FMSCPC - Vsat - L4

L-4 FMSCPC SYSTEM
JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC
FMSCPC SYSTEM
1. Introduction SCPC stands for Single Channel Per Carrier, i.e. the carrier contains only one channel. In FMSCPC systems, the carrier is frequency modulated by one VF channel. These systems are suitable for remote area communications. In this handout, we shall briefly discuss the principles and operational features of the FMSCPC systems. 2. Basic SCPC Scheme Fig.1 illustrates the basic building blocks of an SCPC system.
IF COMBINER IF IF IF
4W TX 4W TX 4W TX
SCPC MOD SCPC MOD SCPC MOD
4W RX 4W RX 4W RX
SCPC MOD SCPC MOD SCPC MOD
IF DIVIDER IF IF IF
* : IN 1+1 CONFIGURATION Fig. 1 The IF of each modulator is different and is set to any frequency from 52 MHz to 88 MHz. Frequency spacing between adjacent carriers is kept at 45 KHz. Smaller spacing is also possible. Each carrier is frequency modulated by a single telephony channel (4WTRANS). Therefore, each station transmits as many carriers as the number of channels it operates.
BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06
Up/down converter and Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) are common for all the carriers.
On the receive side, the down converter translates the RF band of a transponder to 5288 MHz IF band. The SCPC demodulator selects a particular carrier and demodulates it to get the receive channel (4WREC).
Note the basic advantages of SCPC scheme : Multiplexing equipment is not required. Channels can be increased in steps of one by adding a modulator and a demodulator unit.
3. Special Features of SCPC Operation To implement the basic SCPC scheme within the constraints of transponder bandwidth and power, requires some special measures which are described below. These features are exclusive to FMSCPC system. 3.1 VOX Operation On a satellite transponder having 36 MHz bandwidth, there can be 36000/45 = 800 SCPC carriers. So many carriers if present simultaneously require a large amount of transponder transmit power which exceeds its capacity. They also result in unacceptable level of intermodulation noise. Therefore, VOX (voice operated transmission) mode of operation is used. In this mode, a carrier is transmitted only when the modulating signal is present. In case of the speech signal, VOX operation reduces the average number of carriers in a transponder to about 40% at any instant of time and reduces the transponder transmit power requirements.
On the receive side, the carriers are received in bursts. When carrier is not present, the demodulator generates noise (similar to noise heard on AM/FM radio receivers used in our homes). A squelch gate is provided at output of the demodulator to cut out this noise. The gate switches on only when the carrier is present.
Fig. 3 VOX mode of operation has effect on signaling also. For signaling, 3825 Hz tone is used but the tone cannot be sent continuously. Therefore, pulsed signaling is used in SCPC systems. 3.2 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) The RF carriers transmitted to the satellite are in 6 GHz frequency band. The satellite transponder converts the 6 GHz frequency band to 4 GHz frequency band. During frequency translation, frequency drifts of the order of 40 KHz are expected. Thus, an SCPC carrier may shift its location in the receive frequency band by about 40 KHz. Since the SCPC carriers are spaced at 45 KHz, the frequency shift may result in receiving a wrong carrier. Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) is, therefore, built into SCPC systems. It corrects the frequency drift experienced in the satellite. For AFC, one of the SCPC station transmits 70 MHz unmodulated carrier as a pilot along with other SCPC carriers. At each earth station, this carrier is used for AFC as explained later.
3.3 Compander With the limited transponder power distributed over 800 SCPC carriers, it is not possible to meet the S/N requirements unless some special noise reduction circuit Compander, is used. Compander consists of a compressor circuit in the transmit path and an expander circuit in the receive path. Companders used in SCPC systems provide about 17 dB subjective improvement in S/N. 4. Overall Block Schematic of an SCPC System Fig.4 illustrates the overall block diagram of an FMSCPC system. This schematic and the terminology are based on ITI make SCPC system. Signal Interface, Modulator/Transmitter, TED/Receiver and the channel synthesizer are built on a single PCB in ITI SCPC system. Operation of each block of the system is explained in the following sections.
Fig. 4
5. Signal Interface Transmit Side Signal Interface block contains the following circuits in the transmit side:
band limiting the VF signal to 3003400 Hz, echo suppressor, carrier ON signal generation for VOX mode of operation, compressor, pulsed signaling tone generation.
Fig.5 shows simplified block schematic of the Signal Interface in the transmit side. The VF signal is band limited to 0.33.4 KHz. It is then delayed by 8.5 milliseconds. to allow transmission of unmodulated carrier for 8.5 milliseconds. after detection of the speech signal. The delay enables the TED on the receive side to lock to the carrier within this period.
Fig. 5
The audio gate stops the echo when it is opened by the echo suppressor control circuit. 3825 Hz band stop filter prevents any speech signal at this frequency else it may interfere with the signaling tone which is inserted later. The compressor is used for noise reduction. 0 dBm is the unaffected level. The signaling tone received from the RO/AFC unit is passed through a gate which is controlled by the pulse signaling received from the MDP card. The signaling tone and the speech signal are sent to modulator/transmitter block. On the transmit side, when speech or signaling pulse is detected a Carrier ON command is generated. It is also applied to the moduator / transmitter block to switch on the carrier. The signal interface block requires 30 KHz clock for the delay circuit. This clock is generated from the reference oscillator at 10 MHz in the RO/AFC unit. 6. Modulator/Transmitter This block accepts the VF signals which modulate a 45 MHz carrier. This carrier is then translated to the desired intermediate frequency in the range 52 88 MHz using the output of the frequency synthesizer. For the VOX mode of operation, carrier is activated by the Carrier ON signal from the Signal Interface TX block. Fig.6 shows the block schematic of the modulator. The audio signal is passed through a preemphasis and a level limiting circuit. 50 Hz energy dispersal waveform and pulsed 3825 signaling tone are added to it. The modulator is a phase locked loop (PLL). It generates 45 MHz FM carrier using 30 KHz from RO/AFC unit as reference source. The audio signal is added to the error voltage so that frequency of the VCO is varied as per the amplitude of the audio signal.
