Lesson Plan

A. Identity
Subject : Biology
Class / Semester : XI/ II
Time Alocation : 45 course hours

B. Standart Competencies :
Understanding structure and function of human`s organs, defect/illness
that happen, as well as their implication at salingtemas.

C. Base Competencies :
Explain relation between structure, function, and formation of genitals,
ovulation, fertilisation, menstruation and defect of system reproduction in
human.

D. Indicators :
1. IdentiIy structure and Iunction oI system reproduction Iemale and male
. Analyze about ovulation, fertilisation, and factors that influences this
process
3. Analyze about menstruation cycle in female
. Explain cause oI deIect in system reproduction in human

Time Alocation :
Objectives of Learning :
1. $tudent can analyze process oI ovulation and Iertilisation
2. $tudents can analyze about menstruation cycle and hormon that support this
process



Description of Material :
1. vulation and Iertilisation
- Ovulation
vulation is the process in a Iemale's menstrual cycle by which a mature
ovarian Iollicle ruptures and discharges an ovum (also known as an oocyte, Iemale
gamete, or casually, an egg). vulation also occurs in the estrous cycle oI other
Iemale mammals, which diIIers in many Iundamental ways Irom the menstrual cycle.
The time immediately surrounding ovulation is reIerred to as the ovulatory phase or
the periovulatory period.
The process oI ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus oI the brain and
through the release oI hormones secreted in the anterior lobe oI the pituitary gland,
luteinizing hormone (LH) and Iollicle-stimulating hormone (F$H). In the Iollicular
(pre-ovulatory) phase oI the menstrual cycle, the ovarian Iollicle will undergo a series
oI transIormations called cumulus expansion, this is stimulated by the secretion oI
F$H. AIter this is done, a hole called the stigma will Iorm in the Iollicle, and the
ovum will leave the Iollicle through this hole. vulation is triggered by a spike in the
amount oI F$H and LH released Irom the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-
ovulatory) phase, the ovum will travel through the Iallopian tubes toward the uterus.
II Iertilized by a sperm, it may perIorm implantation there 612 days later.
vulation occurs when a mature egg is released Irom the ovary, pushed down the
Iallopian tube, and is available to be Iertilized. The lining oI the uterus has thickened
to prepare Ior a Iertilized egg. II no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as
blood will be shed. The shedding oI an unIertilized egg and the uterine wall is the
time oI menstruation.
In humans, the Iew days near ovulation constitute the Iertile phase. The
average time oI ovulation is the Iourteenth day oI an average length (twenty-eight
day) menstrual cycle. It is normal Ior the day oI ovulation to vary Irom the average,
with ovulation anywhere between the tenth and nineteenth day being common.
Cycle length alone is not a reliable indicator oI the day oI ovulation. While in general
an earlier ovulation will result in a shorter menstrual cycle, and vice versa, the luteal
(post-ovulatory) phase oI the menstrual cycle may vary by up to a week between
women.
the ovulatory phase spans the period oI hormonal elevation in the menstrual cycle.
The process requires a maximum oI thirty-six hours to complete, and it is arbitrarily
separated into three phases: periovulatory, ovulatory, and postovulatory.
Prerequisite events
Through a process that takes approximately 37 days, or thirteen menstrual
cycles, a large group oI undeveloped primordial follicles dormant in the ovary is
grown and progressively weaned into one preovulatory follicle. Histologically, the
preovulatory Iollicle (also called a mature GraaIian Iollicle or mature tertiary Iollicle)
contains an oocyte arrested in prophase oI meiosis I surrounded by a layer oI corona
radiata granulosa cells, a layer oI mural granulosa cells, a protective basal lamina, and
a network oI blood-carrying capillary vessels sandwiched between a layer oI theca
interna and theca externa cells. A large sac oI Iluid called the antrum predominates in
the Iollicle. A "bridge" oI cumulus oophorus granulosa cells (or simply cumulus
cells) connects the corona-ovum complex to the mural granulosa cells.
The granulosa cells engage in bidirectional messaging with the cells and the oocyte to
Iacilitate Iollicular Iunction.
By the action oI luteinizing hormone (LH), the preovulatory Iollicle's theca
cells secrete androstenedione that is aromatized by mural granulosa cells into
estradiol, a type oI estrogen. In contrast to the other phases oI the menstrual cycle,
estrogen release in late Iollicular phase has a stimulatory eIIect on hypothalamus
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that in turn stimulates the expression oI
pituitary LH and Iollicle stimulating hormone (F$H).
The building concentrations oI LH and F$H marks the beginning oI the preovulatory
phase.
Preovulatory phase
For ovulation to be successIul, the ovum must be supported by both the
corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period oI
proliIeration and muciIication known as cumulus expansion. MuciIication is the
secretion oI a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell
network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum aIter
ovulation and has been shown to be necessary Ior Iertilization. An increase in
cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum Iluid volume that can
swell the Iollicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It Iorms a pronounced bulge at the
surIace oI the ovary called the blister.
Ovulatory phase
Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes
are secreted by the Iollicle that degrade the Iollicular tissue at the site oI the blister,
Iorming a hole called the stigma. The cumulus-oocyte complex (CC) leaves the
ruptured Iollicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it
is caught by the Iimbriae at the end oI the Iallopian tube (also called the oviduct).
AIter entering the oviduct, the ovum-cumulus complex is pushed along by cilia,
beginning its journey toward the uterus.
By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger
secondary oocyte that contains all oI the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive
Iirst polar body. Meiosis II Iollows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and
will so remain until Iertilization. The spindle apparatus oI the second meiotic division
appears at the time oI ovulation. II no Iertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate
approximately twenty-Iour hours aIter ovulation. The mucous membrane oI the
uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the
endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.
Postovulatory phase
The Iollicle proper has met the end oI its liIespan. Without the ovum, the
Iollicle Iolds inward on itselI, transIorming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea),
a steroidogenic cluster oI cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These
hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production oI the proliIerative
endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site oI embryonic growth iI
Iertilization occurs. The action oI progesterone increases basal body temperature by
one-quarter to one-halI degree Celsius (one-halI to one degree Fahrenheit). The
corpus luteum continues this paracrine action Ior the remainder oI the menstrual
cycle, maintaining the endometrium, beIore disintegrating into scar tissue during
menses.
vulation is the release oI a single, mature egg Irom a Iollicle that developed
in the ovary. It usually occurs regularly, around day 1 oI a 28-day menstrual cycle.
nce released, the egg is capable oI being Iertilized Ior 12 to 8 hours beIore it
begins to disintegrate. Although there are several days oI the month in which a
woman is Iertile, she is most Iertile during the days around ovulation. Having sex at
least every other day during that week is a good strategy, iI you want to get pregnant.
- ertilisation
The term conception commonly reIers to Iertilisation, the successIul Iusion oI
gametes to Iorm a new organism. 'Conception' is used by some to reIer to
implantation and is thus a subject oI semantic arguments about the beginning oI
pregnancy, typically in the context oI the abortion debate. Gastrulation, which occurs
around 16 days aIter Iertilisation, is the point in development when the implanted
blastocyst develops three germ layers, the endoderm, the ectoderm and the
mesoderm. It is at this point that the genetic code oI the Iather becomes Iully involved
in the development oI the embryo. Until this point in development, twinning is
possible. Additionally, interspecies hybrids survive only until gastrulation, and have
no chance oI development aIterward. However this stance is not entirely accepted as
some human developmental biology literature reIers to the "conceptus" and such
medical literature reIers to the "products oI conception" as the post-implantation
embryo and its surrounding membranes. The term "conception" is not usually used in
scientiIic literature because oI its variable deIinition and connotation.

