Chapter 18

18.1 Check moment and shear strength at the base of structural wall shown in Fig. P18-1.

1. Calculate factored loads at base of wall.

M u (base) = 1.6 (7 k 15 ft + 12 k 26 ft + 18 k 37 ft + 22 k 48 ft + 20 k 59 ft) = 5310 kip-ft Vu (base) = 1.6 ( 7 + 12 + 18 + 22 + 20 ) kips = 126 kips N u ,min (base) = 0.9 230 k = 207 kips
2. Calculate flexural strength. The total area of vertical wall reinforcement is:

Ast = 2 0.20 in.2

lw 240 in. = 0.40 in.2 = 8.00 in.2 s 12 in.

From Eq. (18-26a), the percentage of vertical (longitudinal) reinforcement is:

l =

Ast 8.00 in.2 = = 0.00333 h l w 10 in. 240 in.

From Eq. (18-26b), the vertical reinforcement index is:

= l

fy f c

= 0.00333

60 ksi = 0.0444 4.5 ksi

From Eq. (18-27), the axial load index is:

Nu h l w f c

207 kips = 0.0192 10 in. 240 in. 4.5 ksi

For 4500 psi concrete, 1 = 0.825. Then, from Eq. (18-28) the depth to the neutral axis is:

+ 0.0192 + 0.0444 c= l w = 240 in. = 19.3 in. 0.85 0.825 + 2 0.0444 0.851 + 2
This is very small compared to d (taken as 0.8 w), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. From Eq. (18-25a), the tension force in the vertical reinforcement is:

l c 240 19.3 2 T = Ast f y w = 8.00 in. 60 ksi = 441 kips 240 lw

18-1

And, from Eq. (18-29) the nominal moment strength at the base of the wall is:

l l c 240 in. 240 in. 19.3 in. M n = T w + Nu w = 441 k 2 + 207 k 2 2 2 = 53, 000 k-in. + 22,800 k-in. = 75,800 k-in. = 6320 k-ft
Using the strength reduction factor, , the design strength is:

M n = 0.9 6320 = 5690 k-ft > M u (o.k.)

3. Check shear strength. Because the wall is subjected to compression, we are permitted to use Eq. (18-41) to determine the concrete contribution to shear strength. For this calculation we will assume d = 0.8 x w = 0.8 x 240 = 192 in., as permitted in ACI Code Section 11.9.4.

Vc = 2 f c hd = 2 1 4500 psi 10 in. 192 in. = 258, 000 lbs = 258 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear, the design strength contribution from the concrete is:

Vc = 0.75 258 = 193 kips > Vu

Thus, no horizontal reinforcement is required for shear strength. However, because Vu exceeds one-half of Vc, the reinforcement requirements in ACI Code Section 11.9.9 must be satisfied. Horizontal reinforcement. From Eq. (18-45a), the percentage of horizontal reinforcement is:

2 0.20 in.2 t = = = 0.0025 0.0025 (o.k.) h s2 10 in. 16 in. Av ,horiz

The maximum center-to-center spacing for the horizontal reinforcement is the smallest of w/5 (48 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. Thus, the provided spacing of 16 in. for the horizontal reinforcement is ok. Vertical reinforcement. Because the wall aspect ratio, hw/w = 59ft/20ft = 2.95, exceeds 2.5, the minimum required percentage of vertical reinforcement is 0.0025. From step 2, = 0.00333, which exceeds the minimum value. The maximum center-to-center spacing for the vertical reinforcement is the smallest of w/3 (80 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. Thus, the provided spacing of 12 in. for the vertical reinforcement is ok.

18-2

18.2 Design a uniform distribution of vertical and horizontal reinforcement for the structural

wall shown in Fig. P18-2. 1. Calculate factored loads at base of wall.

