Communications The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name Extremely low frequency Super low frequency Ultra low frequency Very low frequency Low frequency Medium frequency High frequency Very high frequency Ultra high frequency Super high frequency Extremely high frequency
Tremendously high frequency

ABBR ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF THF

ITU band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

frequency < 3 Hz 330 Hz 30300 Hz 3003000 Hz 330 kHz 30300 kHz 3003000 kHz 330 MHz 30300 MHz 3003000 MHz 330 GHz 30300 GHz 300 GHz 3000GHZ

wavelength > 100,000 km 100,000 km 10,000 km 10,000 km 1000 km 1000 km 100 km 100 km 10 km 10 km 1 km 1 km 100 m 100 m 10 m 10 m 1 m 1 m 100 mm 100 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1 mm < 1 mm

propagation mode Ground Wave Ground Wave Ground Wave Sky Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave Space Wave

Satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Orbit Height Orbital velocity Orbital time (period) Satellite Availability Operating Frequency 100 - 300 mi 17,500 mph 1.5 hours 15 min per orbit 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz
Motorola's Iridium Satellite system (66satellite constellation for mobile phone system)

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 6,000 - 12,000 mi 9580 mph 5-12 mph 2 - 4 hours per orbit 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz GPS, NAVSTAR

Geostationary / Geosynchronous (GEO) 22,300 mi 6879 mph 24 hours 24 hours per orbit 2 GHz - 18 GHz

Satellite classification to size

Size Large Satellite Small Satellite Mini Satellite Micro Satellite Nano Satellite Mass > 1,000 kg 500 - 1,000 kg 100 - 500 kg 10 - 100 kg < 10 kg Cost > $ 100 M $ 50 - 100 M $ 5 - 20 M $2-3M <$1M

Loudness level
0 - 15 dB 15 - 30 dB 30 - 60 dB 60 - 80 dB 80 - 130 dB 130 dB very faint faint moderate loud very loud deafening

Microwave frequency bands

Band L S C X Ku K Ka Millimeter Sub-millimeter Frequency in GHz 1-2 2-4 4-8 8-12 12-18 18-27 27-40 40-300 >300

10 Octaves of human hearing

1st octave 2nd octave 3rd octave 4th octave 5th 6th 7th 8th octave octave octave octave 20 - 40 Hz 40 - 80 Hz 80 - 160 Hz 160 - 320 Hz 320 - 640 Hz 640 - 1280 Hz 1280 - 2560 Hz 2560 - 5120 Hz 5120 - 10240 Hz
10240 - 20480 Hz

Lower Bass Upper Base

Lower Midrange Upper midrange Treble

9th octave
10th octave

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Optimum volume per person for various types of hall

Type of Hall concert halls Italian-type opera houses churches cinemas Rooms for speech Optimum Volume /person (m3) 7.1 4.2 - 5.2 7.1 - 9.9 3.1 2.8

Sound Pressure Levels

Source faintest audible sound whisper Quiet residence Soft stereo in residence Speech range cafeteria Pneumatic jack hammer Loud crowd noise Accelerating motorcycle Rock concert Jet Engine (75 feet away) SPL (dB) 0 20 30 40 50-70 90 90 100 100 120 140

Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz)

Room Function Recording and broadcasting studios Elementary classrooms Playhouses, intimate drama production Lecture and conference rooms Cinema small theaters High school auditoriums General purpose auditoriums Churches Reverberation time (s) 0.45 - 0.55 0.6 - 0.8 0.9 - 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Super Group Carrier Frequency

L600 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrier frequency (kHz)

U600 Mastergroup
Supergroup Carrier frequency (kHz)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

612 Direct 1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2724 3100

13 14 15 16 17 18 D25 D26 D27 D28

1116 1364 1612 1860 2108 2356 2652 2900 3148 3396

1.5 - 1.6 1.4 - 3.4

AT&Ts FDM Hierarchy

Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup Superjumbogroup VB channels 12 60 600 3600 10800 Groups 5 50 300 900 supergroups 10 60 180 mastergroups 6 18 jumbogroups 3

