Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

Data retrieval & analysis

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User has a problem or query

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Database contains information that can be used to answer the problem Maps, tables or figures Recall the data Compute new information Display the results visualize the information

Data base ? Presentation

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Basic data models

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Entities in space
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Attributes, location & connectivity of the entities Measures way they are distributed in space

Continuous variation of an attribute over space

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Spatial properties of the fields Complicated as use triangles or grids to discretize the continuous data

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Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Methods of data analysis

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What are links useful for dealing with entities in space

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Relational model Object-oriented model Points, lines, polygons vector model More complex object-oriented approach

Entities are:
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Entity model of objects in space

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3 kinds of information
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What is it? Where is it? What is its relation to other entities? Attributes Geographic location coordinates Spatial relations between different entities proximity & connectivity (topology)

Nature of entity
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Basic classes of data analysis for entities

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Attribute operations
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Operations on 1 or more attributes of an entity Operations on 1 or more attributes of multiple entities that overlap in space Operations on 1 or more attributes that are linked by directed pointers (object oriented) Operations on the attributes that are contained by other entities (point in polygon)

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Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Basic classes of data analysis for entities

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Distance/location operations
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Operations to locate entities with respect to simple Euclidean distance or location criteria Operations to create buffer zones around an entity Operations to model spatial interactions over a connected net

Operations using built-in spatial topology

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What results is
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New attributes
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Can attach to the original entity Increases the size & value of database Expand database to include these new items

Create new spatial entities

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Attribute properties of entities

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Geographic location latitude, longitude, elevation

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Qualitative or quantitative descriptors of some non-spatial property

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Ex: parcel #, name of owner, land cover Ex: length of fence bordering a road; area, shape & contiguity are attributes derived from the parcel of land

Derived from spatial properties of the entity

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Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Creating new attributes

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Ui = f ( A, B, C, D, )
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Function f can be:

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A, B, C, values of attributes used to estimate Ui Logical (Boolean) operations Simple & complex arithmetical operations & numerical models Univariate statistical analysis Multivariate statistical methods or Bayesian statistics for classification & discrimination Multicriteria methods (fuzzy logic), AI-based methods (neural networks)

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Boolean logic
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True 1 or False 0 resulting from an operation Uses logical operators AND (intersection), OR (union), XOR (exclusion), NOT (negation) to determine whether a condition is true or false (0 or 1) of 2 or more sets Can be applied to all data types

SP02 CE608

Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Other mathematical operations

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Arithmetical operations:
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+ - * / ^xx exp ln log ? sin cos tan arcsin arccos arctan deg? rad grad original attribute to Boolean, nominal, ordinal, directional, integer, real or topological data type

Trigonometric operations:
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Data type operations:

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Other mathematical operations

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Statistical:
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Mean, mode, median, standard deviation, variance, minimum, maximum, range, skewness, kurtosis Multivariate regression, numerical model of a physical process, PCA, assign to class, probability (max likelihood, Bayesian), fuzzy membership value, neural networks

Multivariate operations:
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SP02 CE608

Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Operations on attributes of multiple entities that overlap in space

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Attributes from 2 or more entities that completely or partially occupy or cover the same space Inclusion problem
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A contains B A is contained by B A crosses B A overlaps with B

Overlap & intersection problem

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Inclusion
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Point in polygon issue

Polygon overlay & intersection

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Union, covering or intersection Overlap can get spurious polygons

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Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Operations that depend on a simple distance

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Buffering command
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A is within/beyond distance D (crow flight s distance) from B Generate buffer zones around points, lines, or polygons

Operations that depend on connectivity

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Entities directly linked in database Linkage can be spatial contiguity case where A is a direct neighbor of B or A is connected to B by a topological network that models roads or other lines of communication Determine indices of interaction inter-entity distances over the network, other measures of connectivity (travel times, attractiveness of a route)

Analysis of connectivity
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Automated route finding car & truck navigation systems Optimum location of emergency services

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Analysis of Discrete Entities in Space

29 April 2002

Summary
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Retrieve spatial entities Compute new attributes using logical & numerical methods Complex series of commands save as structured command file (AML) model Readings Burrough & McDonnell Chapter 7

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