The 45 MHz carrier is translated to IF carrier in the frequency band 5288 MHz using output of the frequency synthesizer. The IF is amplified using an IF amplifier which includes a PIN diode switch. This switch is controlled by the Carrier ON signal generated in the Signal Interface TX block.
Fig. 6 All the IF carriers are combined using multiport IF combiners. The combined band of IF carriers is sent to upconverter. 7. Up/Down Converter The Up/Down converter is in 1+1 redundant configuration. Two stage frequency translation is used in both the directions. In the transmit direction, combined IF carriers in the frequency band 5288 MHz are transmitted to 1 GHz band and then to the desired 6 GHz RF band. In the receive side, one of the
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outputs of the RF divider is applied to the SCPC down converter. The down converter translates the received RF band to 5288 MHz IF band. This is unlike FDMFMFDMA where each carrier is separately down converted to 70 MHz using an independent down converter. Each SCPC carrier occupies the assigned frequency slot within the IF band. Fig.7 shows the frequency translation scheme of the up/down converter. In the transmit direction, the composite IF signal, 70+18 MHz from the IF combiner is translated to 1070 MHz band using 1000 MHz local oscillator frequency. The output is applied to a BPF which allows 1070+18 MHz components. The second frequency translation is to 6 GHz band Fig. 7
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of the SCPC transponder, e.g. transponder 9 which is used for SCPC carriers, has the centre frequency 6285 MHz. Therefore, 1070 MHz frequency band is translated to 6285 MHz band using 5215 MHz frequency. This frequency is generated using a transponder selecting crystal having frequency 108.645833 MHz and multiplying it by 48. On the receive side, the RF band corresponding to the SCPC transponder 9 is 4060+18 MHz. This band is translated to 1155 MHz using the second stage local oscillator (Frequency 5215 MHz) of the up converter. 1155 MHz band is passed through a BPF and then applied to another mixer stage having local oscillator frequency of 1225 MHz to translate 1155 MHz band to 70 MHz IF band. 1225 MHz is generated using a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) operating at 1223711 MHz and multiplying its output by 11. The VCXO frequency is controlled by the AFC correction voltage. Any frequency drift in the transponder is taken care of and the IF band at the output of the down converter is tracked within 2 KHz. The output of the down converter is applied to the IF divider which distributes the signal to SCPC TED/Receiver 8. SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIER (SSPA) In remote earth stations, 20 Watts solid state power amplifiers (SSPA) are used in 1+1 configuration for amplification of the RF signals received from the upconverter. At other stations capacity of the power amplifier depends on the number of SCPC carriers being transmitted. TED/RECEIVER The TED/receiver block accepts the IF band 52-88 MHz from the IF divider and selects the desired carrier by translating it to 45 MHz. Frequency synthesizer provides the local frequency required for translation. Frequency demodulation is carried out using a phase locked loop which also generates a carrier present signal for squelch gate operation Fig. 8 shows the block schematic of the receiver. The IF input from the IF divider contains all the SCPC carriers in the frequency band 52 to 88 MHz.
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The carriers have 45 KHz frequency spacing. The required IF carrier is selected by translating it first to 45 MHz and then to 10.71 MHz. The local oscillator frequency of the first mixer stage is taken from the output of frequncy synthesizer which is set at 45 MHz difference from the desired carrier frequency. Note that there is common frequency synthesizer for transmit and receive directions and the frequency setting is also same. Therefore, the transmit carrier is translated to 45 MHz. The filter which follows the mixer stage is so designed that two more carriers adjacent to the transmit carrier are passed by the filter and applied to the second stage of frequency translation. The second stage selects the appropriate carrier from these three carriers by proper setting of the local oscillator frequency of the second stage. The LO frequency can be so set that transmit frequency is selected, or the next higher carrier is selected, or the next lower carrier is selected.
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Fig. 8
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In the first case, the channel operates in loop back mode so that channel testing may be carried out. For communication purposes between two stations, the receive carrier can either be next higher or the lower carrier adjacent to the transmit carrier. After carrier selection, the demodulation is carried out using a PLL threshold extension demodulator operating at 455 KHz. 10.71 MHz to 455 KHz translation is done using another stage of down conversion with LO frequency at 10.255 MHz. The demodulator contains AGC amplifier and a quadrature detector which generates the carrier present signal for the squelch control. The demodulated output is sent to the Signal Interface described below. SIGNAL INTERFACE - RECEIVE SIDE On the receive side, the demodulated signals from the TED are processed to get back the squelch signal and the signalling pulses. The receive side of the interface contains the following circuits : squelch gate, echo suppressor, expander, 3825 Hz signalling one detection. Fig. shows the block schematic of the Signal Interface - Receive Side. Output of the TED is filtered and delayed by 8.5 msec. The delay is provided to ensure that the squelch gate is closed before arrival of the speech signal. Squelch gate is controlled by squelch control circuit which receives its input from the TED/Receiver. 3825 Hz tone is filtered out, detected and sent to the MDP card for conversion to usual E/M signaling. The VF signal is applied to expander circuit through a band stop filter to remove 3825 signaling tone. Expander restores the VF signal which was "compressed" at the time of transmission. From expander, it goes echo suppressor gate which gives 0 dB or 6 dB loss depending on the input from the E/S control circuit.
