Sridharacharya is referred ot by Bhaskara II as a distinguished mathematician and is quoted by the latter in a number of places.

He work under the title Patiganita and the other a smaller tract called Trisatika, both of which have been edited, and of which a number of manuscripts also exist. His algebra is no longer extant, but is known from Bhaskara's references. The same arithmetical topics as are discussed by Brahmagupta, Mahavira and Bhaskara II are treated in the Trisatika. For multiplication, he uses a new term Pratyutpanna (re-produced) and discusses the kapata-sandhi (door-junction, Gelosia) method which became very popular among later Hindu writers and was transmitted to the West through Arab works. We know from Bhaskara that Sridharacharya was the discoverer of a method of solving quadratic equations in which the two sides require to be multiplied by four times the cofficient of x**2. An application of this method is also preserved in his arithmetic. Sridhara's contemporary Sripati is well known for his arithmetic Ganita-tilaka commented upon by Simhatilaka Suri in the thirteenth Century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 where as Hindus used numbers as big as 10**53(10 to the power of 53) withspecific names as early as 5000 BCE during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 10**12(10 to the power of12). In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a univariate polynomial equation of the second degree. A general quadratic equation can be written in the form

where x represents a variable or an unknown, and a, b, and c are constants with a 0. (If a = 0, the equation is a linear equation.) The constants a, b, and c are called respectively, the quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the constant term or free term. The term "quadratic" comes from quadratus, which is the Latin word for "square". Quadratic equations can be solved by factoring, completing the square, graphing, Newton's method, and using the quadratic formula (given below).

Plots of real-valued quadratic function ax2 + bx + c, varying each coefficient separately

Contents
[hide]

1 Quadratic formula

o o

1.1 Discriminant 1.2 Monic form

2 History 3 Examples of use

o o o

3.1 Geometry 3.2 Quadratic factorization 3.3 Application to higher-degree equations

4 Derivations of the quadratic formula

o o o

4.1 By completing the square 4.2 By shifting ax

2

4.3 By Lagrange resolvents

5 Other methods of root calculation

o o o o

5.1 Alternative quadratic formula 5.2 Floating point implementation 5.3 Vieta's formulas 5.4 Trigonometric solution for complex roots

6 Generalization of quadratic equation

6.1 Characteristic 2

7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit]Quadratic

formula

A quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients has two solutions, called roots. These two solutions may or may not be distinct, and they may or may not be real. The roots are given by the quadratic formula

where the symbol "" indicates that both

are solutions of the quadratic equation. [edit]Discriminant

Example discriminant signs <0: x2+12 =0: 43x2+43x13 >0: 32x2+12x43

In the above formula, the expression underneath the square root sign is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation, and is often represented using an upper case Greek delta, the initial of the Greek word , Diakrnousa, discriminant:

A quadratic equation with real coefficients can have either one or two distinct real roots, or two distinct complex roots. In this case the discriminant determines the number and nature of the roots. There are three cases: If the discriminant is positive, then there are two distinct roots, both of which are real numbers:

For quadratic equations with integer coefficients, if the discriminant is a perfect square, then the roots are rational numbersin other cases they may be quadratic irrationals. If the discriminant is zero, then there is exactly one distinct real root, sometimes called a double root:

If the discriminant is negative, then there are no real roots. Rather, there are two distinct (non-real) complex roots, which are complex conjugates of each other:

where i is the imaginary unit. Thus the roots are distinct if and only if the discriminant is nonzero, and the roots are real if and only if the discriminant is nonnegative. [edit]Monic

form

Dividing the quadratic equation by coefficient a gives the simplified monic form of

where p = a and q = a. This in turn simplifies the root and discriminant equations somewhat to

and

[edit]History This section may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text. Please help improve this articleby checking for inaccuracies. (help, talk, get involved!) (September 2010) The Babylonian mathematicians, as early as 2000 BC (displayed on Old Babylonian clay tablets) could solve a pair of simultaneous equations of the form:

which are equivalent to the equation:

[1]

The original pair of equations were solved as follows:

