M.

Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Basic Structural Analysis

The learning objectives in this chapter are: Understand the limitations of basic theory and how complexities may be added to the basic theories of axial members, torsion of circular shafts, and symmetric bending of beams. Understand the concept and use of discontinuity functions in analysis of structural members subjected to discontinuous loads. Logic in structural analysis
Displacements 1
ati cs

Ki

ne m

External Forces and Moments

M od Mat erial els E qui um libri

Strains

Internal Forces and Moments

Static Equivalency Stresses 3

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Preliminaries
Limitations The length of the member is significantly greater (approximately 10 times) then the greatest dimension in the cross-section. Approximation across the cross-section are now possible as the region of approximation is small. We are away from regions of stress concentration, where displacements and stresses can be three-dimensional. The variation of external loads or changes in the cross-sectional area is gradual except in regions of stress concentration. The external loads are such that the axial, torsion and bending problems can be studied individually. Convention

ss-sectional04261.72 25368.2 26 22.p

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Deformations
(a) Axial
Original Grid Original Grid Original Grid y

(b)

Bending

z
Deformed Grid Deformed Grid

(c)

Torsion
Original Grid

Deformed Grid

Axial 2-A: Plane sections remain plane and parallel.

Bending

Torsion

Assumption 1 Deformations are not function of time.

2a-B: Squashing deformation 2a-T: Plane sections perpendicular to the axis is significantly smaller remain plane during than deformation due to deformation. bending. 2b-T: All radials lines rotate 2b-B: Plane sections before by equal angle during deformation remain deformation on a crossplane after deformation. section. 2c-B: Plane perpendicular to 2c-T: Radials lines remain the beam axis remain straight during deformanearly perpendicular tion. after deformation
v = v( x) u = y dv dx

Assumptions

u = uo ( x )

(3.1-A)

(3.1a-B) (3.1b-B)

= (x)

(3.1-T)

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Strains
Axial Bending
2

Torsion

Assumption 3 The strains are small.

xx = du o (x) dx

(3.2-A)

xx = y

dv dx

(x) 2

(3.2-B)

x =

d (x) dx

(3.2-T)

Stresses
Axial Bending Torsion

Assumption 4 Assumption 5 Assumption 6 Assumption 7

Using Hookes law

Material is isotropic. There are no inelastic strains. Material is elastic. Stress and strains are linearly related.
xx = E du o (x) dx

(3.3-A)

xx = Ey

dv dx
2

(x)

(3.3-B)

x = G

d (x) dx

(3.3-T)

Internal Forces and Moments

Axial
N =

Bending (3.4a-A)
N =

Torsion (3.4a-B) (3.4b-B) (3.4c-B)

T =

xx dA
A

xx dA
A A

= 0

x dA
A

(3.4-T)

Static equivalency

M z = y xx dA = 0 (3.4b-A)
A

M z = y xx dA Vy =

M y = z xx dA = 0 (3.4c-A)
A

xy dA
A

+xx

+xy +Vy

+x

Sign convention

+N

xx Distribution Compressive positive y face +Mz +T Outward normal

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Formulas
Substituting stresses into equations of internal forces and moments and Noting
du o d v , d x d x2
2

and

d dx

are functions of x only while the integration is with

respect to y and z.
Axial Origin Location Bending (3.5-A) Torsion

yE dA
A

= 0

yE dA
A

= 0

(3.5-B)
2

N =

du o E dA dx
A

(3.6-A)

Mz =

dv dx

Ey dA 2
A

(3.6-B)

T =

d 2 G dA dx
A

(3.6-T)

Assumption 8 Material is homogenous across the cross-section.

