COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Appendix A
Practical Programs Solved

/* Program to draw a rectangle, lines as its diagonals and a circle */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT;
int gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
rectangle(10,10,200,200); /* draws a rectangle */
line(10,10,200,200); /* draws a line in the main diagonal*/
line(10,200,200,10); /* draws a line in off diagonal */
circle(105,105,95); /* draws a circle taking (105,105)
as centre co-ordinates and 95 as centre
all the dimensions are in pixels */
getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to draw a circle and ellipses */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT;
int gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
circle(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2,100); /* draws a circle taking
midpoint of the screen as
centre co-ordinates and
100 as centre */
setcolor(2); /* sets the drawing color as green */

ellipse(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2, 0,360,80,50);

/* draws an ellipse taking centre of the screen as
its centre, 0 as starting angle and 360 as ending
angle and 80 pixels as x-radius, 50 pixels as y radious*/
setcolor(4); /* sets the drawing color as red */

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ellipse(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2, 90,270,50,80);

/* draws half the ellipse starting from 90 angle and
ending at 270 angle with 50 pixels as x-radious and
80 pixels as y-radious in red color */
getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to show the text animation on the screen.

The texts are made to move from bottom of the screen
to top one by one and they become small at end */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gd=0,gm,i,n,j,t,f;
char
a[20][80]={"PROGRAMMING","SKILLS","THROUGH","C","ANMOL","PUBLICATIO
NS", "BY","B.M.HAVALDAR"};
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
settextjustify(1,1);
setusercharsize(10,5,1,1);
i=getmaxy();
n=i;
j=0,t=-1,f=26;
while(!kbhit()) /* Animation continues till pressing and key */
{
if(i<=-50)
{
i=n;
j++;
f=26;
}
else i-=1;
if(j==8) /* the array of strings pointer is reset to starting */
j=0;
settextstyle(2,0,f);

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setcolor(f);
outtextxy(getmaxx()/2,i,a[j]);
delay(5);

cleardevice();
if(i%20==0)
f=f+t*1;
if(f<=1)
t=1;
if(f>=26)
t= -1;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

/* Program to draw ellipses and arcs */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT;
int gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

setcolor(1); /* sets the drawing color as blue */

ellipse(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2, 0,360,80,50);
/* draws an ellipse taking centre of the screen as
its centre, 0 as starting angle and 360 as ending
angle and 80 pixels as x-radius, 50 pixels as y radious*/
setcolor(4); /* sets the drawing color as red */
ellipse(getmaxx()/2, getmaxy()/2, 90,270,50,80);
/* draws half the ellipse starting from 90 angle and
ending at 270 angle with 50 pixels as x-radious and
80 pixels as y-radious in red color */
setcolor(5); /* sets the drawing color as pink */
arc(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2, 0,180,100);
/* arc with centre of the screen as its center and
100 pixels as radious. It starts at an angle 0 and
ends at an angle 180 degrees, i.e., half circle in */
setcolor(9); /* sets the drawing color as light blue */

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arc(300,200, 20,100,70);
/* arc with (300,200) as its center and
70 pixels as radious. It starts at an angle 20 and
ends at an angle 100 degrees */

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate moving wheel */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT, gm,i,x,y,r,j;
float x1,y1;
clrscr();
/* initialization of center co-ordinates of the circle for wheel*/
x1=50;
y1=50;
/*for movement of wheel starting from 500 pixels along x-axis*/
j=500;
initgraph(&gd, &gm,"");/* graphics is initialized*/
x=x1;
y=y1;
r=sqrt(x*x+y*y);/* radius of wheel*/
while(1)
{
/* for every circle of the wheel*/
for(i=1;i<=360;++i)
{
x=x1*cos(i*3.142/180)+y1*sin(i*3.142/180);/*calculating the points to draw
line */
y=y1*cos(i*3.142/180)-x1*sin(i*3.142/180);
setcolor(4);
/*wheels outer circle*/

