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Lab
4
4.1 4.2 42 4.3 4.4 4.5 45 4.6
Aerodynamic Estimation
Function of Aerodynamics in Design Aerodynamic tool box introduction Aerodynamics for Performance Methodology Aerodynamics for Stability and Control Methodology Aerodynamics for Structures A d i f St t Methodology Assignment
Aerodynamic Estimation
3 Initial Geometry, Weight and Balance Geometry, Weight and Balance Is typically derived during
the configuration layout phase for the basic trades-studies on interest. The methods employed are typically statistical in nature and serve only as a start point for the design process
Covered In Lecture
Mission Definition
Market
Parametric Sizing
Covered In Lecture
Product Review
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.1 Function of Aerodynamics in Design Aerodynamics: Is the prediction and tailoring of the
aerodynamic forces and moments required for predicting the aircrafts, 1. 2. 3. Performance Stability and Control Structural Loads
Performance:
Requires the drag polar, Maximum lift coefficient for each R i th d l M i ffi i t f h mission segment and Lift curve
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Aerodynamic Estimation
Stability and Control: Requires static, dynamic and control derivatives for critical flight conditions
Configuration Derivatives
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Aerodynamic Estimation
Structure: Requires aerodynamic l d di t ib ti R i d i load distribution over each h configuration component for the critical load cases
Pressure Distribution
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Aerodynamic Estimation
flap:
Landing Gear:
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
2)
Digital DATCOM
1)
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.2 Aerodynamic tool box introduction Flight Conditions and Configuration settings for tool box description:
For this example the Take-off flight condition will be examined. From the Mission Specification and Parametric sizing results the flight conditions and configuration settings are. Altitude: Velocity: Mach: Re: Sea-level 137 kts (231 ft/s) 0.15 0 15 1.45x106 15.0 Down
flap:
Landing Gear:
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Aerodynamic Estimation
2-D Aerodynamics:
Citation X Wing Airfoil Approximation: The Citation Xs wing is composed of supercritical airfoils which vary from root to tip. However, the actual airfoils are not availbile in the public domain and therefore the airfoils can be approximated as follows
GIII BL 145
0.1 0.05 y/c 0 0 -0.05 -0.1 x/c 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Upper Lower Mean camber line
GIII BL 45
0.1 0.05 y/c 0 0 -0.05 -0.1 x/c 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Upper Lower Mean camber line
9750 mm.
Cessna 7500
0.1000 0.0500 y/c 0.0000 0.00 -0.0500 -0.1000 x/c Upper Lower Mean camber line 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
4900 mm.
For th F the purposes of this Lab the entire wing is approximated f thi L b th ti i i i t d with the 10% t/c GIII BL 45 from the Gulfstream III. The airfoil ordinates can be found from the UIUC Airfoil Data Site (http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads.html )
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Aerodynamic Estimation
2-D Aerodynamics:
Citation X Empennage Airfoil Approximation: The Citation Xs empennage also composed of supercritical airfoils with an approximate t/c of 10 % for the vertical and 8% for the horizontal. For the purposes of this lab the NACA 64a010 and NACA 64-008a are used. The ordinates can be found from the UIUC Airfoil Data Site (http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads.html )
NACA 64a010
0.1 0.05 y/c 0 0 -0.05 -0.1 x/c 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Upper Lower Mean camber line
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Aerodynamic Estimation
2-D Aerodynamics:
Airfoil Drag Polar and Lift Curve: 1) Look for experimental data 1) Theory of Wing Sections 2) UIUC Ai f il D t Sit Airfoil Data Site (http://www.ae.uiuc.edu/m-selig/ads.html ) 3) Paper DATCOM 4) Google! 2) Numerically Prediction Digital DATCOM Method of singularities, corrected for viscous and compressibility effects EPPLER Potential flow solver X-FOIL Potential flow solver corrected for solver, compressibility JavaFoil Potential flow solver, corrected for compressibility TSFOIL Transonic small disturbance theory Fluent C Fl t Commercial CFD software ( t available i l ft (not il bl in Capstone Lab) These will be used for the Capstone Lab
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Aerodynamic Estimation
0.1 0.05 y/c 0 0 -0.05 -0.1 x/c 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.9
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Aerodynamic Estimation
3)
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Aerodynamic Estimation
In this case X-FOIL gave a warning message that the airfoil has a poor coordinate distribution. To correct this th thi the CADD command was used to reduce the local d dt d th l l panel angles. 5) Type CADD in the GDES directory. This this case the function was used twice to reduce the maximum panel angle was around 3 deg. Hit the Enter to return to the XFOIL directory Type PCOP To re panel the airfoil according to the PCOP re-panel new coordinate points. This refinement will increase the accuracy of the final pressure distribution and drag polar
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6) 7)
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Aerodynamic Estimation
9)
10) T Turn on the auto point accumulation f th t i t l ti function. Thi will ti This ill produce an output file with the drag polar results. 1) Type PACC 1) Provide a name for the drag polar file 2) Provide a name for the output dump file 11) Specify range of angle of attack 1) Type ASEQ and follow the prompts.