CCITTs FDM Hierarchy

Group supergroup mastergroup Jumbogroup VB channels 12 60 300 900 Groups 5 25 75 supergroups 5 15 mastergroups 3

Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)

Line Type T1 T1C T2 T3 T4M Digital Signal DS0 DS1 DS1c DS2 DS3 DS4 Bit rate (Mbps) 64Kbps 1.544 3.152 6.312 44.736 274.176 Channel Capacity 1/24 of T-1 24 48 96 672 4032 # of T1 1 2 4 28 168 Services Offered VB telephone VB telephone VB tel, picture phone VB tel, picture phone, TV
same as T3 but more capacity

Medium twisted pair twisted pair twisted pair, microwave Coax, microware Coax, fiber optics fiber optics

Japanese Multiplexing Hierarchy

Level 1 2 3 4 5 Data Rate (Mbps) 1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 565.148 Channel Capacity 24 92 480 1140 7680

TV channel Frequency allocation

channel # 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-83 Frequency band (MHz) 54 - 60 60 - 66 66 - 72 76 - 82 82 - 88 88 - 108 174 - 180 180 - 186 186 - 192 192 - 198 198 - 204 204 - 210 210 - 216 470-890 Low VHF Channels

European standard
Level E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 Data Rate (Mbps) 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 565.992 Channel Capacity 30 120 480 1920 7680 time slots 32 128 512 2048 8192

FM band

High Band VHF Channels

UHF

ELECTRONICS Summary for all 2-input gates

Inputs A B 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 Output of each gate
AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR EX-NOR

Resonant Circuit Feedback Oscillators

1 0 0 1 Oscillator Type Hartley Colpitts Clapp Pierce Crystal X1 L C C C X2 L C C C X3 C L Series LC (net L) Crystal (net L)

0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families

IC Logic Family Standard TTL Schottky TTL Low power Schottky TTL ECL CMOS Fan Out 10 10 20 25 50
Power Dissipation (mW) Propagation Delay (ns) Noise margin (V)

10 22 2 25 0.1

10 3 10 2 25

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 3

Level of Integration
Level Of Integration Small Scale Integration (SSI) Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) No. of gates per chip less than 12 12-99 100-9,999 10,000-99,999 100,000 or more

Motors
Motor class A B F H max temperature (0C) 105 130 155 180

Amplifier
Amplifier class A AB B C efficiency 50% 51-99% 78% 85% conduction angle 360 181 to 359 180 0 to 179 input signal used 100% > 50% < 100% 50% 50%

Mode identification for Multivibrator

CN1 Resistor Resistor Capacitor CN2 Resistor Capacitor Capacitor Mode Bistable Monostable Astable

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Electron Capacity = 2n2

Energy Level
(Principal Quantum Number)

Velocity of Sound
Water Steel Wood 5000 ft/sec 5150 m/s 3300 m/s

Distress Frequency
aeronautical Maritime (radiotelegraphy) CB (40 channels, 8Km) modulation technique QAM - PSK GFSK GMSK 8PSK BPSK /4-DQPSK 121.5 MHz 2182 kHz 26.965-27.475 MHz Application Digital Microwave (DECT)Cordless phone GPRS EDGE CDMA D-AMPS

Shell Letter K L M N O P Q

Electron Capacity 2 8 18 32 18 8 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Data rates
GPRS EDGE 3G 170 kbps 384 kbps

Specifications 10BaseT 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseF 100BaseT 100BaseTX

2 Mbps 720 Kbps Bluetooth Fiber Max 10 Length Cable Type Optics Gbps (m) Unshielded Twisted Pair Thin Coax Cable Thick Coax Cable Fiber optic cable Unshielded Twisted Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 180 500 2000 100 220

(Precise & Standard Positioning Service) GPS PPS SPS horizontal 22 m 100 m vertical 27.7 m 156 m Time interval 200 nsec 340 nsec

Magnetic Field Intensity

Equator North Pole 5-10 > 10 10150-10650 32,000 nT 64,000 nT

Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz)

<1 450-470 1-2 1900-1910 1980-1990 2-3 2400-2483 2500-2700 3-5 3400-3600 5150-5350 5470-5850

