Overview Ocs

The University of Texas at Dallas
Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC
OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Notes prepared for EE 6310 by Professor Cyrus D. Cantrell AugustDecember 2003
c C. D. Cantrell (06/2003)
EE 6310 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS EE 6310 surveys: Technologies and concepts that underlie optical communications Optics Optical components and devices Optical ber properties and characterization Digital communications Optical communication systems EE 6310 oers an opportunity to acquire the following skills: Basic design of digital point-to-point optical links, including the following budgets: Power Risetime and dispersion Jitter Optical nonlinearities
OUTLINE OF COURSE TOPICS Overview of optical communication systems Review of optics The characteristics of optical bers Optical waveguides Review of digital communications Optical sources and transmitters Optical detectors and receivers Optical ampliers Noise and detection Dispersion in optical communication systems Point-to-point optical link design
TOPICS OF THIS LECTURE Why optical communications? Background for optical communication systems Important optical communication systems and technologies Telecom networks vs. data networks History of data networks and the Internet, starting with time-sharing systems Internet backbone networks: A planetary-scale optical communication system
WHY OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS? Optical attenuation in the 1.3 m and 1.55 m bands is much smaller than electrical attenuation in any cable at useful modulation or carrier frequencies Much greater distances are possible between optical regenerators than between electrical regenerators Bandwidth, bandwidth, bandwidth... Optical frequencies are much higher than electronic frequencies Much higher modulation frequencies greater transmission rates In optical links, bandwidth is much less dependent on link length than in baseband electronic links Optical attenuation is independent of modulation frequency An optical communication system can be upgraded to higher bandwidth by replacing the transmitters and receivers, but not the cable
BACKGROUND FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Optics Laws of reection & refraction Interference & interferometers Diraction & diraction gratings Digital communications Eye patterns & eye masks Source coding, channel capacity Useful practical experience (not required) Electronic communication systems Optical imaging systems Optical transmission systems
IMPORTANT OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES (1) Wide-area networks Either government-regulated or in the public network environment WANS originated in telephony Main technologies: SONET/SDH, ATM, WDM Voice circuits vs. packets Non-optical technologies (unless encapsulated in SONET or ATM): T1/E1/J1, DS-3, Frame Relay Standards bodies include ITU-T, IETF, ATM Forum, Frame Relay Forum, IEEE Metropolitan-area/regional-area networks A MAN or RAN covers a North American metropolitan area, or a smallto medium-sized country in Europe or Asia Main technologies: SONET, ATM, Gigabit & 10-Gigabit Ethernet, DWDM Non-optical technologies: T1, T3, Frame Relay c C. D. Cantrell (08/2002)
IMPORTANT OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES (2) Local-area networks Main technologies: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet Currently ber for backbone, copper for distribution Excess capacity enhances performance Access networks The rst (or last) network segment between customer premises and a WAN or MAN Owned by a Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) Broadband digital technologies: HFC, DSL Ethernet framing vs. ATM Twisted pair vs. coaxial cable vs. ber vs. wireless vs. free-space optics
TELECOM NETWORKS vs. DATA NETWORKS Telecom networks Have been around for more than a century Rich in service features for voice communications, but high in cost Switching is used to eliminate the need for direct connections between all nodes in the network Basic unit is the 64-kb/s voice circuit 64-kb/s circuits are multiplexed into higher-bit-rate formats (SONET/SDH) Data networks Have evolved since the early 1960s from time-sharing systems to the Internet Bare-bones service at very low cost Basic unit is the packet or frame, not a xed amount of bandwidth Routing is used to eliminate the need for direct connections between all nodes in the network
SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A TELEPHONE NETWORK
S. D. Personick, Proceedings of the IEEE 81, 15491557 (1993)
THE GOOD OLD DAYS OF TELECOM SYSTEMS Analog voice circuits between customers and central oce Maximum frequency transmitted: 4 kHz Carried on a single twisted copper-wire pair Analog inter-central-oce trunks: Required repeaters every 2 km Duct diameter (10 cm) limited the number of circuits Bell Labs solution (1962): Digital interoce trunks using DS-1 (Digital Signal Type 1) signals A voice signal digitized at a sampling rate of 8 kHz is DS-0 (64 kbits/s) The DS-1 transmission rate is 1.544 Mbits/s (24 time-multiplexed voice channels plus 8 kbits/s overhead) T-1 carrier systems used since 1962: DS-1 carried on twisted pair wires, with repeaters every 2 km to remove electromagnetic crosstalk and to compensate for attenuation ( frequency due to skin eect)
193-bit frame (125 sec)
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 24
1 0
Bit 1 is a framing code
7 Data bits per channel per sample
Bit 8 is for signaling
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): DS-1 frame (1.544 Mb/s)
After: Computer Networks, 3rd ed. by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 1996 Prentice Hall
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science
NORTH AMERICAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY Digital Signal Transmission Carrier Number of Designation Rate Designation DS-0 Channels DS-0 64 kb/s 1 DS-1 1.544 Mb/s T1 24 DS-2 6.312 Mb/s T2 96 DS-3 44.736 Mb/s T3 672 DS-4 274.186 Mb/s T4 4032
SONET/SDH SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET ITU-T Data Rate Payload Rate Designation Designation (Mb/s) (Mb/s) STS-1/OC-1 51.84 50.112 STS-3/OC-3 STM-1 155.52 150.336 STS-9/OC-9 STM-3 466.56 451.008 STS-12/OC-12 STM-4 622.08 601.344 STS-18/OC-18 STM-6 933.12 902.016 STS-24/OC-24 STM-8 1244.16 1202.688 STS-36/OC-36 STM-12 1866.24 1804.032 STS-48/OC-48 STM-16 2488.32 2405.376 STS-192/OC-192 STM-64 9953.28 9621.504
WHAT IS A DATA NETWORK? A data network is a set of logical communication channels between host computers Used for interprocess communication Communication among processes running on dierent computers or on the same computer A logical communication channel is an abstraction of the properties of a set of one or more physical links, plus software and state Example: An Ethernet LAN All hosts on the LAN share a wireline link There is no logical communication channel between two hosts until they learn one anothers identities (Ethernet addresses) Properties of physical links aect network architecture The hosts may be PCs, wireless phones, game stations, set-top boxes, appliances, ...
THE DE FACTO TCP/IP PROTOCOL STACK
User Process
Process
Operating System
Transport (TCP or UDP) Network (IP)
Datalink
Hardware
Physical
Media
C. D. Cantrell 2002
Peer-to-Peer Links in TCP/IP