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CHANNEL SYNTHESIZER It generates the local oscillator signal in the frequency range 97133 MHz using a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The frequency can be set in the steps of 22.5 KHz. There is a common frequency synthesizer for both transmit and receive side. Fig. 9 shows its block schematic.
PHASE
REFERENCE INPUT
DETECTOR
LOOP FILTER
*
VCO*
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR
30 KHz
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LO OUTPUT ADJUSTABLE FROM 97 TO 133 MHz IN STEPS OF 22.5 KHz
PROGRAMMAB LE DIVIDER
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DIVIDER Fig. 9 The reference input is 30 KHz. It is divided by 32 to get 0.9375 KHz. The VCO frequency is divided by 24 and then by a programmable divider to get 0.9375 KHz. When the PLL is locked, the two input frequencies to the phase detector are equal. Otherwise it generates an output error voltage which is proportional to the phase difference of the two input signals. The error voltage is filtered using a low pass filter and applied to the VCO whose frequency is controlled by the error voltage. The VCO frequency is given by 0.9375 x 24 x N
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KHz. When N is incremented or decremented by 1, the VCO frequency changes by 0.9375 x 24 = 22.5 KHz. By changing the divisor N, the frequency of the VCO can be set to any frequency within the band 97 to 133 MHz in the steps of 22.5 KHz. RO/AFC UNIT All the reference frequencies used within the SCPC system, and the AFC correction voltage applied to the down converter, are provided by the RO/AFC unit. It incorporates : 10 MHz high stability reference oscillator, 3825 Hz signalling tone generator, AFC circuit. The RO/AFC unit is in 1+1 reduntant configuration. Reference Oscillator The reference oscillator consists of a 10 MHz frequency standard with associated circuitry to generate 30 KHz for the AFC card and for the channel synthesizer (Fig. 10). The 3825 Hz signalling tone is also generated in this unit and distributed to all the modem cards.
REF OSC 10 MHz 10 MHz REF
30 KHz REF 10 X3 100
Fig. 10
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9.1
Automatic Frequency Control For AFC, a pilot modem card is used. It receives its input from the
IF divider. The receiver chain is same as in the other modem cards. The channel synthesizer is set to receive 70 MHz pilot. The pilot is transmitted to 45 KHz and applied to the AFC card in the RC, AFC unit (Fig. 11). A drift in the received RF band is reflected in the pilot signal and, therefore, in the 455 KHz signal. In the AFC circuit, 455 KHz signal is divided by 455000 to get 1 Hz signal. This signal is compared with 1 second reference time slot generated using 30 KHz. Depending on this comparison, a frequency correction voltage is generated and applied to the VCXO in the down converter. ADVANTAGES OF FM-SCPC SYSTEM As mentioned in the beginning, FM-SCPC system provides single channel add on flexibility. The system is very cost effective for low traffic density and for remote area communication. Demand Assigned Multiple Access
(DAMA) in which a satellite channel is assigned to a station on call to call basis is feasible using SCPC system.
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N 30 KHz REF 1 SEC TIME SLOT
455000 455 KHz AFC CORRECTION VOLTAGE
TO VCXO ( DOWN CONVERTER ) FROM PILOT MODEM AFC CIRCUIT
1 Hz Fig. 11
VSAT NETWORK
What is VSAT ? It can be defined as class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station suitable for easy onpremise installation, usually operating in conjunction with a large size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two way integrated Telecom Services.
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VSAT is also known as 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Micro Earth Station Mini Earth Station Personal Earth Station Roof Top Terminal Customer Premise Terminal
Advantages of VSAT V-SATs provide the following advantages : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last mile problem. Superior quality Satellite Based Data Services. BER better than 1 x 7 10 for 99.5% of time. Quick implementation time. Reliable communication. Broadcast feature of satellite communication. Communication to Remote areas. Flexibility for network growth and changes. Service is distance insensitive. Low cost.
Reasons for VSAT Evolution The main reasons for VSAT evolution is due to advances in following areas. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Packet transmission and switching. Efficient Multiple Access Protocols. Powerful Microprocessors. KU band RF electronics. Antenna miniaturization. Spread Spectrum Techniques.
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7. 8. 9.
Protocol Standardisation and Implementation. LSI Based FEC Codecs and Modems. Higher power satellites.
Classification of V-SATs V-SATs can be classified based on following : 1. 2. 3. 4. Modulation Type. Application used for. Transmission Rate Cost
Categories of V-SATs 1. Broadcast/Point to Multipoint Type of services (A) (B) (C) Broadcast Video. Program Quality Audio. Packetised Data.
In this mode of operation V-SATs transmit/receive data through a Centralised Hub. This type of network is called a STAR NETWORK. 2. Pointtopoint Type of Services (A) (B) (C) Voice Data Image
In this mode of operation V-SATs transmit/receive data without the help of Hub station. This type of network is called a MESH NETWORK. 3. Twoway Interactive Type of Services
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(A) (B) (C)
Voice Data Image