Origin is at the centroid of the crosssection

y dA
A

= 0

(3.7-A)

y dA
A

= 0

(3.7-B)
d T = -----dx GJ

du o N = -----dx EA

(3.8-A)

dv dx
2

Mz = --------EI zz

(3.8-B)

(3.8-T)

A = Area of cross-section EA = Axial Rigidity

Izz = Second area moment of inertia EIzz = Bending rigidity

J= Polar moment of the area. GJ = Torsional rigidity

Stress formulas Substituting Equations (3.8-A), (3.8-B), and (3.8-T) into Equations (3.3A), (3.3-B), and (3.3-T)
Axial
N xx = --A

Bending (3.9-A)
Mz y xx = --------- I zz-

Torsion (3.9-B)
T x = -----J

(3.9-T)

See section... for shear stresses in bending.

Deformation formulas
Axial Bending Torsion

Assumption 9 Material is homogenous between x1 and x2. Assumption 10 The structural member is not tapered between x1 and x2. Assumption 11 The external loads do not change with x between x1 and x2. Integrating Equations (3.8-A) and (3.8-T)
See Section 3.2.4 for beam N ( x2 x1 ) u 2 u 1 = ------------------------- (3.10-A) deflection. EA
T ( x2 x1 ) 2 1 = ------------------------ (3.10-T) GJ

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Equilibrium Equations
Axial
N px(x) dx N+dN Mz dx Vy dx Vy +dVy dx

Bending
py(x)dx Mz + dMz T

Torsion
t(x) dx

dN = px ( x ) dx

(3.11-A)

dV y = py ( x ) dx dM z = Vy dx

(3.11a-B) (3.11b-B)

dT = t ( x ) dx

(3.11-T)

Differential Equations
Substituting Equations (3.8-A), (3.8-B), and (3.8-T) into Equations (3.11A), (3.11a-B), (3.11b-B), and (3.11-T)
.
d du o EA = p x ( x ) (3.12-A) dx d x
2 d d v EI zz 2 = p y ( x )(3.12-B) 2 dx dx 2

d d = t ( x ) (3.12-T) GJ d x d x

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.1 Draw the shear stress due to torsion on the stress cubes at points A and B shown . Is the shear stress positive or negative xy?
y
A B B T

x
A

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.7

Determine the contraction of a column shown in Figure P3.7

due to its own weight. The specific weight is = 0.28 lb in3 , the modulus of elasticity is E = 3, 600 ksi , the length is L = 120 in , and the radius varies as R = 240 x , where, R and x are in inches.

L x R(x)

Figure P3.7

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.10 A thin cylindrical tube with an outer diameter of 5 inches is fabricated by butt-welding 1/16 inch thick plate along a spiral seam as shown. A through crack of 0.07 inch was observed in the seam. If the critical stress intensity factor for the material is 22 ksi in , determine the maximum torque T that the tube can transmit.
P =4 kips T 35o E P =4 kips T

Figure P3.10

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Shear Stress in Thin Symmetric Beams

Separate Beams Glued Beams

Relative Sliding

No Relative Sliding

Assumption of plane section perpendicular to the axis remain perpendicular during bending requires the following limitation. Maximum bending shear stress must be an order of magnitude less than maximum bending normal stress. Shear stress direction

3 2 y A C x E z (a)
xx xx

1 B 1G F D H3 2 4 I 5 P Normal stress distribution (b) d

xx xx yx xx

xx

3
zx

(c) x N3 ty 3 V3
zx(ty)

(d) V5 N3 dN3 N5 x (f)

yx(tz )

N5

dN5

x (e)

tz

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Free surface Free surface z

9 8 7 6 5 4

y x
1

Free surface s

P
3

x
2 3 N t V
xs(t)

dN

(a)

(b)

Shear Flow: q = xs t The units of shear flow q are force per unit length. The shear flow along the center-line of the cross-section is drawn in such a direction as to satisfy the following rules: the resultant force in the y-direction is in the same direction as Vy. the resultant force in the z-direction is zero. it is symmetric about the y-axis. This requires shear flow will change direction as one crosses the y-axis on the center-line. 3.15 Assuming a positive shear force Vy, (a) sketch the direction of the shear flow along the center-line on the thin cross-sections shown. (b) At points A, B, C, and D, determine if the stress component is xy or xz and if it is positive or negative.
y B D

z A

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Bending Shear Stress Formula