Host A
Client App
Virtual Links and Data Units
Host B
Server App
Streams and Messages Application Application
Packets Transport Datagrams Network Frames Datalink Bits Physical Physical Datalink Network Transport
Hardware Link
Media Media
C. D. Cantrell (08/2002)
INTERNETWORKING: WHEN ONE IS NOT ENOUGH Why not have a single physical network for the entire planet? Requires centralized coordination Dicult to integrate heterogeneous networks Growth by scaling dicult (impossible?) Alternative: Interconnected networks that look like a single network Interconnection can be implemented at layer 3 with a router or a backbone
Network 1 Router
Network 2
An internet
INTERNETWORKING USING BACKBONE NETWORKS A backbone is a network used to interconnect other networks Backbones range from single links to planetary-scale networks
Network 1
Network 2
Backbone
An internet
Network 3
INTERNETWORKING: LAYER BY LAYER Layer 1 internetworking: Goal is to connect two similar physical networks so that they function as one Typical internetworking device: Repeating hub Layer 2 internetworking: Connect two (possibly dissimilar) physical networks so that trac ows from one to the other only if necessary Typical internetworking devices: Bridge, Layer 2 switch Layer 3 internetworking: Goal is to connect diverse networks so that layers above the network layer see only a single large network Typical internetworking devices: Router, Layer 3 switch Layer 4 internetworking: Filter applications and network addresses to limit access Typical internetworking device: Firewall
ROUTING IN IP-BASED NETWORKS Routing: The process by which a computer chooses an interface on which to forward datagrams for which it is not the end source or destination Router: A special-purpose computer that forwards datagrams to the next hop, or to their destination, based on information in a local database called the routing table Multiaddressed hosts (hosts that have more than one IP address) also can route datagrams In order to hide details of the datalink layer (and make administration easier), routing is done at the network layer (Layer 3) Every datagram must carry the IP address of the destination, even if 10,000 successive datagrams have exactly the same destination This provides the transport layer with a transparent network IP provides connectionless, unreliable delivery over a virtual network Routing means choosing a path through physical networks of (possibly) dierent kinds
CONTROL vs. DATAPATH IN ROUTERS In a router, the datapath forwards datagrams according to: The values of elds in the packet header The interface on which the packet arrives Entries in the routing table The control builds and maintains the routing table according to: Instructions compiled in the operating system The routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP, ...) that have been enabled on the router Parameters that have been congured by the system administrator Speed requirements: The datapath must be as fast as cost and technology allow Header analysis, address look-up, switching and output queueing are time-critical The control needs to operate only as fast as routing updates must be processed (times on the order of seconds) c C. D. Cantrell (10/2000)
Optical Communication Protocol Stack
Datapath Control
Framing/Switching Block Coding Bit Signaling/Line Coding Modules/Tx/Rx/Amplifiers/Connectors
Da
kL alin
yer a
sic hy
yer a lL a yer a
An
Components/Devices/Fiber/Packaging
g alo
C. D. Cantrell 2002
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Information source (analog or digital) Digital symbols Digital waveforms Optical waveforms
Formatting
Modulator
Transmitter
Synchronization
Attenuation, dispersion, crosstalk & noise
Optical fiber (Layer 0, media layer)
Information sink (analog or digital)
Unformatting
Digital symbols
Demodulator
Digital waveforms
Receiver
Optical waveforms
ELECTRONIC
OPTOELECTRONIC CONVERSION
OPTICAL
GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
R. Heidemann et al., Proceedings of the IEEE 81, 15581567 (1993)
FIRST-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TELECOM SYSTEMS Purpose: Eliminate repeaters in T-1 systems used in inter-oce trunk lines Technology: 0.8 m GaAs semiconductor lasers Multimode silica bers Limitations: Fiber attenuation Intermodal dispersion Deployed since 1974