In this configuration, V-SATs can communicate both in STAR as well as MESH topology. Salient features of TwoWay Interactive V-SATs 1. Twoway interactive V--SATs use P.S.K. Modulation both in C and Ku band. They may also employ Spread Spectrum technique. 2. VSAT Antenna Diameter. 1.2 M to 1.8 M in Ku band. 1.8 M to 2.4 M in C band. 3. Solid State Power Amplifier. Up to 5 watts in C band. 1 to 3 watts in Ku band.
4.
Network configuration STAR or MESH.
5.
VSAT to HUB Transmission In bound carrier On TDMA.
6.
HUB to VSAT Transmission. Out bound carrier On TDMA Carrier.
7.
In bound carrier access. (a) (b) FTDMA Random Access (i) (ii) (iii) Pure Aloha Slotted Aloha Reservation Aloha
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(iv) (c) 8. CDMA
Demand Assigned TDMA
One VSAT several DTEs. One Inbound carrier Several hundred V-SATs. One or two outband. and few inbound Several thousand VSATs.
VSAT Users (1) (2) (3) Large corporate customers Private Network. Medium sized users Quasi Private Network. Small users A Shared Network.
Design Factors for VSAT Systems The capabilities of a VSAT system depends upon following factors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Satellite characteristics. Geographical and Environmental factors. Transmission link properties. Earth station characteristics. Information encoding and modulation. Total system operation.
Each of these factors is interrelated. As a result, a desire to maximize one attribute comes often at the expanse of others. The goal should be to balance them all, in order to obtain a system that is as reliable, resilient and efficient as possible for a particular application for which the system is designed. 1. Satellite Characteristics It depends upon the following : Antenna design Operating frequency Receiver sensitivity Transponder power and B.W.
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2. Geographical and Environmental Factors Area of earth covered. Fixed and variable atmospheric weather conditions. The effects of terrestrial microwave links. 3. Transmission link properties Noise sources, magnitude and frequency. Signal strength losses Signal to noise ratio. 4. Earth Station Characteristics Antenna size Receiver sensitivity Satellite elevation relative to earth. 5. Information encoding and modulation Information encoding and compression technique. Modulation method. Transmission technology both analog and digital. 6. Total system operation Efficiency of endtoend information flow. Information protocols and flow control. Multiple user access techniques. System operation under heavy loadings. When evaluating a VSAT system each of the above attributes should be given attention. However, few of more important attributes are Operational aspects Frequency bands Satellite Access Methods. Operational aspects Considering a VSAT system from its operational aspects, there are five broad functions that determine how the system works. These are : Bandwidth allocation Multiplexing Network management Protocol handling Transmission
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(a) Bandwidth allocation Bandwidth allocation refers to the allocating of communication channels between V-SATs and the satellite so as to maintain network operation at peak levels with minimum delays. (b) Multiplexing Multiplexing is the ability to mix transmissions to and from multiple sources so as to share satellite channel between several V-SATs. There are several methods of doing this, the goal being to optimise the utilisation of the network by reducing wasted satellite time. (c) Network management Network management concerns handling the information necessary for automatic or manual optimisation of the networks performance as conditions change. (d) Protocol handling Protocol handling differs widely from one VSAT system to the next. Protocol refers to procedures that enable control to the actual transmission such as error checking, retransmission and identifying parties, etc. Generally, these are two levels of protocols in use. (i) (ii) The network protocol used by the ground stations and the satellite. The user protocol any one of many international standards for information inter change used to encode and verify transmissions. Examples are Asynchronous, SNA/SDLE & X.25 etc. (e) Transmission Transmission involves establishing communication channels between VSAT terminal and the satellite. Typically a satellite system uses one wide band out bound channel and multiple inbound channels.
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Frequency Bands Several frequency bands are commonly used by VSAT systems. They are generally referred to by a letter designation rather than by citing their precise frequencies. For example L Band is used for mobile satellite communication. S Band because of its low BW and vulnerability to interference, is not commonly used. C Band The most common frequency bands in use today, especially for receive only terminals. However, it can be affected by terrestrial microwave, often a problem in cities and urban areas. C band offers the advantages of world wide coverage. KU Band More recently introduced KU band offers greater flexibility of applications in that it supports data, video and voice with smaller dishes. At a higher frequency is X band which is reserved solely for specialised government use such as deep space mission. Highest of all is Ka band which remains largely under development and will allow the use of even smaller terminals known as VVSAT (Very Very) MSAT (micro) and USAT (Ultra Small) aperture terminals. Each band can be affected by atmosphere conditions such as rain. This is not so much a problem for C band, but is especially troublesome for KU Band. Falling snow does not have the same effect, although a few millimeters of ice or a few centimeters of snow on the antenna can cause major degradation to signal strength. Before information can be sent using one of these bands, it must first be made suitable for transmission. This process is known as modulation. After
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being modulated, the signal can be packaged in a number of different ways to transmit to the satellite, these are known as satellite access methods. Satellite Access Technique To share the bandwidth between multiple users and to have more efficient utilisation of the satellite, different access techniques have been devised.
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REMOTE AREA BUSINESS MESSAGE NETWORK

