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References
1. H. Kagami, Abstracts of The 53th Annual Meeting of the Balneological Society of Japan (2000), p. 27. 2. H. Kagami, Abstracts of The 55th Annual Meeting of the Balneological Society of Japan (2002), p. 33. 3. H. Kagami, The 2003 IUGG General Assembly, HW04/09P/C31-004 (2003). 4. H. Kagami, Proceedings of The 38th Conference of Sciete Internationale des Techniques Hydrothermales and The 56th Annual Meeting of the Balneological Society of Japan (2003), pp. 5560. 5. E. Ishii, et al., Abstracts of The 52th Annual Meeting of the Balneological Society of Japan (1999), p. 28. 6. M. Katase, et al., Abstracts of a Meeting for Presenting Research Papers of Kanto Gakuin University College of Engineering 1999 (1999), pp. 99100. 7. H. Kagami, Adv. Geosci. Hydrols. Sci. 4 (2006) 191.

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4. Discussions At rst, it is suggested that hot spring water gushes through cracks of dislocations. Then, is there an underground cave (space)? We can list below three possibilities: (i) gaps in cracks of granite, (ii) druse formed in granite, (iii) gaps among pebbles and sand in talus deposit. But, in the case (i) estimated volume is too small. And druse is rarely formed in granite. As a result, in the case (ii) imaged volume is small compared with one estimated by the model, too. In the case (iii) it is thought that total volume of gaps reaches as large as one estimated by the model. Finally, case (iii) is the most possible idea. Based on the above idea, we propose a scenario of underground caves formation below. It is thought that underground caves were formed obeying sequence illustrated in Fig. 11. That is, it is thought that interaction of tales deposit and deposit of hot spring water formed large volume of underground gaps.

5. Conclusion To verify the combined model (dynamical and mathematical model) of a geyser (a periodic bubbling spring), we have done indirect geological exploration at Kibedani geyser. It is suggested that underground caves (spaces), which are needed by the model, can exist by summing gaps among pebbles and sand in talus deposit. And it is suggested that hot spring water gushes through dislocations from an underground deep spot. Finally, it is thought that the combined model is indirectly veried. But we have to continue geological investigation further at Kibedani geyser to verify the model correctly.

Acknowledgments The author thanks OYO Corp. for cooperation in carrying out geological exploration.

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Fig. 11. Geyser.

An illustrated scenario of underground caves formation around Kibedani

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Fig. 9.

Typical talus deposit found near exploration points.

3.2. Analysis of hot spring water Trilinear diagram made from the data of ingredients of hot spring water of Kibedani Geyser is shown in Fig. 10. In the case of Kibedani geyser, the length of water stay is long. That is, the water originates in an underground deep spot.
100%

Cl+ SO4

Ca+ Mg

0% 100%0%

0% 0% 100%

Na+K Mg

HCO3 SO4

100% 0% 100% 100% 100% Ca 0% 0% Cl 0% 100%

Kibedani geyser Ikeda mineral spring Average of Japanese river Water of mountain streams in the region made of granite

Fig. 10. Trilinear diagram made from the data of ingredients of hot spring water of Kibedani Geyser.

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And a presumed geological cross section near Kibedani geyser in cutting along the cross section line shown in Fig. 4 is shown in Fig. 7. The grounds are explained below. At rst, rocks found typically around here are granite, granodiorite, and so on. Typical rocks found around here are shown in Fig. 8. And talus deposit made of mainly granite is distributed near a mountain stream or gentle talus of the skirts of a mountain around Kibedani Geyser. Typical talus deposit found around here are shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 7.

A presumed geological cross section near Kibedani geyser.

Fig. 8.

Typical granite found near exploration points.

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direction as observed one. Indeed, gushing points of hot sprig water were found at about 20 m away from a spouting hole of Kibedani Geyser in the direction of SE (Fig. 5) and about 50 m away from a spouting hole in the direction of North (Fig. 6).

Fig. 5. Gushing point of hot spring water found at about 20 m away from a spouting hole of Kibedani Geyser in the direction of SE.

Fig. 6. Gushing point of hot spring water found at about 50 m away from a spouting hole of Kibedani Geyser in the direction of North.

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2.4. Radioactive prospecting We tried to nd where hot spring water gushes from underground by means of radioactive prospecting. We have done the prospecting, but analysis has not been completed yet. So results will be reported at a next opportunity.