Monolithic IC (m)
transistor resistor diodes 20 x 12 6 x 30 10 x 15

IMT 2000 maximum data rate

Slow moving vehicles? High speed vehicle? 384 kbps 144 kbps

Commonly magnetized alloys

Permalloy Hipernik Perminvar Constantan Nichrome 22% iron and 78% nickel 40% Fe and 60% Ni Ni 43%, Iron 34%, Cobalt 23% 40-60% copper / thermocouples
15-20% chromium and has high electrical resistance

Flicker noise Voltage

Wire-wound resistor? Carbon-composition? carbon film metallic film (wire) 0.01 V to 0.2V 0.1V to 2V 0.05V-3V 0.02V-0.2V

CATV
Class I Class II Class III Class IV N0N A1A C3F F1B F8E A3C F3C A3E F3E G3E H3E J3E R3E
TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds

Cable TV:
matching (RF) terminal isolation sound carrier isolator spurious radiation rejection cross modulation adjacent channel isolation audio signal level video SNR for modulator MPEG 1 MPEG 2 MPEG 3 MPEG 4 MPEG 7 CD/internet (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper HDTV DivX
Multimedia content Description Interface

w/o auxiliary equipment scrambling w/ auxiliary equipment provides signaling path CATV, PPV

16 dB 28 dB 40 dB 60 dB 80 dB -60 dB 1 dB 36 dB

Un-Mod carrier, No info Telegraphy VSB Tx for TV signal FSK FM stereo Mux signal AM Fax FM Fax AM Telephony, DSB FM Telephony PM Telephony SSB FC SSB SC SSB RC

Moores Law (bps)

2015 1 Billion Cobalt Iron Nickel Gondolinium 2050 500 Trillion 1130 770 358 16

Curie temperature (0C)

Mobile Phones (W)

Class I Class II Class III Analog 0.6 1.6 3 Digital 4 1.6 0.6

MPEG 21 Multimedia Framework

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pay it forward!!

Names and Accomplishment

Abraham Abesamis Neil Bhor Ernest Rutherford Christian Hulsmeyer Theodor Maiman Backham & KAO Marc Anderseen Norio Taniguchi Burell Smith Bob Khan & Vinton Cerf Ted Hoff Gilbert Hyatt Isaac Asimov Karel apek Tim Bernes-Lee Tomas Watson William Gibson Douglas Engelbart Bob Metcalfe Larry Robert John Barger Brattain and Bardeen John Pierce Vinton Cerf Jack st. Claire Kilby Ted Nelson Jack Raskin Seymour Roger Cray Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore Giovanni Caselli Antonio Meucci Vic Hayce Agusta Ada Bryon Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak Edwin Armstron Mark Tilden Harry Nyquist Carl Beredicks Dr Carl Zener Dr Leo Esaki Randall and Boot Richard Feynman Perception Surprise Reflex action Mascular inhibition Respiratory failure Fatal Chairman NTC Calculated the radius and velocity of electron Measure atomic radius Radar Developed LASER Clad glass fiber MOSAIC Nanotech MAC Mother Board Designed TCP/IP Designed Microprocessor Invented Microprocessor 3 law of Robotics, 1969 coined Robot, 1920

secondary cell battery lead-acid nickel cadmium silver-zinc silver-cadmium

Brain waves: < 3 Hz 4 to 8 Hz 8 to 12 Hz 13 to 30 Hz

Phosphor
P1 P4 P22 P31 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Green White RGB Green Oscilloscope Monochrome colored Oscilloscope

Blackout
Weak black out 10 mins < 1 hour 1-2 hours more than 2 hours IC types Film Hybrid Monolithic

designed HTTP
IBM founder Cyberspace Mouse Ethernet Arpanet Web-log Inventor Transistor Coined "transistor" FTP/Father of internet IC Coined Hyper text Founder of Macintosh Super Computer Intel fair child Pantelegraph 1st Inventor of the telephone Father of Wi-Fi World 1st Computer Programmer Apple computer Superheterodyne (radio) Robosapien Negative Feedback Amplifier discovered germanium in 1915 development of zener diode invented tunnel diode Inventor of Magnetron
subatomic to atom manipulation

