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AC MLASu8LMLn1

LxperlmenL 3



Croup 2
Clarlssa A Comez
!e[omar Carlos
neory 1 Mangallman
Meg Anne SanLos
!onan Cranada





nLroducLlon
volLage and currenL do noL change polarlLy ln dc clrculLs unllke ln ac clrculLs clrculL values
consLanLly change polarlLy and ampllLude 1here are Lhree baslc ac measuremenLs flrsL ls Lhe ampllLude
measuremenL of volLage and currenL Second ls Lhe Llme measuremenL of frequency L ls Lhe number of
cycles of a glven waveform LhaL occur ln one second LasL ls Lhe phase angle L ls a LlmerelaLed
measuremenL used Lo compare Lwo slne waves of ldenLlcal frequency
1he slne wave bears a dlrecL relaLlonshlp Lo clrcular noLaLlon Lach cycle of Lhe slne wave
compares Lo one compleLe clrcular noLaLlon AL any glven lnsLanL a slne wave ls aL a glven angle 1he
degree or angle of separaLlon beLween Lwo waveforms ls Lhe phase angle
1here are dlfferenL ways Lo measure Lhe ampllLude of ac waveforms llrsL ls Lo flnd Lhe peakLo
peak value (pkpk) whlch measures from Lhe maxlmum poslLlve porLlon of Lhe wave Lo Lhe maxlmum
negaLlve porLlon of Lhe wave Second ls Lo flnd Lhe peak value (pk) whlch measure from Lhe horlzonLal
axls Lo elLher Lhe maxlmum poslLlve porLlon or Lhe maxlmum negaLlve porLlon L ls exacLly half of Lhe
peakLopeak value 1he flrsL and second meLhod are measured uslng Lhe oscllloscope buL Lhlrd and
fourLh would need some calculaLlons 1hey are flndlng Lhe effecLlve value and Lhe average value 1he
equaLlons ln Lhese Lwo are resLrlcLed Lo slne waves only n flndlng Lhe effecLlve value (rooL mean square
rms) a meLer ls used 1he rms or effecLlve value of an ac waveform represenLs Lhe same power as a dc
value of equal ampllLude rms 0707xpeak value lor Lhe average value lL ls deLermlned by Lhe
equaLlon avg0637xpeak value
1he oscllloscope can dlrecLly measure volLage buL Lhe currenL and lmpedance musL flrsL be
obLalned 1o flnd Lhe clrculL currenL slmply measure Lhe volLage drop across Lhe currenLsenslng and
dlvlde lL by Lhe value of Lhe reslsLor (Chm's Law) 1he LoLal clrculL lmpedance (Z) can be compuLed by
dlvldlng Lhe source volLage by Lhe clrculL currenL (Chm's Law) 1he AuunvL81 meLhod ls used Lo
prevenL Lhe error of shorLlng ouL Lhe componenLs when placlng Lhe oscllloscope lnpuL dlrecLly across a
componenL L employs Lwo scope probes and Lhe channels 1 and 2 lnpuLs
lrequency (f) ls Lhe number of waveform cycles LhaL occur ln one second L ls measured ln PerLz
(Pz) erlod (1) ls Lhe Llme requlred for a waveform Lo compleLe on cycle 1helr relaLlonshlp ls f1/1 or
11/f Lhls relaLlonshlp makes lL very easy Lo seL and measure a frequency wlLh Lhe oscllloscope
hase angle ls Lhe degree of separaLlon beLween Lwo slne waves of Lhe same frequency 1he
slne waves compared musL have Lhe same frequency buL may noL have Lhe same ampllLude 1he degree
of phase shlfL caused by a clrculL wlLh Lhese componenLs ls deLermlned from Lhe phase angle beLween
Lhe lnpuL and ouLpuL waveforms usually Lhe lnpuL waveform ls used as a reference