. Menstruation Cycle
Menstruation is the shedding oI the uterine lining (endometrium). It occurs on
a regular basis in reproductive-age Iemales oI certain mammal species. vert
menstruation (where there is bleeding Irom the uterus through the vagina) is Iound
primarily in humans and close evolutionary relatives such as chimpanzees.
umenorrhea expresses normal, regular menstruation that lasts Ior a Iew days
(usually 3 to days, but anywhere Irom 2 to 8 days is considered normal. The
average blood loss during menstruation is 3 millilitres with 10-80 mL considered
normal, although the impact oI the loss on the patient's liIestyle and quality oI liIe is
oI perhaps greater relevance. Many women also notice shedding oI the endometrium
lining that appears as tissue mixed with the blood. ($ometimes this is erroneously
thought to indicate an early-term miscarriage oI an embryo.) An enzyme called
plasmin contained in the endometrium tends to inhibit the blood Irom clotting.
Because oI this blood loss, premenopausal women have higher dietary requirements
Ior iron to prevent iron deIiciency. Many women experience uterine cramps, also
reIerred to as dysmenorrhea, during this time, caused largely by the contractions oI
the uterine muscle as it expels the endometrial blood Irom the woman's body. A vast
industry has grown to provide drugs to aid in these cramps, as well as sanitary
products to help manage menses.
Menstruation is the most visible phase oI the menstrual cycle. Menstrual
cycles are counted Irom the Iirst day oI menstrual bleeding, because the onset oI
menstruation corresponds closely with the hormonal cycle. During pregnancy and Ior
some time aIter childbirth, menstruation is normally suspended; this state is known as
amenorrhoea, i.e. absence oI the menstrual cycle. II menstruation has not resumed,
Iertility is low during lactation. The average length oI postpartum amenorrhoea is
longer when certain breastIeeding practices are Iollowed; this may be done
intentionally as birth control.