Free surface Free surface s*
9 8 7 6 5 4 3

y z x
2 1

As*

dx
(a) Free surface

As

dx

9 8 7 6 5 4

Free surface s* Ns* dNs*

dx

s 2

Ns

dNs

Ns*
As*

xx

dA V* (b)
s*x t

Ns dx
As

xx

dA

V (c)

sx t

dx

( Ns + d Ns ) Ns + sx t dx = 0 sx t =

sx t =

dNs dx

d Mz d d M z y xx dA = -------- dA = ----- y dA d x I zz dx d x I zz
As As As

As is the area between the free surface and the point where shear stress is being evaluated. Define: Q z =
Assumption 1

As

y dA

sx t =

d Mz Qz ---------d x I zz V y Q z sx = xs = ---------- I zz t

The beam is not tapered.

Q z dM z Q z V y q = t = ----- = ---------- sx I zz I zz d x

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Calculation of Q z = y dA
As is the area between the free surface and the point where shear stress is being evaluated. Qz is zero at the top surface as the enclosed area As is zero. Qz is zero at the bottom surface (As=A) by definition of centroid.
As
Line along which Shear stress is being found.

As

Centroid of As

Qz = As ys
ys
Neutral Axis

z Centroid of A2

y2 A2

Qz = A2 y2

Qz is maximum at the neutral axis. Bending shear stress at a section is maximum at the neutral axis.
. Table 3.2. Stresses and Strains
Symmetric Bending Axial About z-axis Stresses
N xx = --A yy = 0 zz = 0 xy = 0 xz = 0 yz = 0

Torsion About y-axis Strains Stresses

My z xx = --------- I yy yy = 0 zz = 0 Vz Qy xs = ------------ I yy t yz = 0 xx xx = ------E xx yy = ----------- E xx zz = ----------- E xs xs = -----G yz = 0

Strains
xx xx = ------E xx yy = ----------- E xx zz = ----------- E xy = 0 xz = 0 yz = 0

Stresses
Mz y xx = --------- I zz yy = 0 zz = 0 Vy Qz xs = ------------ I zz t yz = 0

Stresses
xx = 0 yy = 0 zz = 0 T x = -----J yz = 0

Strains
xx = 0

yy = 0 zz = x x = -----G yz = 0

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.18 A positive shear force Vy= 10 kN acts on the thin cross-section shown in Figure P3.18 (not drawn to scale). The cross-section has a uniform thickness of 10 mm. Determine the equation of shear flow along the center lines and sketch it.
25 mm y 25 mm

100 mm

100 mm Figure P3.18

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.21 A highway sign uses a 16 inch hollow pipe as a vertical post and 12 inch hollow pipe for horizontal arms. The pipes are one inch thick. Assume a uniform wind pressure of p acts on the sign boards and the pipes. Note the pressure on the pipes acts on the projected area of Ld, where L is the length of pipe and d is the diameter of the pipe. The yield stress pipes is 40 ksi. For a factor of safety of 2 determine the maximum wind pressure. Use maximum octahedral shear stress theory.
6 ft 1 ft 6 ft 8 ft 3 ft 5ft

17 ft

A B

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.23 A beam resting on an elastic foundation has a distributed spring force that depends upon the deflections a point acting as shown in Figure P3.23. Show the differential equation governing the deflection of the beam is as given below:
p Mz
2 d d v EI zz 2 + kv = p 2 dx dx 2

Mz + Mz Vy Vy +Vy

(kdx)v
dx

Figure P3.23

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Discontinuity Functions
-2 a p a a
P=p -2 -2

-2

x a
x

P = lim

p 0

lim ( p )

or

x a
1

0 =

xa xa

(a + )

(a )

x a dx = 1

Delta Function:
x

x a

(a )