Vu (base) = 1.6 ( 75 + 100 ) kips = 280 kips

M u (base) = 1.6 (75 k 12 ft + 100 k 24 ft) = 5280 kip-ft N u ,min (base) = 0.9 (70 + 40) kips = 99.0 kips

2. Flexural design. Based on the results from Problem 18-1 (a wall with similar design base moment and similar dimensions), select a trial value for = 0.0035. Then, from Eq. (18-26b),

= l

fy f c

= 0.0035

60 ksi = 0.0525 4 ksi

From Eq. (18-27), the axial load index is:

Nu h l w f c

99.0 kips = 0.0103 10 in. 240 in. 4 ksi

For 4000 psi concrete, 1 = 0.85. Then, from Eq. (18-28) the depth to the neutral axis is:

+ 0.0103 + 0.0525 c= l w = 240 in. = 18.2 in. 0.851 + 2 0.85 0.85 + 2 0.0525
This is very small compared to d (taken as 0.8 w), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. The total area of vertical wall reinforcement is:

Ast = l h l w = 0.0035 10 in. 240 in. = 8.40 in.2

From Eq. (18-25a), the tension force in the vertical reinforcement is:

l c 240 18.2 2 T = Ast f y w = 8.40 in. 60 ksi = 466 kips 240 lw

And, from Eq. (18-29) the nominal moment strength at the base of the wall is:

l l c 240 in. 240 in. 18.2 in. M n = T w + Nu w = 466 k 2 + 99.0 k 2 2 2 = 55,900 k-in. + 11, 000 k-in. = 66,900 k-in. = 5570 k-ft
Using the strength reduction factor, , the design strength is:

M n = 0.9 5570 = 5020 k-ft < M u (not o.k.)

18-3

For a wall with relatively low axial load, the nominal moment strength should increase approximately linearly with increases in the percentage of vertical reinforcement. Thus,

l (req'd.) l (trial)

Mu 5280 = 0.0035 = 0.00368 M n (trial) 5020

Round this up a little and try = 0.0038. Then, redo the calculations to find:

= 0.0570, c = 19.3 in., Ast = 9.12 in.2 , T = 503 kips, and M n = 5350 k-ft > M u (o.k.)
Select vertical reinforcement as: No. 4 bars at 10 in. spacing in each face (EF), results in = 0.00400 No. 5 bars at 16 in. spacing in each face (EF), results in = 0.00388 Either selection will work. To use less total bars, select No. 5 bars at 16 in. spacing, EF. It is good practice to replace the pair of No. 5 bars at the edges of the wall with a pair of No. 6 bars. 3. Shear Design. The aspect ratio for this wall is, hw/w = 24/20 = 1.20. Thus, this is a short wall and the shear strength contribution from the concrete is probably given by Eq. (18-43). Using d = 0.8 x w = 192 in., results in:

Vc = 3.3 f c hd +

Nu d 4l w

99, 000 lbs 192 in. 4 240 in. = (401, 000 + 19,800) lbs = 421, 000 lbs = 421 kips = 3.3 1 4000 psi 10 in. 192 in. +
Before accepting this value, we will check the value of Vc from Eq. (18-44). For this flexural-shear strength equation, we need to evaluate the ratio of Mu/Vu at the critical section above the base of the wall, as defined in Fig. 18-19. For this wall, w/2 = 10 ft, governs. At that section the factored moment is,

M u (crit. sect.) = M u (base) Vu (base)

lw 2 = 5280 kip-ft 280 kip 10 ft = 2480 kip-ft

18-4

Thus, the ratio of Mu/Vu = 2480/280 = 8.86 ft. Using this value, the denominator in the second term of Eq. (18-43) is,

Mu l w = 8.86 ft 10 ft = 1.14 ft Vu 2
Because this is a negative number, Eq. (18-44) is not valid for this wall. So, using = 0.75 and the value for Vc from Eq. (18-43):

Vc = 0.75 421 kips = 316 kips > Vu

Thus, no horizontal reinforcement is required for shear strength. However, because Vu exceeds one-half of Vc, the reinforcement requirements in ACI Code Section 11.9.9 must be satisfied. Horizontal reinforcement. Use 2 No. 4 bars at 16 in. spacing in each face. Then, from Eq. (1845a), the percentage of horizontal reinforcement is:

t =

Av ,horiz h s2

2 0.20 in.2 = 0.0025 0.0025 (o.k.) 10 in. 16 in.