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circle(j,200,r);
circle(j,200,r+5);
/*center of the wheel*/
circle(j,200,4);
circle(j+x,y+200,2);
circle(j-x,200-y,2);
line(j,200,x+j,y+200);
line(j,200,j-x,200-y);
delay(30);
/*erasing the line and circle that makes movement effect*/
setcolor(0);
circle(j,200,r+5);
circle(j,200,r);
circle(j,200,4);
circle(j+x,y+200,2);
circle(j-x,200-y,2);
line(j,200,x+j,y+200);
line(j,200,j-x,200-y);
j--;
if(j<=50)
break;

}
/* Rewriting the wheel at target position */
setcolor(4);
circle(j,200,r);
circle(j,200,4);
circle(j,200,r+5);
circle(j+x,y+200,2);
circle(j-x,200-y,2);
line(j,200,x+j,y+200);
line(j,200,j-x,200-y);

getch();
closegraph();
}
}

/* Program to draw a 2D vertical bars */

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#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
int n,a[20],t;
clrscr();
do
{
t=0;
printf("\n enter n > 0 and <=20 \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n<=0 || n>20)
{
printf(" enter the limit correctly press any key to continue...\n");
getch();
t=1;
}
}while(t==1);
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
do
{
t=0;
printf("\n enter value( >0 and <=400) %d : ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
if(a[i]<=0 || a[i]>400)
{
printf(" enter the limit correctly press any key to continue...\n");
getch();
t=1;
}
}while(t==1);
}
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
line(10,400,n*25+20,400);
for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* draws n bars with different filling
colors and patterns */
{
setfillstyle(i+1,i+1); /* fill pattern and color for each

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of the bars changes dyanamically*/

rectangle(i*25+25,400-a[i],i*25+40,400);
/* the x-coordinate of each
bars changes dynamically and
between each bars 10 pixels gap
is maintained */

floodfill(i*25+30,399,15);/* fills the rectangular bar with

specified fill styles and colors*/
}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to draw a 2D horizontal bars */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
int n,a[20],t;
clrscr();
do
{
t=0;
printf("\n enter n > 0 and <=20 \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n<=0 || n>20)
{
printf(" enter the limit correctly press any key to continue...\n");
getch();
t=1;
}
}while(t==1);
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
{
do
{

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

t=0;
printf("\n enter value( > 0 and <= 600) %d : ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
if(a[i]<=0 || a[i]>600)
{
printf(" enter the limit correctly press any key to continue...\n");
getch();
t=1;
}
}while(t==1);
}
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
line(40,10,40,n*25+35);
for(i=0;i<n;++i) /* draws n bars with different filling
colors and patterns */
{
setfillstyle(i+1,i+1); /* fill pattern and color for each
of the bars changes dyanamically*/
rectangle(40,i*25+25,a[i]+40,i*25+40);
/* the x-coordinate of each
bars changes dynamically and
between each bars 10 pixels gap
is maintained */

floodfill(41,i*25+30,15);/* fills the rectangular bar with

specified fill styles and colors*/
}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate putpixel */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit()) /* until pressing any key this continues */
{
putpixel(rand()%getmaxx(),rand()%getmaxy(),rand()%16);
/* X and Y co-ordinates and the color are taken randomly*/
delay(2); /* just to draw the pixels slowly */
}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate rectangles using putpixel and lines */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,c,i;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit()) /* until pressing any key this continues */
{
/* for rectangle co-cordinates taking randomly */
x1=rand()%getmaxx();
x2=rand()%getmaxx();
y1=rand()%getmaxy();
y2=rand()%getmaxy();

if(x1>x2)
{
c=x1; /* exchange of x1 and x2 when x1 is > x2 */
x1=x2;
x2=c;
}

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

if(y1>y2)
{
c=y1; /* exchange of y1 and y2 when y1 is > y2 */
y1=y2;
y2=c;
}
c=rand()%16;
/* for rectangle using putpixel */
for(i=x1;i<=x2;++i)
{
putpixel(i,y1,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=y1;i<=y2;++i)
{
putpixel(x2,i,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=x2;i>=x1;--i)
{
putpixel(i,y2,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=y2;i>=y1;--i)
{
putpixel(x1,i,c);
delay(1);
}
delay(200); /* just to draw the pixels slowly */
}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate rectangles using putpixel