3. Results 3.1. Geological exploration A geological plan near Kibedani Geyser obtained through geological exploration is shown in Fig. 4. A dotted line in Fig. 4 shows a presumed dislocation in a past geological plan and straight lines in Fig. 4 show observed dislocations in this geological exploration. That is, some dislocations of about NWSE direction which was a dierent direction from one presumed in a past geological plan were found near Kibedani Geyser. But this is peculiar to the edge of another intersecting dislocation. It is imagined that hot spring water gushes along dislocations of the same

Fig. 4. A geological plan near Kibedani Geyser obtained through geological exploration. tr: terrace deposit, dt: talus deposit, Vr0: Dacite pryoclastic rock.

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Fig. 3. Observation spots were selected from the range shown as a circle. A diameter of the circle is about 2 km.

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Fig. 2.

An appearance of Kibedani Geyser.

2.2. Geological exploration Observation points were selected within the limits of about 2 km in diameter as shown in Fig. 3. That is, many representative spots were selected from the range shown as a circle in Fig. 3. According to a wide range of past geological plan near Kibedani Geyser, there are some dislocations of about NWSE direction around it. But Kibedani Geyser is located near the end of a dislocation of about NWSE direction and the existence of the dislocation has not been conrmed yet. Then we tried to conrm the existence of dislocations through geological exploration, too. Geological exploration was done on March 30 and 31, 2006. It was rainy on 30 and clear on 31.

2.3. Analysis of hot spring water Ingredients of hot spring water gushing from Kibedani Geyser have already been claried and shown on a sign board in front of Kibedani Geyser. Then we tried to clarify the origin of the hot spring water using the data of ingredients of hot spring water through trilinear diagram.

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But observation of geysers has been limited only to the dynamics of their spouting because of the diculty of underground observation. For example, when we use metal (conductive) factor which is one eective method for watching underground geological features, in the case of watching one over 100 m in depth, large-scale equipment is needed and accuracy is not enough. However, it is desirable that underground observation of geysers will be also done for verication. So we try indirect observational verication through geological exploration, analysis of hot spring water, and radioactive prospecting.

2. Method of Observation and Analysis 2.1. Location of observation points We selected Kibedani Geyser (a periodic bubbling spring) as observation points. Kibedani Geyser is located at Shimane prefecture in Japan (Fig. 1). An appearance of Kibedani Geyser is shown in Fig. 2. It has regular spouting period (about 25 min).

Fig. 1.

A position of Kibedani Geyser is shown as a star mark ( ).

Advances in Geosciences Vol. 6: Hydrological Science (2006) Eds. Namsik Park et al. c World Scientic Publishing Company

VERIFICATION OF THE COMBINED MODEL OF A GEYSER (A PERIODIC BUBBLING SPRING) BY UNDERGROUND INVESTIGATION OF KIBEDANI GEYSER
HIROYUKI KAGAMI Department of Preschool Education, Nagoya College 48 Takeji Sakae-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1193 Japan kagami@nagoyacollege.ac.jp

We have proposed a mathematical model (a static model), a dynamical model, and a modied dynamical model of a geyser (a periodic bubbling spring) based on observation of Hirogawara geyser (Yamagata, Japan) and model experiments of the geyser, and have also proposed a combined model of these two. But observation of geysers has been limited only to the dynamics of their spouting because of the diculty of underground observation. So we tried indirect observational verication through geological exploration, analysis of hot spring water, and radioactive prospecting in this study. As a result, it is suggested that underground caves (spaces), which are needed by the model, can exist by summing gaps among pebbles and sand in talus deposit. And it is suggested that hot spring water gushes through dislocations from an underground deep spot. Finally, it is thought that the combined model is indirectly veried.

1. Introduction We have proposed a mathematical model,1 a dynamical model,2 and a modied dynamical model of a geyser (a periodic bubbling spring)3,4 based on observation of Hirogawara geyser (Yamagata, Japan)5 and model experiments of the geyser,6 and have also proposed a combined model of these two.7 And numerical simulations of the combined model have reappeared dynamics of spouting of geysers (periodic bubbling springs) and it has become possible that parameters (surface tension on the lower interface between water and gas, volume of the underground space, depth of spouting hole, and so on) under a geyser are estimated due to comparison between the results of simulation and those of observation of the geysers spouting.7
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