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Aerodynamic Estimation
2)
1st try increasing the viscous iteration limit with the ITER command. If the problem presists try refining the number of panels and panel angles.
Note: Supercritical airfoils are typically difficult to model with panel methods!
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Aerodynamic Estimation
14) The drag polar data file can also be cop and pasted in copy Excel for further formatting. 15) Repeat for the empennage airfoils
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Aerodynamic Estimation
These methods are approximate in nature and should only be used for parametric sizing pu poses or o purposes o for a sa ty c ec sanity check Most of these methods come from the USAF DATCOM, AIAA Aerospace designer engineers guide and Roskam Part I.
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Aerodynamic Estimation
The airfoil sections data can be input from the XFoil results or the airfoil coordinates can be input manually. In the later case Digital DATCOM uses a small disturbance method to predict the airfoil characteristics. Familiarize your self with the applicability of Digital DATCOM. Sense the tool is based on semiempirical methods it cannot be applied to all configurations. g
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Aerodynamic Estimation
To produce a chord wise lift distribution simple add more vortex filaments and control points
[5] McCormick, B.W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Mechanics, Wiley, New York, 1979 [6] Dreier, M.E., Introduction to Helicopter and Tiltrotor Flight Simulation, AIAA Educational Series, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics., Reston, VA., 2007
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
To produce a chord wise and span wise distribution add horse shoe vortices at various chord locations
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Aerodynamic Estimation
The remainder of this introduction is a visualization of the session1.txt file which summarizes the basic commands to operate AVL. AVL
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
3)
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Repeat for velocity, density, Mass, gravitational constant, and center of gravity (minimum).
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Aerodynamic Estimation
5)
Set the angle of attack to 4.0 degrees by typing A to select angle of attack. Then Select the variable which AVL will use to set the angle of attack. Select angle of attach by entering A and finally enter the angle of y g y g attack 4.0 deg
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Aerodynamic Estimation
6)
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
For each command it will prompt you to provide a file name to write the output. Horizontal Tail Lift Distribution
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Aerodynamic Estimation
3)
4)
5)
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Aerodynamic Estimation
GIII BL 45
0.1 0.05 y/c 0 0 -0.05 -0.1 x/c 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Upper Lower Mean camber line
YLE3 XLE2
Cessna 7500
0.1000 0.0500 Upper Lower Mean camber line
YLE2
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
x/c
Yw
xw
Xw
zw i3
Zw
xw iw
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ZLE3
G. Coleman / UTA MAE / AVD Lab
Aerodynamic Estimation
Minimum Deliverables:
Drag Polar for each mission segment Lift curve for each mission segment
Basic Procedure:
1. 2. 2 3. 2-D Airfoil selection/analysis (wind-tunnel data or XFOIL) 3-D drag b ild 3Dd build-up (H d b k DATCOM AVL) (Hand-book, DATCOM, 3-D Lift curve with and without flaps (Hand-book, DATCOM, AVL)
Recommended References:
[1] Roskam, J, Airplane Design, Part I: Preliminary Sizing of Airplanes, DARcorporation, Lawrence, Kansas, 2004 [2] Roskam, J, Airplane Design, Part VI: Preliminary Calculation of Aerodynamic, Thrust, and Power Characteristics, DARcorporation, Lawrence, Kansas, 2004 [3] Hoak, D.E, Finck, R.D., USAF Stability and Control DATCOM, Flight Control USAF DATCOM, Division Airforce Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1978 [4] Hoerner, S.F,, Fluid Dynamic Drag, Midland Park, NJ, 1985 [5] Hoerner, S.F,, Fluid-Dynamic Lift, Midland Park, NJ, 1965
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.4 Aerodynamics for Stability and Control methodology S&C Team Aerodynamic Requirements:
The S&C team must assess the stability and controllability of the aircraft and flight conditions which typically the most demining. These flight conditions are termed Design Constraining Flight Conditions (DCFC)
Minimum Deliverables:
