Modern Physics

Lorentz factor
Galileanrelativity
1
=
=12 1/2
x ' =xvt
u2
1 2
y'=y
c
z ' =z
u pc
=
=
dx '
c E
=u ' =uv
dt '
isalways1

Relativistic Mechanics
E 2 = pc2mc 2 2
u
p = m
Relative spacetime
pi = pf
2
2
E
=
mc
=mc
K
total
t= t 0
E rest =mc 2
lo
l=
2
2
K
=Emc
=1mc

as u c ,
= d p
F
dt
uc for massive particles
Doppler effect for light
light in a gravitational field
1
f obs=
, approaching
f g
1
= 2 h
f
c
1
f obs=
, receding
1

photons
c
E=hf =h = pc

E h hf
p= = =
c c
u pc
= = =1
c E
u=c= f
Lorentz Transformations

x ' = x vt
y '= y
z '=z
vx
t ' = t 2
c
ux v
u
'
=
x
1v / c 2
uy
u ' y=

1u x v / c 2
vE
p ' x = p

x 2
c
E ' = E v p
x
to do an inverse transformation
,
exchange
primed / unprimed
variables
& replace v by v & vice versa .

Lorentz EM force on a particle in a Magnetic field

d
=q Emf
F
u
B = p
dt
p mu
R= =
qB qB

Kinetic Theory
PV =nRT =N molecules k B T
1
2 3
m v avg = k B T
2
2
PhotoelectricEffect
1
1
mfp =
=
nnumber n2R2
K max =hf
k B T

Drms=
t diffusion

f
=
min
3visc rad
h
hc
m
max =
t diffusionD rms2 n

3 k B T
3k B T
v rms=
m
v rms
btwncollisions =
mfp

Uncertainty

E t
2
1
x k
2
1
t
2

x p

matter , waves ,light

h h
=
mv p
2
h
p= =
= k

E=hf =
2
=2 f =
T

v= = f =
T
k
=C 1cos ,c =2.4261012 m
2dsin=m
1
1 1
=Rc 2 2 , Rc =1.0971011 m1

n f ni
B =

Bohr Hydrogen Atom

hcRc E R 13.6
= 2 = 2 eV
2
n
n
n
Ln =n
2
2 0 h
2
2
11
r n =n
=n
a
=n
5.2910
m
B
2
me e
1 e2
vn=
0 2nh
E n=

Hydrogenlike ions
Z2
Z2
E n =E R 2 =13.6 eV 2
n
n
Zke2
U=
r
Zke 2
F= 2
r
r n =n2 a B =n2 5.291011 m
TimeIndependent Schrodinger Equation
2

= 2M U E
xyz
x 2
y 2
z 2
2

Boundary Conditions
1. xis continuous everywhere.
2. x=0, where the particle cannot exist.

3. [ x ]2 =1

The particle must exist somewhere

Tunneling

[ AR ]2 2 L
P tunnel=
2 =e
[ A L]
2mU 0 E

1
=
, use Joules to get m

Particle in a1D rigid box

n x
2
sin
a
a
2 2
h2
2
2
E n =n
=n
2
2ma
8ma 2
x=

[ x] = [ x ]2=1

Energyof a particlein a 2D Box

2
h
2
2
E nxny=n x n y
8ma 2

1018 =atoa
1015 = femto f
1012= pico p
109=nanon
106 =micro
103 =milli m

1018 =exaE
1015 = petaP
1012 =teraT
109 =gigaG
106 =mega M
103 =kilo k

Constantsuseful data
1
=299,792,458 m/ s3.00108 m/ s
0 0
e=1.601019 C
19
1 eV =1.6010 J
h=6.631034 Js=4.141015 eVs
h
=
=1.051034 Js=6.581016 eVs
2
2
1
9 Nm
k=
=8.9910
4 0
C2
me =9.111031 kg=0.511 MeV /c 2 =5.40104 u
m p =1.6731027 kg =938.3 MeV / c 2=1.007 u
27
2
mn =1.67510 kg =939.6 MeV /c =1.009 u
1 u=1.661027 kg=931.5 MeV /c 2
23
5
k B=1.3810 J / K =8.6210 eV / K
N A=6.021023 particles/ mole
R=N A k B=8.31 J / molK =0.0821 Latm/molK
Rc =1.101011 m1=1.1102 nm
2
11
aB=
=5.2910
m
2
k e me
e
B=
=9.271024 J /T =5.79105 eV /T
2m e
e
N =
=5.051027 J /T =3.15108 eV /T
2m p
hc=1240 eVnm=1240 MeVfm
c=197 evnm=197 MeVfm
ke 2 =1.44 eVnm=1.44 MeVfm
1 MeV / c 2=1.7831030 kg
1 MeV /c=5.341022 kgm/ s
c=