SECOND-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TELECOM SYSTEMS Opportunity: Development of low-attenuation ber (removal of H2O and other impurities) Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines Technology: 1.3 m multi-mode semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation silica bers DS-3 signal: 28 multiplexed DS-1 signals carried at 44.736 Mbits/s Limitation: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing 6 km) Deployed since 1978
THIRD-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TELECOM SYSTEMS Opportunity: Deregulation of long-distance market Technology: 1.55 m single-mode semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation silica bers OC-48 signal: 810 multiplexed 64-kb/s voice channels carried at 2.488 Gbits/s Limitations: Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing 40 km) Fiber dispersion Deployed since 1982
FOURTH-GENERATION FIBEROPTIC TELECOM SYSTEMS Opportunity: Development of erbium-doped ber ampliers Technology (deployment began in 1994): 1.55 m single-mode, narrow-band semiconductor lasers Single-mode, low-attenuation, dipersion-shifted silica bers Wavelength-division multiplexing of 2.488 Gb/s or 9.953 Gb/s signals Nonlinear eects limit the following system parameters: Signal launch power Propagation distance without regeneration/reclocking WDM channel separation Maximum number of WDM channels per ber Polarization-mode dispersion limits the following parameters: Propagation distance without regeneration/reclocking
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS (1) ARPA-funded work beginning in 19623 that led to an early data network Interactive computing and time-sharing Intended to replace batch processing Cards in, paper out, only one job running at a time In time-sharing, each user sat at a terminal, typed in his/her own program, ran it, and saw the results almost immediately on a CRT screen Multiple jobs appeared to be running simultaneously Origin of multitasking The network was a star of wireline links between dumb terminals and a mainframe computer
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS (2) J. C. R. Licklider Originated the Galactic Network concept A globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site Headed the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Oce (IPTO) after October 1962 Funded the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) Attempts to maximize the usable length of mainframe-terminal links Users didnt have to be in a room next to the mainframe Most widely installed network: The telephone system Need for improved data throughput over telephone lines Cooperative network of time-shared computers Study carried out at MIT Lincoln Laboratory under Lawrence Roberts (1966); evolved into the ARPANET plan
PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS Leonard Kleinrock, 1961 Information Flow in Large Communication Nets Ph.D. proposal First paper on packet-switched networks Paul Baran, RAND Corp., 19604 Highly interconnected network highly survivable network No single point of failure No small set of points of failure Store-and-forward switching vs. circuit switching Localized (not centralized) control of switching routing Use of intermediate switching points to eliminate requirement for full connectivity The term packet originated in a 1966 paper by Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), U.K. The experimental NPL packet-switching network used 768 kb/s lines
ARPANET (1) Plan originated with Lawrence Roberts in 1967 Purpose was to connect computers over a highly survivable shared network Funded in 1968 by IPTO Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) Honeywell DDP-516 minicomputer with 12 KB of core memory AT&T provided 56 kb/s lines University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) awarded Network Measurement Center contract Graduate students included Steve Crocker and Vint Cerf Steve Crocker organized the Network Working Group (NWG) to develop host level protocols for the ARPANET First Request For Comments (RFC), April 7, 1969 Tymnet started
ARPANET (2) First host-to-host protocol was NCP (Network Control Protocol) 1969 ARPANET had 4 nodes Each node had dierent host hardware, running a dierent OS Dierent interface hardware and network software First email program to send messages across a distributed network (1971) Adapted by Ray Tomlinson of BBN from an intra-host messaging program and an experimental le transfer program A killer app as soon as it was adapted for ARPANET (1972) @ sign introduced As the ARPANET expanded, BBN started building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316 (1971) IMPs were limited to 4 host connections BBN developed a terminal IMP (TIP) that supported up to 64 terminals Telnet developed (RFC 318, 1972)
