef sLaLemenL of
Lhe maln polnLs of a
LexL

* Always shorLer Lhan
Lhe orlglnal LexL

* SLarL wlLh Loplc
senLence followed by
Lhe ma[or deLalls

9araphrase

*LxLracL lmporLanL
deLalls

*o noL have Lo be
shorLer Lhan Lhe
orlglnal LexL

*Cwn rendlLlon of
essenLlal lnformaLlon


CkIGINAL 1Lk1
SLudenLs frequenLly overuse dlrecL quoLaLlon ln
Laklng noLes and as a resulL Lhey overuse
quoLaLlons ln Lhe flnal research paper robably only
abouL 0 of your flnal manuscrlpL should appear as
dlrecLly quoLed maLLer 1herefore you should sLrlve
Lo llmlL Lhe amounL of exacL Lranscrlblng of source
maLerlals whlle Laklng noLes

LkAM9LLS

SUMMAk

SLudenLs should Lake [usL
a few noLes ln dlrecL
quoLaLlon from sources
Lo help mlnlmlze Lhe
amounL of quoLed
maLerlal ln a research
paper

9AkA9kASL

ln research papers
sLudenLs ofLen quoLe
excesslvely falllng Lo
keep quoLed maLerlal
down Lo a deslrable
level Slnce Lhe problem
usually orlglnaLes durlng
noLe Laklng lL ls essenLlal
Lo mlnlmlze Lhe maLerlal
recorded verbaLlm


AIIIkLS AN kCC1WCk












19LS CI CCM9CUN WCkS

SCLl CCMCun
Lx Pandbook overdo granddaughLer
2 SLA8A1L CCMCun
Lx osL offlce car park mlddle class
3 P?PLnA1L CCMCun
Lx Slxpack sonlnlaw

IkLC1 UC1L

LxLracLlng /llfLlng/copylng an ldea LhoughL or
senLence ln verbaLlm
Lxample
As LlnsLeln sald Loglc wlll geL you from A Lo 8 buL
lmaglnaLlon wlll Lake you everywhere"
l agree wlLh allleo alllee when he sald l have
never meL a man so lgnoranL LhaL l couldn'L learn
someLhlng froM hlm"
1oo|s

O 1ool use ln arranglng ldeas
O Ma[or and mlnor ldeas are clusLered Lo show
relaLlonshlp beLween Lhem
O Ma[or deLallsPeadlngs
O Mlnor deLallsSubheadlngs
O 1wo Lypes of ouLllne senLence ouLllne and Loplc
ouLllne

1Lk1 ANNC1A1ICN

O CrlLlcal wrlLlng
O LvaluaLe a LexLs' sLrengLhs and weakness
O LlsL of AnnoLaLlng Lechnlques
O underllnlng or clrcllng lmporLanL Lerms
O WrlLe down commenLs on Lhe slde of Lhe LexL
O WrlLe Lhe quesLlons ln Lhe margln nexL Lo Lhe
secLlon where Lhe answer ls found
ROOTWORD AFFIX
ANTISOCIAL SOCIAL ANTI (ugulnst)
MISBEHAVE BEHAVE MIS (wrong)
HYPERACTIV
E
ACTIVE HYPER (over)
TRANSFORM FORM TRANS(beyond)
EMPLOYEE EMPLOY EE (reclplent of
un uctlon)
O