CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

HERBAL MEDICINE ZN EGYPT

M. Younis Haggag
University of Cairo, Facultyof Pharmacy,
Pharmacognosy Department, Kasr El Aini
st., Cairo, EGYPT

&m
La médecine herbale a été utilisée en Egypte depuis longtemps. Les anciens égyptiens ont connu !'importance
de beaucoup de plantesmédicinales et les ontutiliséespour les mêmeraisonspourlesquellesellessont
recement utilisées. La flora égyptienne comprend environ2000 espèces plus certaines nouvelles, introduites et
acclimatisées récemment. Plusieurs plantes ontété étudiées pour leur usage en m6dicine herbalet beaucoup de
travail est accompli pour explorer d'autres espèces. Quelques plantes utilisées en médicine herbal et presentés
au marché égyptien sont aussi inclues.

KEY-WORDS
EGYPT, MEDICINAL PLANTS,USES,HERBAL MEDICINE, RESEARCH PROJECTS

MOTS-CLES
EGYF'TE, PLANTE MEDICINALE,UTILISATION, MBDICINEHERBALE, PROJET DE RECHERCHE

Medicinal plants havebeenused as a source of remedies since ancient times.'Theancient

Egyptians were familiar with many medicinalherbs and were awareof their usefulness in treatment
of various diseases.The healing of sick persons wascarried out by priest doctors who prescribed and
prepared medicaments. The first recorded prescriptions were foundin Ancient Egyptian tombs. The
writing on the temple walls and in the papyri revealed that Ancient Egyptians used many herbal
drugs for the same purposes as they are used today. They used drugs of animal, plant, as well as
mineral origins. From the first group, they used blood, meat, horn, milk, egg, honey and excreta.
Amongdrugsof vegetable origin that theyused are acacia, aloes, gums,myrrh,pomegranate,
colocynth, linseed, squill, coriander, cumin, onions, anise, grapes, castor oil and wine. They usedall
plant organs such as roots, rhizomes, flowers, leaves,fruits, seeds, as well as oils. They applied their
medicaments in the form of powders, pills, suppositories,creams, pastes and ointments.
When the Arabs came to Egypt, Arabic medicine was practiced and theart of healing made use
of all available knowledge gained from different civilizations suchas the Persian, Chinese, Greek,
as well as the Ancient Egyptian. The books writen by some famous workers such as Rases, Ibn
Sina, Ibn El-bitar are still present and represent main references in herbal shops (known as Attars).
Among these books are El-Kanoon Fil Tib (by Ibn Sina), Tazkaret Oli Albab @awood El-Antaki)
and Mofradat El-Adwia (Ibn El-Bitar). Somepeople still go to such Attareen shops seeking herbal
remedies since they are cheap and regardedas more safe.
Nowadays, there is an increasing trend towards the use of herbal medicine in Egypt that reflects
an increasing confidence in such remedies. Recently, there are, two companies in Egypt that are
specialisedin the production of herbal drugsand herbal drug-basedmedicaments. In addition,
certain extracts andor herbal drug constituents are produced together with what is called modern or
western medicinein some pharmaceutical companies.
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

The flora of Egypt includes about 2000 species of plants distributed in its different localities that
vary in type of soil and prevailing climatic and other environmental conditions that hence encourage
the growth of awiderange of plant species. h addition, manyplantehavebeen successfully
introduced and acclimatized in Egypt.
About 300 drugs, mostlyof local origin,can be found in Egyptianmarkettoday. The
accompanying table (Table 1)showsexamples of such herbal drugs, including their local and
scientific names, part(s) used, and mainactive constituents and uses..
Our Pharmacognosy Department, as well as other similar departments in Egyptian Universities
and other Research Centres, have taken on the task of studying both wild and cultivated plants with
view to discovering their chemical constituents, pharmacological action and hence their possible
pharmaceutical USES. The accompanying list shows the names of plants that are studied mainly for
both the Master andPhD. degrees, in Egypt until 1989.
B is noteworthy that h e occurrence of some wild growing plants in Egypt is becoming rare, and
some species are threatened with extinction for a large number of reasons such as over-collection,
land reclamation and the extension of building to manymral areas.
Therefore we are calling in Egypt for establishment of more protected areas to save such species
from extiactioz. Moreover, we have projects aimed ai the collection of seeds of such species U d
carrying out agricultural experiments to find optimum conditions for their cultivation. A study has
recentiy been carried out on squill (Urginea maritima)aná Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus)
for this purpose.
Beside native wild species, several medicinal plants are cultivated in Egypt such as liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra), Mentha species, Thymus spp., Salvia sp., rosemary (Rosmarinm oficinalis),
lavander (LavanduZa osficcincclis), basil (Ocimum basilicurn), several Umbelliferous plants such as
fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),anise (Pilnpimlla aniwm), caraway (Carum carvi),cnmir~(Cuininum
cyminum), coriander (Corimdrumsativum), parsley (Petroseiinumcyispum), celery (Apircrr,
gt-aveolens), dill (Anethum grmeolew), ajowan (Carum copticurn) and Ammi vìsnsga and Ammi
majus. Other plants include fenugreek (Trigorzellafoenum-graecum), rosel (Hibiscus sabdaTiffa),
does (Aloefei-ox,A. vem), sema species (Cassia acutìfolia), Sm species ( S a hsafsalf, S. ailm atid
S. tetrasperma), Nigella satìva,Olea europea, Egyptian lupin (Eupinus termis), certain Datum and
Digitalis species , belladonna (Atropa belladonna), marshmallow (Althaea oficinalis), Eucalyptus
spp., Ambrosìa maritima, Cym,bopogon citratus, C.proximus, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
sunflower (Helianthus annuus), henna (Lawsonia inermis), white and black mustard (Sinapis alba,
S. nigra ), rue (Ruta graveolens),psyllium (Plantago psyllium)and others .

It is evident that many countries bordemgtheMediterranean share many plant species in

common. It will be for the benefit of all countries to cooperate among themselves and exchange
their experiences and the results of scientific workcarried out on medicinal plants.

46
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

c
TABLE1: Some herbaldrugs found in the Egyptian market

Contrace@ive,
cosmetic,
Fruits,
aphrodisiac
Digestive,
cosmeti,
Flowering
anti-
Part used Latin name¿kfamily

Acacia arabicaL.
Leguminosae
Acacia famesiana (L.)Willd.
Leguminosae
Achillea
millefolium L.
Local name

Sant

Fitnah

I Hazanbal
inflammatory Compositae l
Carminative,
general
tonic
Rhizomes Acorns
calamus L. I Qasab
ad-
Araceae dharirah
Hypotensive,
hypoglyce-mic,
Bulbs Allium sativumL. Thawm
anthelmiiltic Liliaceae
cholagogue
Juice
Laxative, Aloe vera L. Sabbar
dermatitis Liliaceae
Emollient,
anticough.
Leaves,
roots Althea officinalisL. Khitmi
h-alvaceae
Antidiabetic,
anti-spasmodic,
Herb Ambrosia maritimaL. Darnsisa
lipotropic Compositae
Spasmolytic, remove-urinary Ammi visnagaL. Wiia
calculi l limbelliferae Baiady
1 Dermatitis, Iecodermia 1 Fruits Ammi majus L.
Umbelliferae
Khella
shytani
Roots tonic
Aphrodisiac, Anacyclus pyrethrumL Asir qush
Compositae

I Cardiotonic
I Kerb
Anastatica hierochuntica
Crucìferae
Kaffmaryam

Aizetkurn gnmeokms L. Shibith .

Umbelljferae
Anthemis cotda Sheih
Compositae

I Diuretic, antispasmodic Apium gmveoiensL.

UnlbelliJerae
Kwds

Dermatitis,
CN
stimulant,
FLheads, Amica montana L. Khaniq
rhizomes antiarterisclerotic Compositae el Fahd
ds FI. Anthelmintic Artmesia cinaBer. Shih balady
Comvositae
ads FI. Anthelmintic Artemisia
herba-alba I Shih
Compositae
Hypoglycemic,
urinary
Fruits,
leaves Balanitesaegyptiaca (L.) Del.
~~
I Haglig
~~

infections Simarubaceae
Laxative,
contraceptive
Roots Bryonia albaL. Haleq el
Cucurbitaceae Shar
Skin diseases,
sun
burns,
Fl.heads, Calendula oficinalis L. Oqhwan
aves emmenagogue Compositae
roots Herb,Haemostatic, Capsella busa-pastoris Kis er Rai
hypotensive,diaphoretic, Cruciferae

Capsicum minimum Shatt ah

Solanaceae
I Digestive,
carminative, I Fruits Carum carviL. Karawyah
antispasmodic I Umbelliferae
Antispasmodic, antisepticjn 1 Fruits Carum copticumBenth. Nakhwah
I renal
calculi. I Umbelliferae
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

Carthamus
tinctorius L. osfur
emmenagogue, Compositae

Cassia
acutifolia Del. Sama makki

Laxative
Legumtnosae shamber
siliqua KharrubL.
Ceratonia
Leguminosae I
Anthelmintic Leaves, Chenopodiumambrosioides L. I Zorbeih
fruits Chenopadiaceae
Tonic, lipotropic, Roots, Cichorium
intybus L. Shìkowah
hypoglycemic, laxative seeds, Compositae

Carminative, flavouring agent Bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum

antiseptic, mild astringent Lauraceae
cathartic
Cathartic, diuretic, Fruit pdp, Citmllns colocynthis Schrad Hand
dcrm2titis seeds Cucurbitaceae
AdScUrbutic ,anti- Fruit ,peels Citrus limonL. Laymm
rheumatic,disinfectant. Rutaceae
Disinfectant, antidysenteric, Oleo gum Commiphora mukulL. MW
dermatitis resin UDurseraceae
Digestive, carminative, Fruits CB Coriandrunt sativurnL. Kuzbarah
hypoglycemic herb Umbelliferae
Appetizer,carminative, styles & Crocus sativusL. Zafraan

48
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

Carnative, antispasmo.dic Foeniculum vulgare Miller Fruits Shamar

Umbelliferae
Dernulcent, tonic Glossostemon bruguieri Desf. RootsSahlab

1 Kundus
l

' Abbad esh

shams
Karkadeih

Hashishet ed-
dinar
Arar

Khuzami

Henna

Ussab

Kattan

Termis

diseases. flowers 1 Malvaceae i

Anticough, bronchial disorders Leaves, R. 1 Ii4mrubium vulggare.L. 1 Sharir
bps 1 kilbiatae I
-4ntispasmodic, dermatitis, FI. heads I Mafrìcaria chammilla L. I Babung
sedative l Comvosttae l
Carminative, anti-spasmodic,
antiseptic
Antislimming, tonic.

Antidiabetic, astringent,
haemostatic
Bronchial asthma,
inmunostimulant, diuretic
Antispasmodic, digestive,
galactagogue
Nutrient, antidimhoea

Digestive, mouth wash,

bronch.disorders,
Anthelmintic, antirheumatic

Diuretic, antirheumatic,
emmenagogue.
Carminative, sedative, mild
diuretic, anti-spasmodic

49
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

1 Labiatae I

50
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

LIST OF PLANTS. INCLUDED IN SCIENTIF’ICTHESES AND RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Abrus precatorius L. 54. Arthrucnemum glaucum (Del.)

2. Acacia arabica L. Ung - Sternb.
3. Acacia farnesiana L. 55. Asclepias curassavica L.
4. Acacia senegalensisL. 56. Asparagus stipularisForssk.
5. Achilleafragrantissima Sch.B.p. 57. Aster squamatusL.
6. Achillea santolinaL. 58. Asteriscus graveolensLess.
7. Acokanthera spectabilis Hook fil. 59. Astragalus alexandrinusBoiss.
8. Adhatoda vasica Nees 60. Astragalus boeticus L.
9. Adonis aututnnalis L. 61. Astragalus cremophilos Boiss.
l o. Adonis dentataDel. 62. Astragalus tomentosus Lam.
II. Aegialophila pumila (Jusl.) Boiss. 63. Astragallustrigonus DC.
12. Aegle marmelos (L.) Con. 64. Atrocarpus integrfolia Link
13. lanata Juss.
Aerva - 65. Atropa belladonnaL.
14. Aerva tomentosa Forsk. 66. Avicennia officinalisL.
15. Agave americana L. var. marginata 67. Barleria cristataL.
16. Agave decipiensBa!!cr 68. Bassiß mtu-ico-fa MUT.
17. Agave sisalana(Engelm.)0:umm. 69. Bauhiaea purpurea L.
C% Prain. 70. Bauhinia variegata L.
18. Ajuga iva L. 71. Beamontiagrandij7ora Wall.
19. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 72. Bolusanthus specìosus
2o. Alhagi maurorum Medic. (Bolus) Hams
21. Allium aschersonianum Barb. 73. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
22. Allium cepa L. 74. Brassica nigraL.
23. Allium sativum L. 75. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.
24. Aloe grandidentata S.D. 76. Bryonia cretica L.
25. Aloe vera L. 77. Calendula arvensisE.
25, Aithea officimiis L. 78. “dendula officinalis L.
2 7. klthea rosea L. 79. Culligonum cornosum L’Heï.
28. kmberboa tubulìjlora Murb. 80. Callistemon lanceolatusDC.
29. Ambrosia maritima L. 81. Callistemon rigidusR.Br.
30. hmmi majus L. 82. Calotropis procera(Aitcn) R.&.
31, Arnmi visnagaL. 83. Calycodendron milnei(A.Gray)
32. Anahasis articulafa L. A.C.Smith.
33. Anagallis arvensis L. 84. Canavalia obtusifolìaDC.
34. Anastatica hierochuntica L. 85. Cannaflaccida Salisb.
35. Anchusa millerì Willd. 86. Canna indicaL.
3 ó. hnnona cherimola Milier 87. Canna orientalisIioscoe
3 7. Annona ghbra L. 88. Cannabis sativaL.
38. Annona muricata L. 89. Cardiospernwm halicacabumL.
39. Annona squamosa L. 90. Carduncellus eriocephalusBoiss.
40. Anthemis nobilisL. 91. Carduus getulusPorne1
41. Anthemis pseudocotulaBoiss. 92. Carduus nutansL.
42. Antirrhinum majusL. 93. Carica papayaL.
43. Apiurn graveolensL. 94. Carissa carandasL.
44. Argemone mexicana L. 95. Carissa grandifloraDC.
45. Arisarum vulgare Schott. 96. Carthamus glaucusBiebsubsp.
46. Aristolochia elegans Mast alexandrinus
47. Artemisia absinthium L. 97. Carthamus mariuticusDel.
48. Artemisiaargentea L’Hér. 98. Carthamus tinctoriusL.
49. Artemisia argyi Levl. & Vant. 99. Carum copticumBenth.
50. Artemisia cina Berg. I OO. Carurn carvi L.
51. Artemisia herba alba L, 101. Cassìa acutrgolia Del.
52. Artemisia judaica L. 102. Cassia didymobotrya Fres.
53. Artemisia monospermaL. 103. Cassiafistula L.

51
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

104. Cassiajavanica L. 156. Conyza dioscorides(L.)Desf.

105. Cassia nigricans 157. Conyza linijdia Willd.
106. Cassia obovata Coll. 158. Cordia myxaL.
107. Cassia siameaLam. 159. Coriandrum sativumL.
108. Cassia spectabilisDC. 160. Cornulacca monacanthaDel.
109. Catha edulisForssk. 161. Cotula cinereaDel.
110. Centaurea aegyptiaca Del. 162. Crinum americanumL.
111. Centaureaalexandrina Del. 163. Crinum augustumRox.
112. Centaurea calcitrapaL. 164. Crinum bulbispermumMilne
113. Centaurea cinerariaL. 165. Crotolaria aegyptiaca Bentham
114. Centaurea moschataL. 166. Crotolaria madurensisR. Wight
115. Centaurea ragusina L. subsp. 167. Crucianella maritimaL.
ragusina 168. Cucumis meloL.
116. Centaurium pulchellum SW. 169. Cucurbita maximaDuchesne
117. Centaurium spicatum(L.) Fritsch 170. Cucurbita pepo var.medullosa Alef.
118. Ceratonia siliquaL. 171. Cuminum cyminumL.
119. Cerbera odollarn Gaertn. 172. Cupressus arizonicaGreene
120. Cestrum aurantiacumL i d 173. Ccpressus lusitanicaMiller
121. Cestrum diurnumL. 174, Cupressus sempervirensL.
122. Cestrcm elegansp r o p . ) SchJect. 175. C u m m a l o . ~ gL.
~
123. Chenopodium ambrosiodesL. 176. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.
124. Chenopodium murale 177. Cymbopogon citratusL.
125. Corchorus olitoriusL. 178. Cymbopogon nardusRendle
126. Chrysanthemumanethijolium 179. Cymbopogon proximus Stapf.
Brows. 180. Cy.wrzdropsis pentaphylla Bahus
127. Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium 181. Cyperus rotundusL.
Visiani 182. Datura discolourBerth.
128. Chrysanthemum coronariumL. 183. Datura fastusa L.
129. Chrysanthemum manifohm Ramat. 184. Datura ferox L.
130. Cichorilcm inntybiisL. 185. Datura imoxia Miller
131. Cichorizcm pundum L. 186. Datma metek L.
132. Cttrullus colocynthis(L.) Schrader i87. Datua metelolides DC.
133. Citrus aurantijoliaSwingle 188. Datma stramonium L.
134. Citrus aurantiunt L. 189. Datura stramonium var.inermis
135. Citrus aurantiumL. var. amara S afford
136. Citrus aurantiumL. var. deliciosa 190. Vatura tatula L.
137. Citrus aurantiumL. var. sinensis 191. Datura tatula L. var. inernlis
138. Citrus bergamia (Risso & Poiteau) Safford
Wight & Am. 192. Daucus carota L. var. boissieri
139. Citrus limettaL. Schweinf.
140. Citrus Eimon (L.) Burm. fil. 193. Daucus glaberForssk
141. Citrus nobilisLour 194. Delphinium ajacisL.
142. Citrus X paradisi Macfad. 195. Delphinium barbeyiHuth.
143. Citrus reticulata Blanco 196. Delphinium belladonna Kelw.
144. Citrus sanguineaEngl. 197. Derris ellipticaL.
145. Citrus triyoliataL. 198. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
Cleistopholis patens Engl.& Diels. 199. Digitalis mertonensis Buxt. & Darl.
146.
147. Cleonze amblycarpaBarr. & Murb. 200. Digitalis parvifloraJacq.
148. Cleome droserifolia (Forssk) Del. 201. Digitalis purpureaL.
Clerodendron inermisL. 202. Digitalis purpwea var. miniana
149.
150. Clivia miniataRegel Sampaio
Cocculus laurijoliusDC. 203. Digitalis viridifora Lindl.
151.
Coffea arabicaL. 204. Dioscorea opposita Thunb.
152.
Convolvulus althaeoides L. 205. Discorea tokoroMakino
153.
Convolvulus awensis L. 206. Dolichoìs lablabL.
154.
207. Ducrosia ismaelisAschers.
155. Convolvulus lanatusVahl
208. Duranta plumeriJacq.