1. Form

2. Form

3. Form 4. Form

(where x y is assumed) 5. Find x and y by inspection of the [2] values in (1) and (4). There is evidence pushing this back as far [3] as the Ur III dynasty. In the Sulba Sutras in ancient India circa 8th century BC quadratic equations of the 2 2 form ax = c and ax + bx = c were explored using geometric methods. Babylonian mathematicians from circa 400 BC and Chinese mathematicians from circa 200 BC used the method of completing the square to solve quadratic equations with positive roots, but did not have a general [citation needed] formula. Euclid, the Greek mathematician, produced a more abstract geometrical method around 300 BC. Pythagoras and Euclid used a strictly geometric approach, and found a general procedure to solve the quadratic [4] equation. In his work Arithmetica, the Greek mathematician Diophantus solved the quadratic equation, but giving only one root, [5] even when both roots were positive. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, gave the first explicit (although still not completely general) solution of the quadratic equation

as follows:

To the absolute number multiplied by four times the

[coefficient of the] square, add the square of the [coefficient of the] middle term; the square root of the same, less the [coefficient of the] middle term, being divided by twice the [coefficient of the] square is the value. (Brahmasphutasiddhanta (C olebrook translation, 1817, [2] page 346)

This is equivalent to:

The Bakhshali Manuscript written in India in the 7th century AD contained an algebraic formula for solving quadratic equations, as well as quadratic indeterminate equations (originally of type ax/c = y). Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi (Persia, 9th century), inspired by Brahmagupta, developed a set of formulas that [4] worked for positive solutions. AlKhwarizmi goes further in providing a full solution to the general quadratic equation, accepting one or two numerical answers for every quadratic equation, while providing geometric proofs in the [6] process. He also described the method of completing the square and recognized that the discriminant must be [7] positive, which was proven by his contemporary 'Abd al-Hamd ibn Turk (Central Asia, 9th century) who gave geometric figures to prove that

if the discriminant is negative, a quadratic equation has no [8] solution. While al-Khwarizmi himself did not accept negative solutions, later Islamic mathematicians that succeeded him [9] accepted negative solutions, as well as irrational numbers as [10] solutions. Ab Kmil Shuj ibn Aslam (Egypt, 10th century) in particular was the first to accept irrational numbers (often in the form of a square root, cube root or fourth root) as solutions to quadratic equations or as coefficients in an [11] equation. The Jewish mathematician Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi (12th century, Spain) authored the first European book to include the full solution to the [12] general quadratic equation. His solution was largely based on Al[13] Khwarizmi's work. The writing of the Chinese mathematician Yang Hui (1238-1298 AD) represents the first in which quadratic equations with negative coefficients of 'x' appear, although he attributes this to the earlier Liu Yi. By 1545 Gerolamo Cardano compiled the works related to the quadratic equations. The quadratic formula covering all cases was first obtained by Simon Stevin [14] in 1594. In 1637 Ren Descartes published La Gomtrie containing the quadratic formula in the form we know [4] today. The first appearance of the general solution in the modern mathematical literature appeared in [15] a 1896 paper by Henry Heaton.

[edit]Examples [edit]Geometry

of use

For the quadratic function:

f (x) = x2 x 2 = (x + 1)(x 2) of
areal variable x, the x-coordinates of the points where the graph intersects the x-axis, x = 1 and x = 2, are the solutions of the quadratic equation: x2 x 2 = 0.

The solutions of the quadratic equation

are also the roots of the quadratic function:

since they are the values of x for which

If a, b, and c are real numbers and the domain of f is the set of real numbers, then the roots of f are exactly the xcoordinates of the points where the graph touches the x-axis.

It follows from the above that, if the discriminant is positive, the graph touches the x-axis at two points, if zero, the graph touches at one point, and if negative, the graph does not touch the x-axis. [edit]Quadratic

factorization
The term

is a factor of the polynomial

if and only if r is a root of the quadratic equation

It follows from the quadratic formula that

In the speci al case 2 (b = 4ac) wher e the quadr atic has

only one distin ct root (i.e. the discri mina nt is zero), the quadr atic polyn omial can be fa ctore d as

[ e d it ]

A p p l i c a t i o n t o h

i g h e r d e g r e e e q u a t i o n s
C e rt a i n h i g h e rd e g r e e e q u a

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c a

n b e r e w r i t t e n a s :

o r , e q u i v a l e n t l y , a s a q u

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w h e r e

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t h e

q u a d r a t i c

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f o r

r e s u l t

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t h e

t w o

s o l u t i o n s :

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