4-NODE ARPANET
http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet history/full size images/1969 4-node map.gif
ARPANET (3) ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abramson, Univ of Hawaii The rst packet radio network Connected to the ARPANET in 1972 Bob Metcalfes Ph.D. thesis outlined the basis for Ethernet (1973) Concept was tested at Xerox-PARC using Xeroxs Alto computers First Ethernet was called the Alto Aloha System File Transfer Protocol (FTP) (RFC 454, 1973) Louis Pouzin originated the term internet (1974) An internet = a network of independent networks Pouzin had worked on CTSS at MIT Returned to France to work on Cyclades (a packet-switched network) Also originated the term CATENET an aggregate of networks [which would] behave like a single logical network c C. D. Cantrell (05/2001)
ARPANET (4) Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn presented the basic ideas of the Internet (19734) A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection Detailed design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP) TCP guaranteed reliable delivery of datagrams The early TCP did not distinguish between TCP and IP IP was separated from TCP (1978) UDP was developed to give users access to unreliable datagram delivery Motivation was delivery of voice packets Time out and retransmission interfere with voice reception NCP was eliminated in favor of TCP/IP in 1982 (see RFC 801) USENET was established in 1979 BITNET (Because Its Time NETwork) (1981) ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET (1983)
NSFNET The National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Network and Communications Research and Infrastructure (1987) 3-tier network U.S. backbone (NSFNET) Regional networks Campus or access networks NSFNET gradually replaced the ARPANET 4 phases of expansion First backbone (198788): Built to interconnect supercomputer centers 56 kb/s links Second backbone (198889) Third backbone (198993): DS-1 links (1.544 Mb/s) Advanced Networks & Services (private company, not for prot) ANSNET backbone (199395): DS-3 links (45 Mb/s) c C. D. Cantrell (05/2001)
NSFNet traffic Sept. 1991
ANSNet traffic Nov. 1993
SUCCESSORS OF NSFNET very high performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS) Partnership of NSF with MCI/WorldCom Research & education network OC-3 (155 Mb/s optical) links originally (running IP over ATM) Now OC-12 (622 Mb/s), migrating to OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s) Internet 2 Consortium led by more than 180 universities Goal is to develop and deploy advanced network technologies and applications Backbone is provided by Qwest Participating networks include Abilene and vBNS GigaPOPs (high-capacity, shared Points of Presence)
A network of firsts
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1995 - The first IP backbone (running IP over ATM) at OC-3 speed (155 Mbps). 1996 - The first network to measure IP backbone traffic at OC-3 line rate and above. The first production IP backbone to run native IP multicast and unicast on the same routers. The first Internet2 backbone. The first network to lead nationwide deployment of multicast technologies at universities and colleges. The first production network to fully deploy MPLS. The first nationwide network to offer IPv6 services. The first network to offer web-based traffic flow reporting. The first network to run high-performance high-bandwidth (>100 Mbps) throughput tests on a nightly basis as a high-performance guarantee. The first network to publish a study on wide area Internet traffic patterns in a core IP backbone. The first IP backbone to offer ingress filtering at line-rate. The first IP backbone to offer 100% network availability with <0.001% packet loss.
SM
For more information about products and services, visit vBNS+ on the World Wide Web:
High Performance Nationwide IP Network Digital Video over IP Voice over IP
http://www.vbns.net
or contact: Charles Lee Account Executive, Advanced Networks, Worldcom 8200 Greensboro Drive McLean, VA 22102 Telephone: 703-902-6254 Fax #: 703-902-6011 Charles.M.Lee@wcom.com
2001 Worldcom, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
One of the world's premier IP networks