(a + )

x a dx =

x a dx +

(a )

x a dx +

(a + )

x a dx = 1

x a = x a
0

0 1 x a dx = 1 x a
1

x<a x>a x a
2

x a a 0 n x a = n (x a)
x

x a xa x>a
n+1

x a x a dx = -------------------------(n + 1)
n

n0

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Doublet Function:

x a
1

0 =
2

xa xa
0

x a dx = x a

d x a dx

= x a

d x a 1 = x a dx n1

d x a n1 = n x a dx

The function delta function x a 1 and the doublet function x a 2 become infinite at x = a. Alternatively stated these functions are singular at x = a. and are referred to as singularity functions. The entire class of functions x a n for positive and negative n are called the discontinuity functions.

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Axial Displacement
du N = -----dx EA dN = px ( x ) dx d du = px ( x ) EA d x d x u

Differential Equation: Boundary Conditions

F a x

or

N Template equations 0 N = F x a 1 p x = F x a

Example 3.7
A 2 kips 25 in x B 2 kips

60 in 4 kips

4 kips

C 20 in D

p x = ( 10 + 4000 x 25

+ 8000 x 85 ) lb in

(E1)

Differential equation
d du 1 1 = [ 10 + 4000 x 25 + 8000 x 85 ] EA d x dx
(E2)

Boundary Conditions
u( 0) = 0 u ( 105 ) = 0
(E3) (E4)

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Torsional Rotation
d T = -----dx GJ dT = t ( x ) dx d d GJ = t ( x ) d x d x

Differential Equation: Boundary Conditions

T
a x

or
Template equations T = T x a t = T x a 0

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.36 The external torque on a drill bit varies as a quadratic function to a maximum intensity of q in-lb/in as shown Figure P3.36. If the drill bit diameter is d, its length L, and modulus of rigidity G, determine (a) the maximum shear stress on the drill bit. (b) the relative rotation of the end of the drill bit with respect to the chuck. L
x x2 q ------ in lb in L 2

Figure P3.36

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.38 An aluminum alloy (G = 28 GPa) hollow shaft has a critical stress intensity factor of 22 ksi in . The shaft has a thickness of 1/4 in and an outer diameter of 2 in and is loaded as shown in Figure P3.38. What is the critical crack length at which the shaft be taken out of service?
T = 165 in-kips

A 2 ft.

B 3.5 ft. Figure P3.38

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

Beam Deflection
2nd order differential equation:
dV y = py ( x ) dx dM z = Vy dx dv dx
2 2

Mz = --------EI zz

4th order differential Equation: Boundary Conditions Group 1 v Group 2

y x

2 d d v EI zz 2 = p y ( x ) 2 dx dx

or and or
y x

Vy Mz
y x

dv dx
Mz

M a x

P Mz

w
a x Vy

Mz

Vy

a x

Vy

0 Mz = M

x<a x>a

0 Mz = P ( x a ) Template equations M z = P x a p y = P x a
1

x<a x>a

0 Mz = w ( x a )2 ---------------------2 Template equations x a M z = w -----------------2 p y = w x a

0 2

x<a x>a

Template equations M z = M x a p y = M x a
0

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.43 The displacement of the beam in the y-direction, in section AB of the beam shown in Figure P3.43 is given by v 1 = 5 ( x 20x ) ( 10
3 3 2 6

) in and in section BC is given

6

v 2 = 5 ( x 800x + 8000 ) ( 10

) in . If the bending rigidity (EI) is

135 (106) lbs-in2, determine the moment MB and the reaction force at B.
y MB
A x B C D

Some complex Loading

20 in

20 in
Figure P3.43

40in

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M. Vable

Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.44 In terms of w, L, E, and I, determine the deflection and slope at x = L of the beam shown in Figure P3.44.
x2 w ------ y 2 L wL2 A x L Figure P3.44 B wL

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Intermediate Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 3

3.53 Determine the deflection of the beam at point C in terms of E, I, w, and L for the beam shown in Figure P3.53.

Figure P3.53

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