and filling them with different fill effects */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,c,i;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit()) /* until pressing any key this continues */
{
/* for rectangle co-cordinates taking randomly */
x1=rand()%getmaxx();
x2=rand()%getmaxx();
y1=rand()%getmaxy();
y2=rand()%getmaxy();

if(x1>x2)
{
c=x1; /* exchange of x1 and x2 when x1 is > x2 */
x1=x2;
x2=c;
}
if(y1>y2)
{
c=y1; /* exchange of y1 and y2 when y1 is > y2 */
y1=y2;
y2=c;
}
c=rand()%16;
/* for rectangle using putpixel */
for(i=x1;i<=x2;++i)
{
putpixel(i,y1,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=y1;i<=y2;++i)
{
putpixel(x2,i,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=x2;i>=x1;--i)
{

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

putpixel(i,y2,c);
delay(1);
}
for(i=y2;i>=y1;--i)
{
putpixel(x1,i,c);
delay(1);
}
setfillstyle(rand()%12,rand()%8); /* setting the random fill styles and colors */
floodfill(x1+1,y1+1,c);
delay(200); /* just to draw the pixels slowly */
}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate lines with different colors and

co-ordinates */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,c,i;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit()) /* until pressing any key this continues */
{
/* for rectangle co-cordinates taking randomly */
x1=rand()%getmaxx();
x2=rand()%getmaxx();
y1=rand()%getmaxy();
y2=rand()%getmaxy();

setcolor(rand()%16); /* to set the line color */

line(x1,y1,x2,y2); /* to draw the line */

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

delay(200); /* just to draw the pixels slowly */

}

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate viewports, clipping and

lines with different colors,line styles and co-ordinates */
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,c,i;
clrscr();
printf("enter starting co-ordinates of viewport (x1,y1)\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("enter ending co-ordinates of viewport (x2,y2)\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2);/* just to show the boundary of viewport */

setviewport(x1,y1,x2,y2,1); /* view port is set and any
drawing now onwards must be within theviewports only */

while(!kbhit()) /* until pressing any key this continues */

{
/* for rectangle co-cordinates taking randomly */
x1=rand()%getmaxx();
x2=rand()%getmaxx();
y1=rand()%getmaxy();
y2=rand()%getmaxy();
setlinestyle(rand()%10,rand()%10,rand()%20);
setcolor(rand()%16); /* to set the line color */
line(x1,y1,x2,y2); /* to draw the line */
delay(200); /* just to draw the pixels slowly */

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

getch();
closegraph(); /* closes the graph mode */
}

/* Program to demonstrate text and its setting */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

setcolor(5);
settextstyle(4,0,5); /* sets the textstyle with
font, direction and char size */
moveto(100,100); /* takes the CP to 100,100 */
outtext("Bangalore is");

setcolor(4);
settextstyle(3,0,6);
moveto(200,200);
outtext("Silicon ");

setcolor(1);
settextstyle(5,0,6);
moveto(300,300);
outtext("Vally");

setcolor(2);
settextstyle(1,1,5);
outtextxy(150,50,"Bangalore is");

getch();

/* Program to demonstrate movement of objects */

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
void *z; /* to get the image */
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
rectangle(10,10,50,50);
z=malloc(imagesize(10,10,50,50)); /* memory allocation to the
variable to store the image */
getimage(10,10,50,50,z); /* gets the image into variable z */
putimage(10,10,z,1);/* erases the image from the original place */

for(i=0;i<=getmaxy()/2-50;++i)
{
putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);

delay(5); /* image will be written and

after some delay it will be erased and re-written in
next location based on delay it looks like
moving fast or slow */

putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2-i,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2+i,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,1);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,1);

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

/* write the image in target position*/

putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2-i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2-i,z,2);
putimage(getmaxx()/2+i,getmaxy()/2+i,z,2);

getch();

/* Program to demonstrate circle round the circles */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
int x,y,x1,y1,j;
char *z; /* to get the image */
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
circle(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2,50);
x=40;
y=40;
for(j=1;j<=20;++j)
{
for(i=0;i<=360;i+=10)
{
setcolor(i+1);
x1=x*cos(i*3.142/180)+y*sin(i*3.142/180);
y1=x*sin(i*3.142/180)-y*cos(i*3.142/180);
circle(x1+getmaxx()/2,y1+getmaxy()/2,5);
delay(10);

