Topic 2 Topic2

Thermodynamics
1
Why Thermodynamics? WhyThermodynamics?
Totellustherelationshipbetweenthepressure,temperatureand p p , p
densityofagasasitmoves.
Altogetherthereare6variablesweneedtodescribethestateofa
gas
( ) p pressure(Pa)
density(kg/m
3
),orspecificvolumev=1/
T temperature(K)
e internal energy per unit mass ( ) e internalenergyperunitmass()
h enthalpy(),he+p/
s entropy()
To relate these variables we use Torelatethesevariablesweuse
1. TheKineticTheoryofGases,
2. The1
st
LawofThermodynamics,
3. Specific Heats 3. SpecificHeats
4. The2
nd
LawofThermodynamics
2
1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 1.KineticTheoryofGases
Assumes Assumes
Gasisacollectionofmoleculesinrandommotion
Moleculesbounceofeachotherlikehardspheres
Givestwosetsofrelations
Equation of State
Neglectsforces
betweenmolecules
EquationofState
Gasconstant
R =287J/kg/K
forair
GasesthatobeytheserelationsarecalledThermally
3
Perfect
Thermally Perfect ThermallyPerfect
We will always assume gases are thermally perfect in this Wewillalwaysassumegasesarethermallyperfectinthis
class,butthisisntalwaystrue
Ceasestobevalid
at high densities athighdensities.
Why?
4
2 1
st
Law of Thermodynamics 2.1 LawofThermodynamics
EnergyisConserved
W
E
Q
Changein
Amount of
Amountofwork
d b
W Q E A + A = A
Collectionofidentified
gasmolecules(System)
energy
Amountof
heatadded
donebypressure
andviscousforces
Work=
p
AV(<0)
SurfaceareaS
5
In terms of enthalpy Intermsofenthalpy
pdv de dq + =
6
3 Specific Heats 3.SpecificHeats
Specificheat amountofheatneededtoraisethe
c A
temperatureof1kgby1Kelvin
Twokinds:
f h l
T
q
T
q
C
c
c
=
A
A
=
T C ) / ( c c
Specificheatatconstantvolume
Specificheatatconstantpressure
v v
T q C ) / ( c c =
p p
T q C ) / ( c c =
7 PrattandWhitneyJT58Test(PoweredSR71)
With the energy equation
vdp dh dq =
pdv de dq + =
Withtheenergyequation
8
Calorically Perfect Gas
dT
dh
C
p
=
dT
de
C
v
=
CaloricallyPerfectGas
specific heats are constant with temperature so
Agasthatisthermallyperfectandforwhichthe
specificheatsareconstantwithtemperature,so
Wewillassumecaloricallyperfectgasesinthisclass,but
9
4 2
nd
Law of Thermodynamics 4.2 LawofThermodynamics
ShockinaConvergingDivergingNozzle
10
Bourgoing&Benay(2005),ONERA,France
Schlierenvisualization
Sensitivetoinplaneindexofref.gradient
Processes and Entropy ProcessesandEntropy
Adiabatic Process no heat added or removed AdiabaticProcess noheataddedorremoved.
ReversibleProcess nodissipativephenomenaoccur.
Isentropic Process adiabatic and reversible IsentropicProcess adiabaticandreversible
2
nd
Law of Thermo dissipative processes may only
Constantentropy.
Entropy measureofdisorderinthegasmolecules.
2 LawofThermo dissipativeprocessesmayonly
increaseentropy,butaddingorremovingheatmay
increaseordecreaseentropybyanamountAQ/T
So
11
The Entropy Equation TheEntropyEquation
dq Tds =
Forareversibleprocess
pdv de dq + =
dT C d
1
st
Law
Th ll dT C de
v
=
v RT p / =
Thermally
perfect
gas
12
The Entropy Equation
v p
C C R =
v p
C C / =
TheEntropyEquation
13
Isentropic Relations IsentropicRelations
(
(

|
|
|

|
=

1
1 2 1 2
log

T s s
If s s = 0 then
(
(

|
|
.

\
=
2 1
log
T C
e
v
Ifs
2
s
1
=0then
14
Summary
Calorically
KTG
Allgases Thermallyperfect
Calorically
perfect
RT p =
) (T e e =
KTG
1
st
Law
RT p
pdv de dq + =
vdp dh dq =
) (T h h =
Specific
heats
vdp dh dq =
dT dh C
dT de C
v
/
/
=
=
v v
T h C
T e C
) / (
) / (
c c
c c =
T C h
T C e
v
=
=
heats
2
nd
Law
dT dh C
p
/ =
p p
T h C ) / ( c c =
T C h
p
=
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1 2 1 2
log

T
T
C
s s
e
2
nd
Law
Isentropic
(

|
.

\ 2 1
T C
v
1
1
2 2

|
|
|

|
=

T
1
2 2

|
|
|

|
=

T p
Isentropic
15
1 1
|
|
.

\
=
T
1 1
|
|
.

\
=
T p