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Mhaske
Lycurgus cup,4th century AD (now at the British Museum,London).The colors originates from metal nanoparticles embedded in the glass. At places, where light is transmitted through the glass it appears red, at places where light is scattered near the surface, the scattered light appears greenish.
Suspensions of spherical gold particles with various diameters (150, 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 nm from left to right) in water. The difference in colors is due to different scattering and absorption behaviour of small and large gold particles.
Nanotechnology
Derives from nanometer, which is one-thousandth of a micrometer (micron), or 109 of a meter The study, manipulation and manufacture of ultrasmall structures and machines made of as few as one molecule 100-500nm: Typical polymer latex particle size 250nm: Hiding grade TiO2 particle size.
Nature is Beautiful
Nanostructure diffracts the light, interference eliminate all the colors except orange/black.
Nanomaterials
Nanowires
Nanoparticles Nanomaterials Fullerenes
Nanotubes
Nanofibers
Nanostructure Material
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Biomolecular materials
Nanoparticles
e.g. UV absorber in sun screens
Nanostructured Surfaces
e.g. lotus leaf
Nanostructured Materials
e.g. mortars and concrete
Nano-Particles
technology
Starting point for bottom-up approaches for preparing nano-structured materials & devices Their synthesis is an important research component
Composite fabrication
Nanotube bundles
Carbon matrix
Top-Down Fabrication
Start with a large piece of material Remove sections of material to carve a specific pattern or shape Has been used for centuries to manufacture artwork, tools and devices
Bottom-Up Fabrication
Start with catalyst particles and/or a substrate Expose to a gas or liquid Reaction leads to the growth of a solid nanostructure or nanoscale self-assembled layer Properties such as temperature, pressure, surface quality, composition, catalyst size, etc. influence growth characteristics
Vapor-phase synthesis
Precipitation
Sonication
Nano-Engineered Products
Semiconductor nano-crystallites for use in microelectronics Ceramics for use in demanding environments
materials
Functional polymers are very versatile, even tiny amounts can have dramatic impact
Colloidal Process
Nanoparticles produced directly to required specifications, assembled to perform a specific task Involves use of surface-active agents e.g., CdS 50 nm particles by mixing two solutions containing inverted micelles of sodium bis(2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate in heptane e.g., antiferromagnetic nanoparticles of Fe2O3 by decomposition of Fe(CO)5 in a mixture of decaline and oleyl sarcosine Coordinating ligands used to produce nanoclusters Surfactants play a major role
A schematics illustrating the general steps and physical mechanism for a PVD process.
Liquid-Phase Synthesis
Used widely for preparation of quantum dots (semiconductor nanoparticles) Sol-Gel method used to synthesize glass, ceramic, and glasss-ceramic nanoparticles Dispersion can be stabilized indefinitely by capping particles with appropriate ligands
Sol-Gel Method
Mixture stirred until gel forms Gel is dried @ 100 C for 24 hours over a water bath, then ground to a powder Powder heated gradually (5 C/min), calcined in air @ 500 1200 C for 2 hours Allows mixing of precursors at molecular level
better control
High purity Low sintering temperature High degree of homogeneity Particularly suited to production of nano-sized multicomponent ceramic powders
Gas-Phase Synthesis
Vapor phase precursors brought into a hot-wall reactor under nucleating condition
Vapor phase nucleation of particles favored over film deposition on surfaces CVC reactor (Chemical Vapor Condensation) versus CVD
Very flexible, can produce wide range of materials Can take advantage of huge database of precursor chemistries developed for CVD processes Precursors can be S, L or G under ambient conditions
but delivered to reactor as vapor (using bubbler, sublimator, etc)
Examples:
Oxide-coated Si nanoparticles for high-density nonvolatile memory devices W nanoparticles by decomposition of tungsten hexacarbonyl Cu and CuxOy nanoparticles from copper lacetonate
precursors erbium in Si nanoparticles zirconia doped with alumina one material encapsulated within another (e.g., metal in metal halide)
Flame Synthesis
Particle synthesis within a flame Heat produced in-situ by combustion reactions Most commercially successful approach Millions of metric tons per year of carbon black and metal oxides produced Complex process, difficult to control Primarily useful for making oxides Recent advances:
g-Fe2O3 nanoparticles Titania, silica sintered agglomerates
vapor phase precursors directly w/o external addition of heat and w/o significant production of heat e.g.: ZnSe nanoparticles from dimethylzinctrimethylamine and hydrogen selenide
by mixing in a counter-flow jet reactor at RT heat of reaction sufficient to allow particle
crystallization
Sonochemical Nano-Synthesis
Sonochemistry: molecules undergo a chemical reaction due to application of powerful ultrasound (20 kHz 10 MHz)
Acoustic cavitation can break chemical bonds Hot Spot theory: As bubble implodes, very high
temperatures ( 5,000 25,000 K) are realized for a few nanoseconds; this is followed by very rapid cooling (1011 K/s) High cooling rate hinders product crystallization, hence amorphous nanoparticles are formed
Deposition of nanoparticles on ceramic and polymeric surfaces Formation of proteinacious micro- and nano-spheres
Sonochemical spherization
Fragmented Particle
Template-based Methods
What is a Nanofiber?
A nanofiber is a continuous fiber which has a diameter in the range of nano-meter. The smallest nanofibers made today are between 1.5 and 1.75 nanometers. At the right a human hair (80,000 nanometers) is place on a mat of nanofibers
Nanofibers range in diameter of 2-600 nanometers and are very difficult to see with the naked eye so they are studied using magnification
Making Nanofibers
Melt Fibers: some nanofibers can be made by melting polymers and spinning or shooting them through very small holes. As the fiber spins out it stretches smaller and smaller...
Cotton candy is made by heating syrup to a high temperature and then the liquid is spun out through tiny holes. As the fiber spins it is pulled thinner and thinner. It cools, hardens and, presto! Cotton Candy!!
An electric field pulls on a droplet of polymer solution at the tip of the syringe and pulls out a small liquid fiber. It is pulled thinner and thinner as it approaches the collection plate.
Electrospinning Apparatus
Uses of Nanofibers
Filter applications: Oil droplet coalescing on nanofibers increase the capture rate of the oil fog.
Light Weight: Produce Solar sails in space, Aircraft wings, Bullet-proof vests.
New breathable bullet-proof vest: Nomex Nanofibers
Image courtesy of Reneker Group The University of Akron, College of Polymer Science
Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology.
Welcome to NanoWorld!