Telecommunication has been recognised as a necessary infrastructural input for growth. The emphasis is shifting from urban to rural areas for industrial development to provide jobs to the rural unemployed and stem the migration from the rural to urban centres. This necessitates the provision of reliable and cost effective means of communication to and from rural area. The Department of Telecom has approved a satellite based data network that will ensure the availability of message communication services to the areas where they do not exist today. The network has been named REMOTE AREA BUSINESS MESSAGE NETWORK. It provides interactive data communication between computers and also FAX between the users as well as access to Public Telex and Data Network. Introduction Government of India has given additional emphasis on industrial development of remote and backward areas by providing increased incentives to the entrepreneurs in order to provide employment to the rural poor and prevent their immigration to already overburdened cities. For the development of industries communication is a must. At present it is practically nonexistent in the rural area. To give further impetus to the rural growth by providing reliable communication, the Department of Telecom has approved a satellite based Data Network as a first step. It would ensure a very reliable message communication services to such areas where no other communication facilities are available. The Remote Area Business Message Network ensures utmost reliability, it is independent of terrain, it works via satellite media with a small antenna located in the users premises. The technology used for this network is such that it is free from interference due to the terrestrial systems. This network optimally utilises the space segment of which there is a shortage at present.
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This is a packet switched data network in star configuration which uses STDM/CDMA (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing/Code Division Multiple Access) transmission with spread spectrum technique. The network consists of very small aperture terminals called micro earth stations which are connected to a master earth station called HUB. The master earth station is collocated with BSNL Earth Station complex at Sikandrabad in Bulandshahar district. This network is suitable for thin route applications. System Concept The Fig. depicts the system concept of RABMN. Basically, it provides connectivity between a remotely located Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) to a host computer. The DTE may be a PC or a mini computer. Computer to computer traffic generally needs intermittent use of high band width channel. Also, the interactive computer may have different data rates. Generally, the remote station originates a short query which can be transmitted to the host computer at low bit rate whereas the response from the host may generally be large which may require a higher bit rate for transmission. The host computer may be located in Delhi or to any other places in the country. If the host computer is located in Delhi, it can be connected to the master earth station through the rearward/backhaul link. In this case, the connection between micro and host terminal uses one satellite hop. If the host computer is located out of Delhi, it can be connected to the network through a VSAT and the call is established from VSAT to VSAT through the master earth station. Technically, it is possible to connect host located anywhere in India to the hub through leased lines but this will not be cost effective and reduce the reliability.
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It is also possible to communicate between two PCs connected to two different VSATs. The call between two VSATs is established through packet switch which is also a part of master earth station electronics. Services Offered Following services are possible on this network. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Interactive Data Communication between a host and remote or between remote terminals. Access to Public Telex Network. Access to Public Data Network. FAX services between the users. Messaging service.
It is possible at the micro terminal end to have all this services available from a single Multi Function Workstation having suitable software. Details of Micro Earth Station As the name suggests micro earth station is a very small earth station. The parabolic reflector of the antenna is of the size 1.2 by 1.8 mtrs. It is made of a strong plastic material coated with reflecting material. It is offset fed. VSATs electronics consists of the power amplifier for transmit, low noise amplifier for receive (120 K) up/down converters and the controller. Except the controller every other unit is a part of the antenna complex. The controller which is the heart of the micro terminal is normally kept in a controlled environment like that of a PC. The antenna may be placed on the roof top or any flat surface from where it can look directly into the satellite without any obstruction in between. The controller and the antenna module are connected by means of a pair of coaxial cables. The size of the cables should not exceed 100 mtrs. The controller comprises of Mod/Demod, and three microcomputer based processors called (i) Space processors, (ii) Network processor, and (iii) I/O Processor.