MeLhodology
AfLer lnserLlng Lhe AC 1lundamenLals clrculL board lnLo Lhe base unlL Lhen locaLe Lhe uC/AC
WAvLlC8MS clrculL block use a LwoposL connecLor Lo connecL Lhe generaLor source Lo 81 use
Lermlnal posLs Lo connecL Lhe generaLor Lo Lhe uC/AC Waveforms ClrculL block 1urn on Lhe generaLor
and seL Lhe frequency Lo 60 Pz SwlLch Lhe channel 1 verLlcal coupllng Lo AC and Lhe Llme base conLrol
Lo 2 ms/dlv ConnecL Lhe channel 1 x10 probe of Lhe oscllloscope across 81 Ad[usL Lhe generaLor
ampllLude Lo produce a slne wave dlsplay 6 dlvlslons hlgh 1he channel 1 aLLenuaLor should be seL Lo 01
v/dlv ueLermlne Lhe peak Lo peak value of Lhe dlsplayed waveform and record Lhe resulL ln 1able 22
know Lhe peak value of v81 and record Lhe resulLs ln 1able 22 (v
kk/2
) ueLermlne Lhe rms value of
v81 and record Lhe resulLs ln 1able 22 (vrms vpk x 0707) denLlfy Lhe average value of v81 and
record your resulLs ln 1able 22 (vavvpk x 0637) ulsconnecL Lhe x10 probe from Lhe clrculL 1urn on
Lhe mulLlmeLer and seL lL for ac volLage measuremenL Measure v81 wlLh Lhe mulLlmeLer record your
resulL ln 1able 22 Compare Lhe mulLlmeLer measuremenL Lo Lhe varlous ac values deLermlned wlLh Lhe
oscllloscope ln sLep 3 Lhrough 6 Check Lhe box correspondlng Lo Lhe Lype of measuremenL dlsplayed by
your mulLlmeLer
AfLer lnserLlng Lhe AC 1 lundamenLals clrculL board lnLo Lhe base unlL Lhen Lurn on Lhe power and locaLe
Lhe nuuC1AnCL /nuuC1vL 8LAC1AnCL clrculL block use a LwoposL connecLor Lo shorL ouL 82
Ad[usL v
CLn
for 10 v
pkpk
aL approxlmaLely 1 kPz know whlch componenL ln Lhe clrculL ls Lhe currenL
senslng reslsLor use oscllloscope Lo measure Lhe peakLopeak volLage across 82 and record Lhe resulL
1hen calculaLe and record Lhe LoLal clrculL currenL 8eplace Lhe LwoposL connecLor across senslng
reslsLor 82 wlLh Lhe lnformaLlon acqulred ln sLep 3 calculaLe and record Lhe LoLals clrculL lmpedance
ConnecL boLh x10 probe grounds cllps Lo Lhe generaLor ground ConnecL Lhe channel 1 probe Lo Lhe
slde of 8 LhaL ls closeLs Lo Lhe red (+) ouLpuL lead of Lhe generaLor ueLermlne lf Lhls slde of 81 ls wlLh
Lhe hlgher volLage ConnecL Lhe channel 2 probe Lo Lhe oLher slde of 81 know lf Lhe channel 2 probe
connecLed Lo Lhe slde of 81 wlLh Lhe lower poLenLlal SeL boLh channel aLLenuaLors Lo 02 v/dlv SelecL
Lhe channel 2 nvL81 funcLlon on Lhe oscllloscope SeL Lhe verLlcal mode Lo Auu 8ecord Lhe ampllLude
of Lhe waveform dlsplayed
nserL Lhe AC 1 lunuAMLn1ALS clrculL board lnLo Lhe base unlL LocaLe Lhe uC/AC waveform clrculL
block use a LwoposL connecLor Lo Lhe generaLor source Lo 81 ConnecL Lhe generaLor Lo Lhe uC/AC
waveforms clrculL block and Lurn on Lhe generaLor SeL Lhe generaLor for Lhe slne wave ouLpuL 1urn
on Lhe oscllloscope and connecL Lhe channel 1 probe across 81 Ad[usL Lhe generaLor ouLpuL so LhaL v81
ls 10 vpkpk SeL Lhe Llme base conLrol Lo 30 uS/dlv Ad[usL Lhe frequency of Lhe generaLor for Lhe
waveform cycle LhaL ls 8 dlvlslons wlde along Lhe horlzonLal axls llnd ouL Lhe perlod of Lhls waveform
CalculaLe and record Lhe frequency of Lhe dlsplayed waveform CalculaLe and record Lhe perlod of a 10
kPZ slne wave use Lhe range frequency conLrols on Lhe generaLor Lo seL Lhe frequency Lo 10 kPz
ueLermlne lf ad[usLlng Lhe frequency aL Lhe generaLor resulL ln a rough or flne seLLlng Ad[usL Lhe
generaLor so LhaL Lhe waveform on Lhe oscllloscope has perlod equal Lo Lhe one calculaLed ln sLep 3
know lf ad[usLlng Lhe generaLor frequency wlLh oscllloscope resulL ln a rough or flne seLLlng

