Stability of Structures

Loads
Loads forces which are applied to a structure. - may be described according to its a. types b. distribution c. time d. location and method of application

Types of Loads
1.) Dead Loads loads that are relatively constant throughout the structures life. a. selfweight of structural components b. floor finishes, roof finishes

Types of Loads
2.) Live Loads - variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including construction or environmental loads a. ES 10 students b. What are other live loads in this room?

Types of Loads
3.) Wind Load - force exerted by the wind on a structure or part of a structure sailboat billboards

Glasgow Tower src: wikipedia

Types of Loads
4.) Earthquake Load - force exerted due to lateral or vertical movement of the earth.

Glimpse of Metro Manila

Types of Loads
5.) Snow Load we dont have it here in the Philippines.

Distribution of Loads
1.) Concentrated Load load applied at a point. Sometimes, referred to as point load.

Distribution of Loads
2.) Distributed Load load distributed along a length or over an area.

Wind Load
Generally, for the same load intensity, a bigger surface area means greater force.

Glasgow Tower src: wikipedia

Effect of a Distributed Load

- The analysis is the same as determining the center of gravity of the distributed load.

R x W =

x ri

Reactions
Motion resisting forces that develop at the supports of an object. Different supports exert different reactions The magnitudes of the reactions depend also on the loads.

Reactions

Some types of Reactions

1. ) Normal - A reaction perpendicular to the contact surface.

Normal force

Some types of Reactions

2.) Hinge - A smooth pin resists horizontal and vertical motion but not rotation

Some types of Reactions

3.) Cantilever - When load is applied on a cantilever, it does not move and rotate.

Friction
Friction is a reaction that develops between sliding bodies.
bodies that tend to slide over one another (static) sliding bodies (dynamic)

Types of Friction
Static friction - develops between objects that tend to slide. Kinetic friction - develops between sliding objects.

State of Impending Motion

The state of motion when the object is about to slide. In this state, the static friction is directly proportional to the:
normal force (reaction) on the same surface of the object Relative roughness of the surfaces involved

Friction
Friction, f =N =coefficientoffriction N=NormalForce f Equilib Motion
P f

Nature of Friction
W N T fs Static (impending motion) r F =0 Moving fk Static r F = 0

Static r F = 0

fsmax

Stability
The property of a body that causes it to develop actions that restore the original condition when disturbed from a condition of equilibrium.

Is this object in equilibrium? Will it remain stationary?

Stable Equilibrium
Restoring moment

The response to a small disturbance is actions that tend to restore the equilibrium. The small disturbance causes the CG to move up.

cg cg

Stable Equilibrium
Impending (still stable)

cg cg

Stable Equilibrium

Overturning moment

cg cg

Is this object in equilibrium? Will it remain stationary?

Unstable Equilibrium

Overturning moment

cg

cg

If the body is displaced an arbitrarily small distance from equilibrium, overturning forces develop. The small disturbance causes the CG to move down.

Marginally Stable Equilibrium

If the body is displaced a small amount, it will stay in the new position.

cg

Stability
A stable object has a wide base, low CG, or both a wide base and low CG.

Example

Building Imposed with Gravity Loads

The weight of the building is balanced by the reaction of the ground.

Building Imposed with Gravity Loads

When the ground can not develop enough force to counteract the buildings weight, the building will settle.

Soft soil

Wind or earthquake can cause redistribution of the ground reaction.

Building Imposed with Gravity Loads

Adjacent excavation can weaken the soil and cause redistribution of the ground reaction.

Instability and Disaster

Person

Bird Balance

Judo