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The space processor accomplishes control and timing functions. Network processor establishes the X.25 network protocol whereas the I/O processor can be made to accommodate any of the large variety of customer protocols. The control module has two user ports which offer connection to the users data terminal equipment. The micro earth station type C201 permits a maximum data transmission rate of 1200 bps. The data which is in BPSK is chipped at a rate of 1:2048 so that the spectrum occupies a band width of 5 MHz. This signal which is at IF goes to the up converter where it is converted to transmission frequency. The amplifier amplifies it to the required power level before it is transmitted to satellite. The rated power output of the amplifier in case of C201 is 1 Watt. This network can support a very small number of C251 type of VSAT which can work up to 9600 bps. The power amplifier rating in this case is 5 watts. Both the type of VSATs can receive data up to 19.2 kbps. The VSATs transmit BPSK/CDMA carrier in bursts in absolutely random access mode and at the same frequency. Master Earth Station The master earth station also known as hub is located in the DOTs earth station complex at Sikandrabad. The earth station antenna is of the size of 11 mtr. and Low Noise Amplifier of 40 K. The antenna and the LNAs are shared by the other services at the master earth station. The high power amplifier is of the rated capacity of 400 watts. It is TWT type. The carrier from the MES is called outbound and the carrier to the MES is called inbound. On the outbound side double conversion technique is used. The first IF is 150 MHz and the second IF is 1100 MHz. On the inbound side the twin IFs are 1100 MHz and 70 MHz. On the receive side AFC controller is used to
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correct the offset frequency which is caused by the doppler shift due to satellite movement, space craft oscillator tolerances and path length variations. The Mod/Demod are BPSK/SSMA units. The outbound and inbound MUX transmit and receive raw data at 153.6 kbps. All the processing is done in the digital section. The OB MUX includes a chipper, with a chipping ratio of 1:16 which spreads the data spectrum with a PN sequence and packetises the chipped data stream to be transmitted to the modulator. On the receive side the demodulator card or the ear card identifies the signal from the associated VSAT based on identical PN sequence which is unique for the VSAT and the associated ear card. The inbound MUX provides function of calibrating, monitoring and reporting the operational status of the demod cards. The digital section consists of NPG (Network Processing Group), HCI (Host Computer Interface), PSX (Packet Switch) and Admin MUX. The NPG provides the FEC for the outbound data. One NPG can handle 220 VSATs. Maximum 16 NPGs can be installed in one master earth station. NPG is capable of switching the VSATs connected to the same NPG. VSATs connected to different NPGs are switched by means of an external packet switch. Host Computer Interface serves as a buffer between the master earth station and the user host computer providing protocol interface, polls, acknowledgements, retransmission and data buffering on the transmit side as well as accepting polls from the host computer and forwarding data received from the VSATs after the previous poll. HCI performs the routing of the call through sockets which can be a VSAT or any other HCI port. Admn. MUX Admn MUX interfaces with the network control centre for adding, removing and modifying network links and various other parameters to be received from the demod section and identification of virtual network. Admn
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receives a report on all the alarm conditions from NPG. It provides host of other control functions such as off line testing of subsystems. Network Control Centre As the name suggests the network control centre keeps the control of various network functions right from the definition, establishment, maintenance and the status display of various links and various subsystems of the master earth station are connected by means of a high speed local area network (LAN) operating at 575 Kbps which provide inter-unit communication as well as switchover arrangement to switch over to stand by module in case of failure of a regular module. The NPG transmits at 153.6 kbps demand based STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexed) data stream generated by polling the HCI ports which assigned to VSATs or host computer. The data contains various length of packets addressed to different VSATs. Outbound MUX chips this stream at the rate of 16 chips per bit resulting a 2.4576 Mbps bit stream. The BPSK modulator produces an LF whose spectrum is spread to 5 Mhz. This is upconverted to transmit frequency and transmitted to satellite after suitable amplification by the High Power Amplifier. The master earth station continuously transmits 153.6 Kbps STDM/BPSK SSMA carrier. Network Details The RABMN Network will consist of large number of micro earth stations linked to the Sikandrabad Master Earth Station via the designated satellite transponder. At present part of ARABSAT transponder is being used for this purpose. All the micro earth station transmit to the satellite on a random access basis in burst mode at the same carrier frequency. Each micro earth station is assigned an individual code and the transmission packets from a micro earth station carry both destination as well the origination code. The simultaneous, co frequency carrier transmissions from a number of micro earth stations, would
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appear as a background self interference to any one desired micro earth stations carrier. Each spread spectrum receiver or the demodulator card does receive, at the input, all the carriers but all others except the one whose destination address matches with that of the demod channel, get rejected. All these carriers amount to Self Interference. Depending on the satellite link design, the number of such tolerable simultaneous transmission from micros to avoid network congestion, could be of the order of 100. The outbound carrier transmission with a bit rate of 153.6 kbps from the master earth station carries time division multiplexed data for the active micro earth stations. Each micro earth receives the data pertaining to it at a maximum permissible data rate of 19.2 kbps. The bit error rate of the order of 10 FEC and 10
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with
with ARQ is achieved.
