FORM 4 : CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 1.0 Matter 1.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. 2. Example of matter : oil. When a drop of oil is placed on the surface of the water in a beaker, the drop of oil spreads out on the surface of the water. 3. Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. There are spaces between these particles. These particles may be : (a) atoms (b) molecules (c) ions 4. Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction. 5. Molecule is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together. 6. Ion is a positively-charged or negatively-charged particle. 1.0.1 Diffusion 1. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move in between the particles of another substance. 2. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in gases, slower in liquids and slowest in solids. This is due to the different arrangement and movement of particles in the three states of matter. 2.0 Kinetic Theory Of Matter State Of Matter Arrangement of particles Solid Closely packed in an orderly manner Liquid Closely packed but not in an orderly manner Strong but weaker than solid Vibrate, rotate and mover throughout the liquid. Collide against each other. Gas Very far apart from each other and in a random motion Weak

Force of attraction between particles Movement of particles

Strong

Vibrate and rotate about fixed positions

Vibrate, rotate and move freely. Rate of collision greater than in liquid.

The Change In The State Of Matter

Sublimation Melting

SOLID
Freezing

LIQUID
Sublimation

Evaporation// Boiling Condensation

GAS

Application Of Kinetic Theory Of Matter In Change Of State Of Matter Change Of State Of Matter Melting ( Solid Liquid ) Kinetic Theory 1. Particles gain kinetic energy when heated and vibrate more vigorously. 2. As temperature increases, particles vibrate even faster until the energy they gained can overcome the forces that hold them at their fixed position. 3. Temperature where solid changes to liquid is called melting point. 4. Heat is absorbed Evaporation 1. When liquid is heated, the particles move faster and faster as the temperature rises. 2. A few particles at the surface have enough energy to escape as gas. Boiling 1. More heat supplied, temperature increases. 2. Particles in liquid have energy to break away from the liquid to form steam. 3. Temperature when liquid turns into gas is called the boiling temperature. 4. Heat is absorbed

Evaporation // Boiling ( Liquid Gas )

Freezing ( Liquid Solid )

1. Liquid is cooled, particles slows down. 2. Particles stop moving except for small vibrations. 3. Liquid will form a solid at a constant temperature. This if called the freezing point. 4. Heat is liberated 1. Gas is cooled, particles lose energy. 2. Particles move more and more slowly. 3. When they collide each other, they do no have enough energy to bounce away again. 4. Particles stay close together to form a liquid. 5. Heat is liberated 1. Particles get enough energy to break away completely from the solid and form a gas and vice versa. e.g : dry ice, solid iodine 2. Heat is absorbed//liberated.

Condensation ( Gas Liquid )

Sublimation ( Solid Gas ) ( Gas Solid )

Graph Interpretation Graph Of Heating F

Temperature (oC)

D B A C

Time ( s//min ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. AB Solid BC Solid + Liquid ( Melting Point ) CD Liquid DE Liquid + Gas ( Boiling Point ) EF Gas

Temperature (oC) F E

Graph Of Cooling

D C B A

Time ( s//min ) 6. AB Solid 7. BC Solid + Liquid ( Melting Point ) 8. CD Liquid 9. DE Liquid + Gas ( Boiling Point ) 10. EF Gas 3.0 The Atomic Structure Historical Development Of Atomic Models Name Of Scientist John Dalton ( 1766 1844 ) Model Description Atom is a small, indivisible ball.

J.J Thomson ( 1856 1940 )

Discovered electron. Atom is a cloud of positive charges in which the negatively charged electrons are buried. The charges are like currants in a bun or a Christmas pudding.

Ernest Rutherford ( 1871 1937 )

Nucleus that contains protons

Electron moves outside the nucleus

Discovered proton. Positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in a small, central region called the nucleus. Electrons move in a space that is larger than the space occupied by the nucleus. The electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus.

Neils Bohr ( 1885 1962 )

Nucleus that contains protons

electron shell

James Chadwick ( 1891 1974 )

Nucleus that contains protons and neutrons

shell electron

The existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in the nucleus. Neutrons contribute approximately to half the mass of an atom

Subatomic particles of an atom. 1. An atom if made up of three smaller particles, namely protons, neutrons and electrons. 2. The have different masses and electric charges. 3. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons surround the nucleus. Subatomic Particles Symbol Relative electric charge Relative mass Proton p +1 1 Neutron n 0 1 Electron e -1 Approximately 0.0005

Proton Number And Nucleon Number 1. Proton number of an element is the number of protons in its atom. 2. Nucleon number of an element if the total number of protons and neutrons in its atom. 3. Atoms are neutral. Hence, proton number = number of electrons in the atom. Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons