1. Maxwell J. C., Electricity and magnetism, Clarendon press, Oxford, UK, 1873. 2. Zhou, D.W.

, Heat transfer enhancement of copper nanofluid with acoustic cavitations, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, pp. 31093117, 2004. 3. Khanafer, K., Vafai, K., Lightstone, M., Buoyancy-driven heat transfer enhancement in a twodimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp. 36393653, 2003. 4. Nalwa, H. S., Chemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles, Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 6, pp. 757759, 2004. 5. Choi, S.U.S., Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluid with nanoparticles, Developments and Applications of Non-Newtonian flows, D.A. Siginer and H.P. Wang eds., FED, V. 231/MD,Vol. 66, PP. 99105, 1995. 6. Lee, S., Choi, S.U.S., Li, S., Eastman, J.A., Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticle, Journal Heat Transfer, Vol. 121, PP. 280289, 1999. 7. Murshed, S.M.S., Leong, K.C., Yang, C., Enhanced thermal conductivity of TiO2water based nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 44, pp. 367373, 2005. 8. Chon, C.H., Kihm, K.D., Lee, S.P., Choi, S.U.S., Empirical correlation finding the role of temperature and particle size for nanofluid (Al2O3) thermal conductivity enhancement, Appl. Phys. Lett, Vol. 87, pp. 13, 2005. 9. Zhang, Xing., Gu, Hua., Fujii, Motoo., Effective thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of nanofluids containing spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 31, pp. 593599, 2007. 10. Soumen Jana, Amin Salehi-Khojin, Wei-Hong Zhong, Enhancement of fluid thermal conductivity by the addition of single and hybrid nano-additives, Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 462, pp. 4555. 2007. 11. Bonnecaze, R.T., Brady, J.F., The effective conductivity of random suspensions of spherical particle, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A432, pp. 445465, 1991. 12. Wang, Bu-Xuan., Zhou, Le-Ping., Peng, Xiao-Feng., A fractal model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of liquid with suspension of nanoparticles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp. 26652672, 2003 13. Sohrabi, N., Masoumi, N., Behzadmehr, A., Sarvari, S.M.H., A simple analytical model for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, Heat Transfer Asian Research, Vol. 39, pp. 141150, 2010.

14. Xuan, Y., Li, Q., Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 125, pp. 151155, 2003. 15. Wen, D., Ding, Y., Experimental investigation into convective heat transfer of nanofluids at the entrance region under laminar flow conditions, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, pp. 51815188, 2004. 16. Heris, S., Etemad, S.G., Esfahany, M., Experimental investigation of oxide nanofluids laminar flow convective heat transfer, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 33, pp. 529 535, 2006. 17. Anoop, K.B., Sundararajan, T., Das, Sarit K., Effect of particle size on the convective heat transfer in nanofluid in the developing region, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 2189 2195, 2009. 18. Fotukian, S.M., Nasr Esfahany, M., Experimental investigation of turbulent convective heat transfer of dilute Al2O3/water nanofluid inside a circular tube, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 31, pp. 60661, 2010. 19. Izadi, M., Behzadmehr, A., Jalali-Vahida, D., Numerical study of developing laminar forced convection of a nanofluid in an annulus, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 48, pp. 2119 2129, 2009. 20. Akbarinia, A., Behzadmehr, A., Numerical study of laminar mixed convection of a nanouid in horizontal curved tubes, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 27, pp. 13271337, 2007. 21. Bianco, V., Manca, O., Nardini, S., Numerical investigation on nanofluids turbulent convection heat transfer inside a circular tube, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 50, pp. 341349, 2011. 22. Akbari, M., Behzadmehr, A., Shahraki, F., Fully developed mixed convection in horizontal and inclined tubes with uniform heat flux using nanofluid, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 29, 545556, 2008. 23. Xuan, Y.M., Li, Q., Investigation on convective heat transfer and flow features of nanofluids, Journal Heat Transfer, Vol. 125, pp. 151155, 2003. 24. Behzadmehr, A., Saffar-Avval, M., Galanis, N., Prediction of Turbulent Forced Convection of a Nanofluid in a Tube with Uniform Heat Flux Using a Two Phase Approach, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 28, pp. 211219, 2007. 25. Mirmasoumi, S., Behzadmehr, A., Numerical study of laminar mixed convection of a nanofluid in a horizontal tube using two-phase mixture model, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 28, pp. 717727, 2008.

26. . 6832
27. Lotfi, R., Saboohi, Y., Rashidi, A.M., Numerical study of forced convective heat transfer of Nanofluids: Comparison of different approaches, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, pp. 7478, 2010. 28. Ghaffari, O., Behzadmehr, A., Ajam, H., Turbulent mixed convection of a nanofluid in a horizontal curved tube using a two-phase approach, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, pp. 15511558, 2010.

26. . 6833 38. . 6832

31. Manninen, M., Taivassalo, V., Kallio, S., On the Mixture Model for Multiphase Flow, Technical Research Center of Finland, VTT Publications, Vol. 288, pp. 918, 1996. 32. Schiller, L., Naumann, A., A drag coefficient correlation, Z. Ver. Deutsch. Ing, Vol. 77, pp. 318320, 1935. 33. Masoumi, N., Sohrabi, N., Behzadmehr, A., A new model for calculating the effective viscosity of nanofluids, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 42, pp. 16, 2009. 34. Barozzi, G.S., Zanchini, E., Mariotti, M., Experimental investigation of combined forced and free convection in horizontal and inclined tubes, International Journal Meccanica, Vol. 20, pp. 1827, 1985. 35. Petukhov, B.S., Polyakov, A.F., Experimental Investigation of Viscogravitational Fluid Flow in a Horizontal Tube, Scientific Research Institute of High Temperatures, translated from Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperature, Vol. 5, pp. 87 95, 1967. 36. Ouzzane, M., Galanis, N., Developing mixed convection in an Inclined tube with circumferentially nonuniform heating at its outer surface, Journal Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 35, pp. 609628, 1999. 37. Laouadi, A., Galanis, N., Nguyen, C.T., Effects of tube inclination and wall characteristics on fully developed mixed convection in a circular tube, 10th International Heat Transfer Conference, Brighton UK, vol. 5, pp. 507512, 1994.