52
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

209. Duranta repensL. 261. Haloxylon salicornicum auct .non

210. Ecballium elateriumA.Rich. Bunge
211. Echiochilon,fruticosum Desf. 262. Haplophyllum tuberculatum
212. Echium sericeumVahl (Forssk) A.Juss.
213. Eclipta prostrata(L.) L. 263. Hedera helixL.
214. Emex spinosus(L.)Campd. 264. Helianthus annuusL.
215. Eminiurn
spiculatum (Blume) 265. Heliotropium digynumForssk
Schott 266. Hemerocallis aurantica
216. Enterolobium cyclocarpumGriseb. 267. Hibiscus sabdarìfa L.
217. Ephedra alata Decne 268. Hippeastrum vittatumL’Her.
218. Ephedra alta C.A.Meyer 269. Hyoscyamus albus var. desertorum
219. Ephedra sinica Stapf 2 70. Hyoscyamus muticusL.
22 o. Erigeron crispus P o u . 271. Hyoseris lucidaL.
221. Eruca sativcz Mill. 2 72. Hypecoum aegyptiacum(Forssk.)
222. Erucaria pinnataTackl. Asch & Schweinf.
223. Erythraeu spicata L. = Centaurium 2 73. Hyossopus 0J”jirtalis L.
spicatum (L) Fritsch 2 74. Inula crithmoidesL.
224. Erythrina variegata L. 275. Iochiomu lanceolatum
225. Eschscholtzia caLì$obmica Cham. 276. Iphiona mucronata (Forssk) Asch &
226. Ethulia conyzoidesLX var. gracilis Schweinf
Asch & Schweinf 277. Iphiona scabra DC.
22 7. Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker 2 78. Ipomoea batatas &.)Lam.
228. Eucalyptus cornutaLabiii. 2 79. Iris germanicaL. var. alba
229. Eucalyptus goniocalyxF.J.Muel1. 280. Jasminium mesnyiHance
230. Eucalyptus globulsLabill. 281. Jasminum grandgorum L.
231. Eucalyptus macrocarpa Hooker 282. Jasminum sambac &.)Aiton
232. Eucalyptus maculata vur. 283. Jasonia montana Wald) Botsch.
citriodora Bailey 284. .Tatropha curcas L.
233. Euphorbia hyperictlfaliaL. 285. Joannesia principzs VA.
234. Euphorbig geniculata01%. 286. Khaya senegalencisA. Juss.
235. Eupiiorbia helioscopiaL. 287. Lacturn saligna L.
236. Euphorbia heierophjrila L. 288. Lagenaria brevijloraRobert.
237. E u p h d i a pwalias L. 289. hgenarie sicerariu (Mol.) Standl.
238. Euphorbia peplus L. 290. kantana camara L.
239. Euphorbia plucherrina-Wílid 29i. Launea mucronataForssk
240. Euphorbia retusa Forssk. 292. Launaea nudicaulis(L.) Ho0k.f.
241. Euphoirbia terracina L. 293. Launaea resedifolia (Willd.)
242. Fagonia arabicaL. Kuntze
243. Fagonia bruguieri DC. 294. Lunaea spinosa Forssk.
244. Fagonia creticaL. 295. Lclunaea tenrciloba Bolfss.
245. Fagonia glutinosaDel. 296. Laurus nobilis L.
246. Fagonia mollisDel. 297. Lavandula officinalisL.
247. Fagonia parvifloraBoiss. 298. Luwsonia inermisL.
248. Fagopyrum esculentumL. 299. Ligustrum ovalifoliumHassk.
249. Farsetia aegyptia Turra 300. Limonium sinuatumMill.
250. Ficus benghalensisL. 301. Limonium tubgorum (Del.) Ktze.
251. Ficus benjaminaL. 302. Linum usitatissimumL.
252. Ficus elastica Roxb. 303. Lotus arabicusL.
253. Ficus platyphyllaDel. 304. Lotus creticus L.
254. Fuymaria densifloraDC. 305. Lupinus termisForssk.
255. Fumaria judaica Boiss. 306. Lycium shawiiRoem & Sch.
2 56. Glacium9avurn Crantz 307. Lycopersicum prumijormeMiller
257. Glossostemon bruguieriDesf. 308. Lygos raetam (Forssk.) Heywood
258. Glycyrrihiuzaglabra L. 309. Magnolia grand$?oraL.
259. Gossypium barbadenseL. 31O. Majorana hortensisMoench
260. Haemanthus multiflorusMartyn 311. Malabaila suaveolensCoss.
312. Malva arboreaL.