The maximum center-to-center spacing for the horizontal reinforcement is the smallest of w/5 (48 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. Thus, the provided spacing of 16 in. for the horizontal reinforcement is ok. Vertical reinforcement. Because t = 0.0025, the minimum value for in Eq. (18-46) is 0.0025. From the flexural design, the provided value for = 0.00388, so it is o.k. Also, the selected spacing of 16 in. is less than the smallest of w/3 (80 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. (o.k.)

18-5

18-3

Check the moment and shear strength at the base of the structural wall shown in Fig. P18-3. Use x = 40 ft. for the flexural strength check and x = 30 ft for the capacity-based design approach to check the shear strength.

1. Calculate factored loads for flexural strength check at base of wall.

M u (base) = 1.0 150 k 2 3 60 ft = 6000 kip-ft N u ,min (base) = 0.9 150 k = 135 kips
2. Flexural strength. For a boundary element in tension, use Eq. (18-30) to find:

T = As f y = 12 0.79 in.2 60 ksi = 569 kips

Assuming that the depth of the compression stress block does not exceed the size of the boundary element, use Eq. (18-32) to find:

a=

T + Nu 569 k + 135 k = = 8.28 in. ( 20 in., o.k.) 0.85 f c b 0.85 5 ksi 20 in.

Assume d = w 20in./2 = 180 10 = 170 in. Then, from Eq. (18-33), the nominal moment strength is:

a l a M n = T d + Nu w 2 2 8.28 in. 180 in. 8.28 in. = 569 k 170 in. + 135 k 2 2 = (94, 400 + 11, 600)k-in. = 8830 kip-ft
With a = 8.28 in., it is clear that this is a tension-controlled section, and thus = 0.9. So,

M n = 0.9 8830 = 7950 kip-ft ? M u

The wall is substantially over-designed in flexure and we should reduce the steel in the boundary element to reduce the shear required to develop the flexural strength. One possible redesign is to use eight No. 9 bars in each boundary element. This leads to the final result of Mn = 6860 kipft. 3. Design shear (determine capacity-based design shear using original flexural design). Assume that the probable axial load is:

N pr = N D + N L = 150 k + 100 k = 250 kips

18-6

With this axial load the wall moment strength will be reevaluated and referred to as the probable moment strength, Mpr. First, the depth of the compression stress block is,

a=

T + Nu 569 k + 250 k = = 9.64 in. 0.85 f c b 0.85 5 ksi 20 in.

This is larger than calculated previously, but it is still clear that the tension steel in the boundary element will be yielding. With this value of a, the moment strength is:

a l a M pr = T d + N pr w 2 2 = 94, 000 k-in. + 21,300 k-in. = 115, 000 kip-in. = 9610 kip-ft
With this moment and assuming that x = 0.5 x 60 ft = 30 ft, the capacity-based design shear is,

Vu (cap-based) =

M pr 0.5hw

9610 k-ft = 320 kips 0.5 60 ft

4. Check shear strength. For this wall, the value of Acv in Eq. (18-48) is:

Acv = h l w = 10 in. 180 in. = 1800 in.2

Because this is a slender wall, c = 2.0. Eq. (18-45b) will be used to determine t for the distributed horizontal reinforcement.

2 0.20 in.2 t = = = 0.0025 h s2 10 in. 16 in. Av ,horiz

Using the values calculated here, the nominal shear strength of the wall from Eq. (11-48) is,

Vn = Acv c fc + t f y

= 1800 in.2 2 1 5000 psi + 0.0025 60, 000 psi

= 1800 in.2 ( 141 psi + 150 psi ) = 524, 000 lbs = 524 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear,

Vn = 0.75 524 k = 393 kips > Vu (cap-based) (o.k.)

18-7

The vertical and horizontal steel percentages in the web of the wall (both 0.0025) and the bar spacing (16 in. both horizontal and vertical) satisfy the requirements of ACI Code Section 11.9.9, which are applicable for this wall. 18-4 Check the moment and shear strength at the base of the structural wall shown in Fig. P18-4. Use the capacity-based design approach to check the shear strength.