The link from a micro earth station to another micro earth station or the main earth station could be established over a Semi Virtual Circuit (SVC) or a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC). At present, this network is configured to support SVCs only. For establishing a SVC the originating micro earth station first transmits call request packets. If the destination micro earth station is available, a SVC is established and the data packets are exchanged. At the end of the transaction SVC is released. The protocol employed for the network is X.25 and with appropriate interfaces the network would provide private data communications in an interactive X.25 packet switched environment. Host computers operating with the network must be equipped with serial RS232C interfaces operating with an X.25 LAPB protocol. The same applies for connecting DTEs to micro terminal ports.
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Fig. 1 VSAT Network
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Fig. 2 Block Schematic of Micro Earth Station
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Fig. 3 Block Schematic of Hub Station Eqpts.
38
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Satellite Communications : An orbiting system in space that receives radio signals from ground stations and then retransmits them to ground stations at distant locations. Earth Station : Equipment on the ground that sends/receives signals to/from Satellites. Uplink : Transmission going from an earth station to an orbiting satellite. Downlink : Transmission going from a satellite to an earth station. Multiple Access : A number of earth stations in different geographical locations sharing a common resource, the Satellite, simultaneously in a network. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) : Bandwidth is split into narrow frequency bands with multiple users each allocated frequency range within the larger bandwidth.
Fig.
39
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) : Each terminal is allocated a short time slot in which to transmit on a sequential basis. The time slot is usually a fraction of a second.
Fig. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) : Each terminal is allocated a unique encryption code. The transmitted signals are encoded and only the terminal intended to receive it can decode it. This is also known as Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA). Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) : In TDM, time slots are alloted to the multiplexed lines even if they have no data to transmit. In STDM, a time slot is allotted to the multiplexed line if only there is data to be sent. The multiplexed circuit is used more efficiently. VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal, also called Micro Earth Station or Personal Earth Station. Master Earth Station : The earth station at the centre of a VSAT network which monitors and manages the entire network. HUB : The centre of a communication network.
40
Inbound Channel :For the master earth station, it is the receive channel. Outbound Channel : For the master earth station, it is the transmit channel. Network 1000 VSATs VSATs transmit on a random access basis in burst mode at the same frequency. Each VSAT has a unique code, its transmission packets carry destination and origination addresses. Simultaneous cofrequency transmissions from a number of VSATs would appear as background interference to anyone desired VSATs carrier. Only the one where origination code matches with that of demod channel is accepted. Number of simultaneous accesses limited to 100. Bit error rate objectives : Raw BER. With FEC With ARQ 10 10 10
3 7 9
Network Protocol is EQUATOR.
Master Earth Station GT Antenna LNA HPA Data Transmission Chipping Rate Noise Bandwidth MOD/MULT. Acc. 31.7 dB/K 11.0 M 40 K 400 W 153.6 Kbit/s 1:16 5.0 MHz STDM/SSBPSK/FDMA
41
Master Earth Station Outbound port. NPG polls HCI ports and generates a 153.6 Kbps Each VSAT and Host Computer is allocated an HCI
demand based STDM data stream. Data Stream contains variable length packets of data
addressed to various VSATs. OUTMUX chips the data @ 1:16 resulting in 2.4576
Mbps stream. BPSK modulator produces 5 MHz IF spectrum. Upconverter converts to 6 GHz RF. MES transmits 153.6 Kbps STDM/BPSK/SS carriers. NPG provides FEC encoding for outbound data. NPG can handle 240 VSATs/16 NPG & MES. NCC consists the operation of the entire network,
starting from definition, establishment, maintenance and status display of various links. Master Earth Station Inbound Inbound signals originate from VSATs. VSAT has unique PN code. Data spread by its PN code and transmitted to
satellite in 6 GHz band.
42
MES receives the signal in 4 GHz band, converts to
70 MHz IF and sends to demod section. Demod cards compare the pattern of the signal to the
PN code for its associated VSAT. When the correct pattern is detected, the original signal is extracted from the IF signal and transferred to INMUX. NPG polls INMUX for I/C data packets and transmits
the packets to HCI. Micro Earth Station 201) 5W 201) 9.6 KBps 201) 1:256 Micro Earth Station Controller Module Input/Output Processor Noise B.W. MOI/MULT Acc. (C250) 5.0 MHz SSBPSK/CDMA Chipping Rate (C250) 1:2048 (C Data Trans (C250) 1.2 KBps (C G/T Antenna LNA TPA 12.0 dB/K 1.2 x 1.8 M 120 K 1W (C
Converts raw data to packets. Customer protocol to network protocol.
43
Trans Side
Network Processor
Generates BFEC and FCS Retains packets in buffers until ACKs
received and retransmits if required. Receive Side Checks BFEC and FCS. ACKs the packets and requests
retransmission of missing/incorrect packets. Space processor Trans Side Encodes the packets with PN sequence
to 2.45 MBps stream. Receive Side header. links. Micro earth stations transmit, 1.2 KBps/9.6 KBps Discards packets addressed to other Demodulates IF signal to 2.45 MBps. Despreads to 153.6 KBps stream. Checks destination link address in the BPSK modulation of IF.
BPSK/CDMA carriers in bursts in absolutely random access mode in the same frequency.
44
Annexure 1 LINK ENGINEERING