53
 ~~ ~ ~

CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

313. Malva rotundifoliaDesf. 368. Phoenix dactyliferaL.

314. Malva sylvestrisL. 369. Physalis peruvianaL.
315. Malva viscosus arboreaL. 3 70. Phytolacca americanaL.
31 6. Marrubium alyssonL. 371. Pimenta acrisKostel.
317. Mathiola livida (Del.) DC. 3 72. Pimenta dioica (L.) Men.
318. Matricaria chamomilla L. 3 73. Pimpinella anisum L
319. Medicago sativa L. 3 74. Pituranthus triradiatus(Hochst.)
320. Melia azedarchL. Asch. & Schweinf.
321. Melilotus indica (L.)All. var. 3 75. Pituranths tortuosrus(Desf.) Benth.
tommasinii Jord. 3 76. Plantago albicansL.
322. Melilotus siculusTurra 3 77. Plantago coronopusL.
323. Mentha piperita L. 3 78. Plantago crypsoidesBoiss.
324. Mentha pulegium L. 3 79. Plantago cylindrica Forssk.
325. Mentha spicataL. 380. Plantago majorL.
326. Mentha viridisL. 381. Plantago notataLag.
32 7. Moltkiopsis ciliata Johnst. 382. Plantag9 ovataFOrSsk.
328. Montanoa bipinnatifidaKock. 383. Plantago psyllium L.
329. Murraya exoticaL. 384. Plumbago capenisThunb.
330, Muscari comosumMiller 385. Plumeria rubra L.
331. Myrtus communis L. 386. Polianthus tuberosa L.
332. Narcissus tazetfaL. 387. Foiycarpaea repens Forssk.
333. Nerium oleanderL. 388. Polycarpon alsinifolium(Biv.) DC.
334. Nicotiana glaucaR.@ Grah. 389. Polygonum sa1ici;foliumL.
335. Nicotiana rustica L. 390. Portulaca oleraceaL.
336. Nicotiana tabacum L. 391. Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Murb.
33 7. Nigella sativa L. 392. Psidium guajava L.
338. Nitraria retusa (Forssk) A.sch. 393. Pulicaria crispa Forssk.
339. Nymphaea lotus L. 394. Pulicaria dysenterica L.
340. Ocìmunz basilicurnL. 395. Pdicoria incisa (Lm.) DC.
341, Ocinum ccwm Sim. 396. Puiicarïa unddata L.
342. Ocimum gmtissimzcm L. 397. Ranunculus sativusL.
343. Qcimum mbrum L. 398. Ranuncuhs sczleratus L.
344. Ononis vaginalisVahL 399. Rauwolfia cmescens i.
345. Opuntiaficus-indica L. 400. Reseda pruirosaDel.
346. Orchradenus baccatus Del. 401. Reaumuria hirtella Jaub be §p.
347. Origanum majoranaL. 402. Ricinus communisL.
348. Oropordum alexandrinumBoiss. 403. Rosa rugosa Thunb.
349. Oryza sativaL. 404. Rosmarinus oficinalis L.
350. Oxandra xylopioidesDiels 405. Rubia tinctoriumL.
351. Pancratium maritimumL. 406. Rumex confertusWilld.
352. Pancratium sickenbergereiAsch. & 407. Rumex crispusL.
Schweinf. ex Boiss. 408. Rumex dentatus L.
353. Panicum turgidumForssk. 409. Rumex obtusgoliusL.
354. Papaver argemoneL. 41O. Ruscus hypoglossumL.
355. Papaver bracteatumL. 411. Ruta graveolensL.
356. Papaver dubiumL. 412. Saccarum oficinarum L.
357. Papaver nudicauleL. 413. Salix babylonica L.
358. Papaver orientaleL. 414. Salk safsafL.
359. Papaver rhoeasL. 415. Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
360. Papaver somniferumL. 41 6. Salvadora persicaL.
361. Pastinaca sativa L. 41 7. Salvia aegyptiaca L.
362. Peganum harmalaL. 418. Salvia farenaceae Benth.
363. PelargoniumfragransWilld. 419. Salvia lanigera Poir .
364. Pelargonium graveolensL'Hér. 420. Salvia oficinalis L.
365. Pergularìa tomentosa L. 421. Salvia trilobaL.
366. Petroselinum sativum H o a . 422. Salvia verbenacaL.
367. Phlomis aureaDecne. 423. Sambucus nigraL.