uaLa and Analysls
1he peakLopeak value of Lhe dlsplayed waveform ls 3v and Lhe peak value of v81 ls 3 1he rms value
of v81 ls 2121 v 1he average value of v81 S 1911 v AfLer comparlng Lhe mulLlmeLer measuremenL
Lo Lhe varlous ac values Lhe Lype of measuremenL dlsplayed by Lhe mulLlmeLer ls peakLo peak and
peak
When Lhe nuuC1AnCL/nuuC1vL 8LAC1AnCL clrculL block was used and vCLn for 10vkk aL
approxlmaLely 1 kPZ was ad[usLed 82 ls Lhe currenLsenslng reslsLor 1he measured peakLopeak
volLage across 82 wlLh Lhe use of oscllloscope ls 0172 v and Lhe LoLal currenL ls 387 mA When Lhe
LwoposL connecLor was replaced across senslng reslsLor 82 Lhe LoLal clrculL lmpedance ls 381393 ohm
AfLer connecLlng boLh x10 probe ground cllps Lo Lhe generaLor ground and connecL Lhe channel 1 probe
Lo Lhe slde of 81 LhaL ls closesL Lo Lhe red ouLpuL lead of Lhe generaLor Lhls slde of 81 has Lhe hlgher
volLage When Lhe channel 2 probe was connecLed Lo Lhe oLher slde of 81 Lhe channel 2 probe
connecLed Lo Lhe slde of 81 has hlgher poLenLlal 1he recorded ampllLude of Lhe waveform dlsplayed ls
4v when boLh channel aLLenuaLors are seL Lo 01 v/dlv and Lhe channel 2 was selecLed wlLh lLs nvL81
funcLlon on Lhe oscllloscope wlLh Lhe Auu verLlcal mode
LocaLe Lhe uC/AC WAvLlC8M clrculL block and seL Lhe generaLor for slne wave ouLpuL wlLh channel 1
connecLed across 81 1he perlod of Lhe waveform ls 400 us afLer seLLlng Lhe Llme base conLrol Lo 30
us/dlv and ad[usLlng Lhe frequency of Lhe generaLor for a waveform cycle LhaL ls 8 dlvlslons wlde along
Lhe horlzonLal axls 1he calculaLed frequency of Lhe dlsplayed waveform ls 23 us 1he calculaLed perlod
of a 10kPz ls 01 uS AfLer seLLlng Lhe frequency Lo 10 kPz ad[usLlng Lhe frequency aL Lhe generaLor
resulLed Lo a flne (more exacL) seLLlng Ad[usLlng Lhe generaLor frequency wlLh Lhe oscllloscope resulLed
Lo a rough seLLlng











Concluslon
Lxerclse 21
1herefore lL can be concluded LhaL Lhe oscllloscope measuremenLs should be Laken from Lhe Lop
of a peak Lo Lhe Lop of a valley Lo compensaLe for Lhlckness of Lhe Lrace Also Lhe peakLopeak value of
an ac waveform ls measured from a poslLlve peak Lo a negaLlve peak 1he peak value ls half Lhe peakLo
peak value 1he rms value of a waveform also dellvers Lhe same amounL of power as a dc value of Lhe
same ampllLude 1he rms value of a slne wave ls 0707 Llmes Lhe peak value and Lhe average value of a
slne wave ls 0637 Llmes Lhe peak value
Lxerclse22
1herefore lL can be concluded LhaL Lhe currenL and lmpedance ln an oscllloscope can be
calculaLed wlLh Lhe volLage measuremenLs 1o deLermlne Lhe clrculL currenL measure Lhe volLage across
Lhe currenLsenslng reslsLor and Lhen dlvlde lL by Lhe volLage value of Lhe reslsLor lor Lhe lmpedance
dlvlde Lhe source volLage by Lhe measured clrculL currenL Also Lhe volLage drop across an lndlvldual
clrculL componenL cannoL be measured by slmply connecLlng Lhe oscllloscope probe across Lhe
componenL because ground connecLlons shorL ouL componenLs ln Lhe clrculL LasLly Lhe AuunvL81
meLhod ls should be used Lo measure Lhe volLage drop across an lndlvldual componenL ln a sysLem wlLh
common grounds
Lxerclse 23
1herefore lL can be concluded LhaL frequency can be measured and seL wlLh an oscllloscope
Also Lhe perlod (1) ls Lhe Llme lL Lakes for a waveform Lo compleLe one cycle and ls Lhe reclprocal of Lhe
frequency 1he frequency of a dlsplayed waveform ls Lhe reclprocal of Lhe perlod LasLly Lo seL Lhe
frequency Lhe perlod of deslred frequency should be calculaLed and ad[usL Lhe frequency Lo maLch Lhe
calculaLed perlod
Lxerclse 24
1herefore lL can be concluded LhaL a phase angle can be measured beLween Lwo slne waves of
ldenLlcal frequency wlLh an oscllloscope Also Lhe reference waveform ls usually connecLed Lo channel 1
and Lhe oLher waveform Lo channel 2 1hen Lhe dlsplayed ls ad[usLed so LhaL one cycle ls 8 dlvlslons wlde
and boLh helghLs are equal Lach horlzonLal dlvlslon ls 43
o
LasLly Lhe phase angle ls Lhe dlsLance (d)
beLween Lwo waveforms mulLlplled by 43
o
/dlv

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