(A) Inbound Carrier Uplink PA Power Micro E.S. ant. gain Up path loss Satellite G/T (C/No) up Downlink Satellite e.i.r.p. Down path loss Master Earth Stn. G/T (C/No)dn Intermod IM noise density (C/No)dn Self interference Self interference noise density (Io/I) from 100 simultaneous carriers (C/I) so (C/Io) (C/No)T For a bit rate of 1200 bps Eb/No = 13.8 db
3
0 dBw 36.5 db 200 dB 4 dBK 61.1 dBHz 7.0 dBw 196 dB 31.7 dBK 57.3 dBHz. 644 dBW/Hz 57.0 dBHz
65.2 dB/Hz 20 dB 45.2 dBHz 44.6 dBHz
which is sufficiently more than needed for raw BER of 10 .
45

FMSCPC - Vsat - L4

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L-4 FMSCPC SYSTEM

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

SCPC MOD SCPC MOD SCPC MOD

SCPC MOD SCPC MOD SCPC MOD

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

LO OUTPUT ADJUSTABLE FROM 97 TO 133 MHz IN STEPS OF 22.5 KHz

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

REF OSC 10 MHz 10 MHz REF

30 KHz REF 10 X3 100

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

N 30 KHz REF 1 SEC TIME SLOT

455000 455 KHz AFC CORRECTION VOLTAGE

TO VCXO ( DOWN CONVERTER ) FROM PILOT MODEM AFC CIRCUIT

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

(A) (B) (C)

Voice Data Image

Network configuration STAR or MESH.

VSAT to HUB Transmission In bound carrier On TDMA.

HUB to VSAT Transmission. Out bound carrier On TDMA Carrier.

BRBRAITT, Jabalpur, issued January 06

JTO Phase-II (6 Weeks) Course, FM-SCPC

(iv) (c) 8. CDMA

Demand Assigned TDMA