54
 CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes

424. Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer. 463. Terminalia chebula Retz.

425. Santolina chainaecyprissusL. 464. Teucrium polium L.
426. Saponaria oficinalis L. 465. Thea sinensisL.
42 7. Schinus molleL. 466. Thymelea hirsuta E.
428. Schinus terebinthifoliusRadd. 467. Thymus bovei Benth.
429. Scrozonera alexandrinaBoiss. 468. Thymus capitatus (L.) Hofiìngg. &
430. Scrophularia desertii Del. Link
431. Securinega sufSncticesaRehd. 469. Tithonia diversifolia Gray
432. Senecio coronopifoliusDesf. 470. Tradescantia bracteataSmall
433. Senecio desfontaineiDruce 471. Tribulus alatus L.
434. Senecio vulgarisL. 472. Trifolium alexandrinumL.
435. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. 473. Trigonellafoenum-graecumL.
436. Sesbania aegyptiacaPers. 474. Trigonella maritimaDel.
437. Silene succulentaForssk. 475. Trigonella stellata Forssk
438. Silene villosaForssk. 476. Urginea maritimaL.
439. Solenostemma argei (Del.) Hayne 477. Urginea maritima var. pancratium
440. Solanum aviculareForst. (Steinh.) B&.
441. Solanum laciniatumAit. 478. Urospermum picroidesL.
442. Solanum macranthumDun. 479. Valeriam offcinalisL.
443. Solanum macrocarpum Pers. 480. Varthemia montanasWahl.) Boiss.
444. Solanum melongenaL. 481. Verbena oficinalis L.
445. Solanum nigrumL. 482. Vemonia amygdalina Del.
446. Solanum oLeraceum L. 483. Vicia calcarataDesf.
447. Solanum pseudocapsicumL. 484. Viciafaba L.
448. Solanum. sodomeumL. 485. Vicia sativaL.
449. Sonchus macrocarpusBoulas ¿k 486. Vinca roseaL.
Jeffrey 487. Vitex agnus-casfus L.
459. Sophora,flavexens Ait. 488. Witharzia somaiferaL-
451. Sophora japonica E. 49. Wrightia coccineaSims.
452. Sophora secundiflora Ortega $92. Xanthium occidentaleBert.
453. Sterculia diversifoliaDon 491. Xanthium pungensW&J.
454. Sylibum marianum6.1 Gzertn. 492. Xanthiunt spinoswnL.
455. Tcbebuia guayacctn Eeml. 493. Xylopia aethiopicaA.fiich.
456. Tabebuia pentaphylla(L.) Hemsl. 494. ZiZla spinosa (Turra) Prantl
457. Tabemaemontana coronariaWilld. 495. Ziziphus spina-ChristiL..
458. Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart.ex DC.) 496. Zygophyllum albumL.
Standl. 497. Zygophyllumm coccineumL.
459. Tabebuia argentea @W.& §chum) 498. Zygophyllum decumbensDel.
Britt.
460. Tcgetes erectaL.
461. Tanacetum santolinoides(DC.)
Feinbr.
462. Tecoma stans(L.). HBK

5.5