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

}
x=x+5;
y=y+5;
}

getch();

/* Program to demonstrate circle using equation and set of circle */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i;
int x,y,x1,y1,j;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

x=40;
y=40;
for(j=0;j<20;++j)
{
for(i=0;i<=360;i+=10)
{
setcolor(i+1);
x1=x*cos(i*3.142/180)+y*sin(i*3.142/180);
y1=x*sin(i*3.142/180)-y*cos(i*3.142/180);
circle(x1+getmaxx()/2,y1+getmaxy()/2,5);
delay(10);
}
setcolor(j);
circle(getmaxx()/2,getmaxy()/2,j*10);
x=x+5;
y=y+5;
}

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getch();

/* Program to demonstrate surfaces using lines and colors */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT,i,j;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
setviewport(100,100,300,300,0);
for(j=0;j<200;j=j+20)
{
for(i=0;i<=200;++i)
{
if(i%20==0)
setcolor(rand()%16+1);
line(i,j,i,j+20);
delay(20);
}
delay(100);
}

getch();

/* Program to demonstrate spiral */

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>

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#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int gm,gd=DETECT;
float x,y,x1,y1,i;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

x=100;
y=100;
for(i=0;i<=360;i+=0.005)
{
x=x*cos(i*3.142/180)+y*sin(i*3.142/180);
y=-x*sin(i*3.142/180)+y*cos(i*3.142/180);
putpixel((int)x+200,(int)y+200,15);
if(i<7)
delay(10);
}
getch();
}

/* program to demonstrate the moving car*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<alloc.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

void main()
{
int gd =DETECT,gm,I,x,y,r,j ;
void *z;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");

/* creation of car image*/

circle(30,130,8);
circle(30,130,2);
circle(110,130,8);

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circle(110,130,2);
arc(30,130,0,180,11);
arc(30,130,60,180,14);
line(16,130,19,130);

arc(110,130,0,180,11);
arc(110,130,0,120,14);
line(124,130,121,130);

arc(70,130,0,180,30);
arc(70,130,20,160,33);
arc(70,130,40,140,24);

line(41,130,99,130);
/*Getting the image of the car into variable ’z’ after allocating memory*/
z=malloc(imagesize(15,90,145,140));
getimage (15,90,145,140,z);
/* erasing the car image from its original position*/
putimage(15,90,z,1);
while (!kbhit())/* this loop continues until pressing any key*/
{
/*movement of car from left to right horizontally*/
y=rand()%400+50;/* y co-ordinate is taken randomly within the screen co-
ordinates along y-axis*/

for(I=getmaxx()-100;I>=10;--I)
{
putimage(I,y,z,2);
delay(rand()%5);
putimage(I,y,z,1);
}

}
putimage(I,y,z,2);
getch();
closegraph ();
}

/*Program that follows shows a man walking with an umbrella.

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

For this a man skeleton is drawn with the help of lines,

arcs and circles. The image of the rectangular area is stored
in a pointer variable using getimage function and using putimage
function it will be animated.*/

/* program to animate a man walking with umbrella. */

# include <stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<alloc.h>

void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,i;
void*z;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
/* Construction of man and umbrella in his hand */
circle (50,28,4);
line(50,32,50,56);
line (50,40,42,48);
line(50,40,58,48);
line(50,56,42,64);
line(50,56,58,64);
line(58,48,64,40);
line(64,40,64,11);
arc(64,20,0,180,17);
arc(64,30,30,150,20);

/* getting the image of the man with umbrella in a variable */

z=malloc (imagesize(5,3,90,90));
getimage(5,3,90,90,z);
putimage(5,3,z,1);

/* Making animation of man walk */

for(i=10;i<=getmaxx()-100;++i)
{
putimage(i,100,z,2);
delay(10);
putimage(i,100,z,1);

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

}
putimage(i,100,z,2);

getch();
closegraph();
}

22
COMPUTER GRAPHICS

References

1) Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics – By

Newman & Sproull

2) C Graphics & Projects – By B M Havaldar

3) Computer Graphics – By Hearn & Baker

4) Computer Graphics for Scientists and Engineers – By

Asthana and Sinha

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