vBNS+ is a specialized nationwide IP network that supports highperformance, high-bandwidth applications. Originating in 1995 as the very high performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS), vBNS+ is the product of a five-year cooperative agreement between Worldcom and the National Science Foundation. Now business can experience the same speed, performance, and reliability enjoyed by the Supercomputer Centers, Research Organizations and Academic Institutions. vBNS+ customers can take advantage of an array of advanced IP network services supported by a highspeed IP backbone. This impressive package makes vBNS+ unparalleled for today's most demanding customers and their applications. Physically separate from today's commodity Internet, vBNS+ employs an OC-48 (up to 2.4 gigabits per second) MPLS-based backbone topology, anchored by the world's most advanced IP router platform, the Juniper M40. This combination enables Worldcom to offer and guarantee one of the best Service Level Agreements (SLA) in the industry. The vBNS+ network provides customers with an impressive number of cutting edge IP services.
Offering advanced IP services

Our current offerings include: ! High performance IP throughput with packet loss of less than 0.001% Digital Video services over IP, enabled by Native IP Multicast Intranet and Extranet services Voice over IP Award-winning UUNET Internet access ! ! ! ! National POPs + New York + Washington, DC + Boston + Atlanta + Houston + Los Angeles + San Francisco + Seattle + Chicago + Cleveland + Denver + Memphis + Cleveland International POPs + London + Paris + Frankfurt + Amsterdam + Tokyo + Hong Kong
Engineering talent with a proven track record The vBNS+ engineering team has an impressive history of achievements over the last 6 years. vBNS+ engineers maintain their dedication to technical innovation staying at the leading edge of IP technologies such as MPLS, IP Multicast, IPv6, traffic analysis, and performance measurement.
Juniper M-40 Cisco 7507 FORE ASX-1200 NAP OC-48 POS Trunk OC-12 POS Trunk OC-12 ATM Trunk OC-3 DS-3 STM-1
very high performance Backbone Network Service
THE COMMERCIAL INTERNET There are now many commercial backbones Can be visualized using Mapnet The owner of a commercial backbone is an ISP to ISPs Trac is exchanged between backbones at peering points Enables a customer of one carrier to send packets to a customer of another carrier
PSINet
EUNet
CompuServe
BBN Planet
AT&T WorldNet

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The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Notes prepared for EE 6310 by Professor Cyrus D. Cantrell AugustDecember 2003

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A TELEPHONE NETWORK

S. D. Personick, Proceedings of the IEEE 81, 15491557 (1993)

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

193-bit frame (125 sec)

Bit 1 is a framing code

7 Data bits per channel per sample

Bit 8 is for signaling

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): DS-1 frame (1.544 Mb/s)

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

SONET/SDH SIGNAL HIERARCHY

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE DE FACTO TCP/IP PROTOCOL STACK

Transport (TCP or UDP) Network (IP)

Peer-to-Peer Links in TCP/IP

Virtual Links and Data Units

Streams and Messages Application Application

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

Optical Communication Protocol Stack

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Attenuation, dispersion, crosstalk & noise

Optical fiber (Layer 0, media layer)

Information sink (analog or digital)

The University of Texas at Dallas

Erik Jonsson School PhoTEC

GENERATIONS OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

R. Heidemann et al., Proceedings of the IEEE 81, 15581567 (1993)

The University of Texas at Dallas