Static stability derivatives at each DCFC Dynamic stability derivatives at each DCFC Control derivatives at each DCFC
Basic Procedure:
1. 2. 2 3. 4. 5. Outline DCFCs Compute t i C t trimmed static stability d i ti d t ti t bilit derivatives (DATOM / AVL) Compute dynamic stability derivatives (DATOM / AVL) Compute control derivatives (DATOM / AVL) Produce look-up tables/figures for each DCFC
Recommended References:
[1] Roskam, J, Airplane Design, Part VI: Preliminary Calculation of Aerodynamic, Thrust, and Power Characteristics, DARcorporation, Lawrence, Kansas, 2004 [2] Hoak, D.E, Finck, R.D., USAF Stability and Control DATCOM, Flight Control Division Airforce Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1978 [3] Etkin B., Reid, L.D., Dynamics of Flight: Stability and Control, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, 1996 [3] Torenbeek E Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design Delft University Press Torenbeek, E., Design, Press, London, 1996
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
Lateral/Directional
C D C L C Lu C Du C mu C Lq C mq C L C m
C D C L C m
Cl C n C y C l p C n C y Cl C n C y p r p r r
Cl Cl C n C n C y C y
LoCE
LoCE
LoCE
LaCE DiCE
LaCE DiCE
LaCE DiCE
How to compute these parameters? Handbook Component Build-up Methods (Etkin, USAF DATCOM, Digital DATCOM) Numerically Vortex Lattice Methods (AVL) How to trim the configuration at each flight condition? Roskam Part VII: Roskam Trim.pdf Trim is defined as Lift = Weight Thrust = Drag Pitching moment = 0
lt
Lt Mact Dt
Lw
V V
V Macw Dw
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Aerodynamic Estimation
Minimum Deliverables:
Distributed Aerodynamic Loads for the wing, fuselage and empennage for each critical load case (Pressure Distribution) Aerodynamic forces and moments (CL, CD, CM) for each load case
Basic Procedure:
1. 2. 3. Outline critical load cases Compute disturbed Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment for each aircraft component Produce look-up tables/figures for each critial load case
Recommended References:
[1] Niu, M., Airframe Structural Design, Technical Book Company, California, 1990 [2] H Hoerner, S F Fl id D S.F,, Fluid-Dynamic Lift Midl d P k NJ 1965 i Lift, Midland Park, NJ, [3] Roskam, J, Roskam, J, Airplane Design, Part VI: Preliminary Calculation of Aerodynamic, Thrust, and Power Characteristics, DARcorporation, Lawrence, Kansas, 2004 [4] Howe, D., Aircraft Loading and Structural Layout, AIAA Educational Series, Virgina, 2004 g , [5] Lomax, T., Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theroy and Practice, AIAA Educational Series, Virgina, 1995
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Aerodynamic Estimation
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.6 Assignment
Assignment Aerodynamic for Performance: Produce a low speed 2-D drag polar and lift curve for the GIIIBL45 airfoil Produce the 3-D drag polar for T-O, Climb, Cruise, and Approach. Produce a Digital DATCOM model of the Citation and compile the long range cruise drag polar and Lift curve
The report should include, 1. 2. 3. Quick summary of the capability and limitations of X-FOIL and Digital DATCOM 2-D drag polar from X-FOIL The 3-D drag polar and lift curves from Digital DATCOM, AVL and hand-Calculations Plot 2-D and 3-D CL vs. CD, CL vs. AOA and L/D vs. CL Tabulate L/Dmax and CL and CD and L/Dmax
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.6 Assignment
Assignment Aerodynamic for Stability and Control: Construct a Digital DATCOM and AVL model of the Citation X Trim the aircraft for Cruise and Approach (with appropriate configuration settings). Report the resulting stability and control derivatives
The report should include, 1. 1 2. 3. 4. Quick summary of the capability and limitations of AVL and Digital DATCOM Brief description of the trim method used Table summarizing the stability and control derivatives during Cruise and Approach Comparison of Digital DATCOM and AVL results
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Aerodynamic Estimation
4.6 Assignment
Assignment Structural Loads: Build an AVL Model Citation X Trim the aircraft during Cruise, and Approach by constraining the AOA to match the CL required. Produce the lift and pressure distribution for the lifting surfaces.
The report should include, 1. 2. 3. Quick summary of the capabilities and limitations of the vortex lattice code AVL 3-D wire-frame drawing of the Citation X model AVL Lift distribution and pressure distribution plot for Cruise and Approach
Due: Update Report Friday 11-20-09 at 5:00 pm Final Report Friday 12-4-09 at 5:00 pm
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