OP AMPS
LM 101 LM 741C OP 177A IS-41 IS-54 IS-95 IS-136 IS-136.2 Program duration 60 30 15 5 General purpose OP-Amp Industries Standard Ultra Precision Amp Roaming D-AMPS CDMA One
TDMA, North American Digital Cellphone

roaming, /4-DQPSK

Commercials (minutes)
MLA 15 7.5 3.5 15sec OUT-MLA 17 8.5 4 1.5

SUF for 3G (MHz/million):

Frequency 5 MHz 5-10 10-15 >15 paired P 5M 8M 10M 15M unpaired P 3M 6M 8M 12M IC packaging spike surge dip / sag 6000v in sec 110% 80% - 85 % TO Flatpack DIP

AC (mA) at 60 Hz 0 to 1 1 to 4 4 to 21 21 to 40 40 to 100 Over 1600

DC (mA) 0 to 4 4 to 15 15 to 80 80 to 160 160 to 300 300mA

pay it forward!!

Packaging
Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
Resistor, diodes (non repairable parts) Sub-modules attached to circuit cards circuit cards, mother boards etc. Drawers Cabinets

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Types of Robots
Semi-Autonomous Autonomous Tele-Operated Androids Cyborgs Automatons Satellites Orbital Planes Satellites / Planes Plane Separation Satellite Separation Inclination Orbital Period Altitude Needs some human intervention Needs no human intervention Remote controlled Resemble humans Mixture of human and machine parts Automatically follow programmed instructions GPS 24 6 4 600 600 550 12 Hours 20,200 km GLONASS 21 (3 spare) 3 8 1200 450 64.80 11 Hours & 15mins 19,100 km ASIMO QRIO HUBO Robosapien Bang-bang Robot Colpitts Hartley Armstrong Clapp V.32 V.34bis V.90 Maxwell Bridge Hay Bridge Medium Q High Q Honda Sony Korea toy like robot Limit stop
tapped capacitor tapped inductor Magnetic Coupling series LC

Microphones
Low Z dynamic carbon ribbon High Z crystal condenser electret

9600 bps 33.6 kbps 56 kbps

Mechanical Configurations of Industrial Robots

Articulated Spherical configurations Cylindrical configuration Cartesian or rectilinear SCARA (Selective Compliance
Assembly Robot Arm)

Velocity Factor
Coax Twin lead Open wire Proton Neutron 0.66 / 0.6-0.8 0.8 0.9 2 up quarks 1 down quark 2 down quarks 1 up quark

arm or joined- arm configuration up, down, left, right, pivot at certain angle 360 up/down/left/ right 4 axis robot with rotating elements that move in single plane

RFID frequency bands

13.553 MHz 918 MHz 2446 MHz 13.567 MHz 920 MHz 2454 MHz SCR Diac Triac NPN + PNP two 4-layer SCR two SCR back-to-back

Erlang B Erlang C Poisson

do not reappear during test period Held in the system until satisfied satisfied or abandoned

FAX
Mins / page scan lines / inch Group 1 6 90 Group 2 3 100
Standard

Group 3 6-15 sec / page

Fine Superfine

100

or

98

200

or

196

400

or

392

IP version IPv4 IPv6

Addresses 232 2128

Bluetooth
class class 1 class 2 class 3 Maximum Permitted dB Power (mW/dBm) 100 mW (20dBm) 2.5 mW (4dBm) 1 mW (0dBm) Range ~100m ~10m ~1m

Turns Ratio of Transformer

step up step down less than unity greater than unity

Welding Type
Carbon Arc Welding Electron Beam Welding Spot Welding MIG (metal inert gas) TIG (tungsten inert gas) Plasma arc Welding Pressure Welding Electric Resistance Seam Welding Occurrence of blow holes Vacuum tube/ high velocity electrons applied in the materials a type of resistance welding high deposit rate/uses consumable wire electrodes Uses non-consumable wire electrodes wine glass / shielding gas atom-atom bond uses disc electrodes