Implementing of Course
1. Methode
TGT (Teams Game Turnament)

. Learning experiencies
Activities Allocation
(minutes)
1. pening
a) The teacher enter the class,
say greeting and ask about
condition oI the students
b) The teacher give a general
image and give a some
questions about what will
study today
c) The teacher ask to take some
stone Irom paper a amount oI
they want
d) The teacher divide students
into three groups

2. Core
a) Teacher explain about
ovulation, Iertilization, and
menstruation
b) The teacher explain role oI
game
c) The teacher give some question
about material and every group
race to answer the question

3. Closing
a) Choose some student to explain
the resume oI this topic
b) Publish the best group
c) Giving reward
d) Giving assignment Ior next
meeting


3. Scenario of Lesson
Learning Activities $kill Component
Opening the Lesson
Teacher: Assalamualaikum wr. wb. Good
morning everybody!
$tudent: Waalaikumsalam wr wb, morning
mom.
Teacher: BeIore we start our lesson, please the
leader oI this class lead to pray together.
Teacher: who doesnt come today? I will
presence you (while open the presence and call
name oI student one by one).
Teacher: Who know topic what we will learn
today.
$tudent: Reproduction mom.
Teacher: I will ask to all girl in the class, have
you experience that always happen every month
aIter you pubertas? Do you know what the
phase?
$tudent: menstruation
Teacher: excellent. But do you know how these











Take attention oI student


Give question




process happened? II woman have stop oI
menstruation what happen with her?
$tudent: maybe they in the menopause or
pregnant.
Teacher: beIore pregnant what phenomenon
happened?
$tudent: Iertilization.
Teacher: beIore we learn the topic more Iar,
make three groups, each leader oI group come in
Iront oI class to pick stone Irom paper a amount
oI you want, minimal stone. Do you get it?
$tudent: yes mom
Teacher: k, lets we start our lesson.

Core Activities
Teacher: I will explain about ovulation,
Iertilization, and menstruation.
(Teacher explain the materials)
Teacher: AIter I will have xplained this material,
lets start our game.
$tudent: okay mom.
Teacher: listen to me and make line with your
chairs, on your table there are stone that you
took Irom me. I will give you some question,
and each student in Iirst line must answer my
question on this answer sheet. II your answer is
right you can move one stone in this place (show
the place Ior stone). It will continue until all oI
quetion done. Do you get it?





























$tudent: yes, mom.
(the teacher read the question one by one, aIter
all oI questions have been read, the teacher
explain about how to acount the point)
Teacher: how did you Ieel guys? Was the game
great, wasnt it?
$tudent: yes, I think.
Teacher: but the game not yet Iinished. You
acount your point based on your stone in this
place. Each stone has ten point, so you can know
how did you get. But you must substract your
point with residue oI stone that you have. Every
residue oI stone has one point. kay, acount
your point now!
(student acount their point)
Teacher: the Iirst group, how many point that
you get? (the teacher write point on the
whiteboard)
(teacher give reward Ior the winner)

Closing Activities
Teacher: please give conclusions about our
discussion today (choose some student). Well,
Irom this discussion what the positive attitude
can you take oI today? Raise your hand please!
(aIter listen some positive attitude the teacher
giving the task Ior next meeting)
Teacher: beIore we close our meeting, dont
Iorget doing your task and you must collect next



Teach to small group









Give verbal reinIorcement
meeting. Do you get it?
$tudent: yes mom.
Teacher: I think enough Ior today, see you next
meeting. Wassalamualaikum wr wb.
$tudent: see you mom. Waalaikumsalam wr
wb.

4. Assessment Result of Learning
1. Assassement technique : process discussion and oral test (by answer the
question Irom their Iriends)
2. Instrument Iorm : direct test

















NIM NAMA A$PEK PENILAIAN
AIektiI KognitiI Psikomotor
1083109781 DEVITA KTAVI$ARI
1083109783 RENY HARTINING$IH
108310978 ANGGI CITRA RINI
1083109786 $ITI FAMUJI
1083109787 $U$I MUNAWARH
1083109789 ANI$ $AMRTUL
1083109790 HE$TI YU$$ANTI
1083109791 ANIK ERNAWATI
1083109793 DENY $ETIAWAN
108310979 UMI FITRIYATI
108310979 DIAH KHIRUN A
2083112062 $ITI NURWAQIDAH
20831170 DEWI $AGITA