1. Calculate factored loads for flexural strength check at base of wall.

M u (base) = 1.0 220 k 15 ft = 3300 kip-ft N u ,min (base) = 0.9 80 k = 72 kips

2. Flexural strength. From Eq. (18-454a) the vertical reinforcement percentage is:

l =

Av ,vert h s1

2 0.31 in.2 = 0.00388 10 in. 16 in.

From Eq. (18-26b) the reinforcement ratio for the vertical reinforcement is:

= l

fy f c

= 0.00388

60 ksi = 0.0582 4 ksi

From Eq. (18-27) the axial load ratio is:

Nu hl w f c

72 kips = 0.00750 10 in. 240 in. 4 ksi

For 4000 psi concrete, 1 = 0.85. Then, from Eq. (18-28), the depth to the neutral axis is:

+ 0.0075 + 0.0582 c= l w = 240 in. = 18.8 in. 0.85 0.85 + 2 0.0582 0.851 + 2
This is very small compared to d (0.8w = 192 in.), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. For the longitudinal steel,

Ast = 2 0.31 in.2

240 in. = 9.30 in.2 16 in.

Then, from Eq. (18-25a), the flexural tension force is:

l c 240 in. 18.8 in. 2 T = Ast f y w = 9.30 in. 60 ksi = 514 kips 240 in. lw

18-8

Finally, the nominal moment capacity is found using Eq. (18-29):

l l c M n = T w + Nu w 2 2 240 in. 240 in. 18.8 in. = 514 k + 72 k 2 2 = (61, 700 + 7960)k-in. = 5810 kip-ft
Applying the strength factor, the design flexural strength is,

M n = 0.9 5810 = 5230 kip-ft ? M u

The wall is substantially over-designed in flexure and we should reduce the vertical reinforcement in the wall to reduce the shear required to develop the flexural strength. One possible redesign is to use two No. 4 bars at a 16 in. spacing in each face. For this reinforcement

= 0.0025 (the minimum value) and the design flexural strength, Mn = 3670 kip-ft.
3. Design shear (determine capacity-based design shear using original flexural design). Assume that the probable axial load is:

N pr = N D + N L = 80 k + 40 k = 120 kips
With this axial load, the axial load ratio is:

120 kips = 0.0125 10 in. 240 in. 4 ksi

And, the depth to the neutral axis is:

0.0125 + 0.0581 c= 240 in. = 20.2 in. 0.85 0.85 + 2 0.0581

Then, the flexural tension force is:

l c 240 in. 20.2 in. 2 T = Ast f y w = 9.30 in. 60 ksi = 511 kips lw 240 in.
Finally, the probably moment capacity is:

18-9

 240 in. 240 in. 20.2 in. M pr = 511 k + 120 k 2 2 = (61,300 + 13, 200)k-in. = 6210 kip-ft

With this probable moment strength, the capacity-based design shear is,

Vu (cap-based) =

M pr hw

6210 k-ft = 414 kips 15 ft

4. Check shear strength. For this wall, Eq. (18-45b) will be used to determine t for the distributed horizontal reinforcement.

2 0.20 in.2 t = = = 0.0025 h s2 10 in. 16 in. Av ,horiz

The effective wall shear area from Eq. (18-48) is:

Acv = h l w = 10 in. 240 in. = 2400 in.2

Because this is a squat wall (hw/w = 0.75), c = 3.0. Thus, the nominal shear strength of the wall from Eq. (11-48) is,

Vn = Acv c fc + t f y

= 2400 in.2 3 1 4000 psi + 0.0025 60, 000 psi

= 2400 in.2 ( 190 psi + 150 psi ) = 815, 000 lbs = 815 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear,

Vn = 0.75 815 k = 612 kips > Vu (cap-based) (o.k.)

The vertical and horizontal steel percentages in the web of the wall (both 0.0025) and the bar spacing (16 in. both horizontal and vertical) satisfy the requirements of ACI Code Section 11.9.9, which are applicable for this wall.

18-10