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lluorlde 8eleaslng MaLerlals
Class lonomer CemenLs 8esln Modlfled Class lonomer"

Loday we wlll Lalk abouL classlflcaLlon of ClC advanLages dlsadvanLages
developmenL and Lhe fluorlde releaslng
So we call Lhem fluorlde releaslng maLerlals because when we puL Lhe resLoraLlon
ln Lhe cavlLy lL wlll sLarL Lo release fluorlde for a perlod of Llme and we wlll geL Lo
know lL laLer
uenLal cemenLs ln general are composed of powder and llquld for ClC Lhe
powder ls alumlnum slllcaLe glass and Lhe llquld ls malnly poly acryllc acld and
oLher aclds" and Lhe presence of waLer ls lmporLanL for Lhe reacLlon Lo occur
So malnly lL's acld base reacLlon
Acld aLLacks Lhe glass glass decomposes meLal lon release (calclum alumlnum
fluorlde) and oLher lons calclum lons are qulckly chelaLed by Lhe lonlzed
carboxyl slde groups on Lhe polyacryllc acld polymer chlns cross llnklng Lhe
chalns and produclng a polymer gel Lhen Lhe calclum lons are replaced by a more
slowly reacLlng alumlnum lons Lo produce a mechanlcally sLronger maLerlal slow
maLuraLlon"
Why ls lL lmporLanL Lo know Lhe chemlcal reacLlon and especlally Lhe slow
maLuraLlon?
lL's lmporLanL for lLs cllnlcal use ClC need more Llme for compleLe maLuraLlon

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So lL's weak ln lLs early sLages and lL can lose and galn waLer easlly so we should
proLecL lL ln Lhe flrsL sLages from Lhe oral envlronmenL unLll lL's compleLely cross
llnked and formedso we should handle Lhe ClC carefully lL's noL llke composlLe
we can flnlsh lL and use coarse abraslve maLerlals and hlgh speed ClC should be
handled sofLly and carefully because lL needs Llme for maLuraLlon and compleLe
formaLlon
Why ls waLer lmporLanL for Lhe reacLlon?
8ecause lL's LransporLlng medla for fluorlde lL sLablllzes Lhe seL maLrlx so Lhe flnal
maLrlx conLalns abouL 2330 waLer and Lhls ls lmporLanL Lo remember LhaL ClC
can galn and lose waLer easlly because any molsLure conLamlnaLlon wlll lncrease
Lhe solublllLy and leads Lo poor aesLheLlcs shade shape of Lhe ClC and formaLlon
of plLs" so we have Lo proLecL lL for Lhe flrsL 7 mln
And laLer dehydraLlon wlll cause shrlnkage and crazlng so Lhls ls one of Lhe
dlsadvanLages of ClC galnlng and loslng of waLeraffecLlng Lhe sLrengLh and
aesLheLlcs
Pow does fluorlde work? Why ls Lhls lmporLanL for us?
lluorlde lmproves enamel crysLals by formaLlon of fluorapaLlLe lnsLead of hydroxy
apaLlLe LhaL reslsLs aclds more and lnLerferes wlLh plaque formaLlon on Lhe LooLh
surface so lL lnhlblLs demlnerallzaLlon and enhances remlnerallzaLlon
Lhe fluorlde release from ClC causes a halo clrcle" effecL around Lhe resLoraLlon
abouL 3mm and lL reaches 10ppm Plgh level of fluorlde" whlle ln sallva lLs
008ppm And Lhls release wlll noL affecL Lhe resLoraLlon or causes fracLure or
break down
Pow long does Lhe releaslng of fluorlde from ClC conLlnue?
lL conLlnues for 12 days Lhen shows a rapld decllne Lo a sLeady sLaLe Lhen lL can
be recharged [usL llke a baLLery we charge lL wlLh elecLrlclLy so we need an
exLernal source of fluorlde for recharglng and lL comes from LooLh pasLes mouLh
rlnses and varnlshes

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lluorlde sources can be home or offlce applled
home LooLh pasLes mouLh rlnses
offlce (hlgher percenLage of fluorlde) varnlshes gels
*Lo Lake advanLage of Lhe ClC we need Lo recharge Lhe resLoraLlon wlLh an
exLernal source of fluorlde*

ClasslflcaLlons of ClC
1AuA Amerlcan denLal assoclaLlon
2classlflcaLlon accordlng Lo Lhe use of ClC
AuA
1ype 1 luLlng cemenLs LhaL we use Lo cemenL crowns brldges Lo Lhe LooLh
sLrucLure" Lhe examples beLween Lhe brackeLs are noL requlred"
1ype 2 resLoraLlon maLerlals
LooLh colored
relnforced maLerlals wlLh sllver Lo lncrease sLrengLh
1ype3 llners and bases
CLher classlflcaLlon accordlng Lo Lhe usage
resLoraLlve maLerlals
llners and bases
seallng agenLs Lhe dr won'L ask abouL Lhe Lypes beLween Lhe brackeLs buL Lhe
lmporLanL ls Lhe maln Lype"
SLrengLh of ClC comes from
1blndlng wlLh Lhe LooLh sLrucLure

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*ClC ls Lhe only maLerlal LhaL can blnd chemlcally Lo LooLh sLrucLure
2fluorlde release
3physlcal properLles
Weakness of ClC
1molsLur senslLlvlLy"loslng and galnlng of waLer"
2lack of command curlng
*convenLlonal ClC ls acldbase reacLlon so lL's noL cured wlLh llghL
3aesLheLlcs ln composlLe we have dlfferenL shades buL ln ClC Lhere are llmlLed
shades and lL's more opaque Lhan Lhe composlLe
4noL recommended ln sLress bearlng areas llke ln class 1 or 2 and lf we use lL we
puL lL only as a Lemporary fllllng maLerlal
3dlfflculL ln manlpulaLlon lL's very sLlcky and needs speclal proporLlons of
powder and llquld
lndlcaLlons where Lo use ClC?
hlgh carles rlsk paLlenLs because of fluorlde release
pedlaLrlc denLlsLry for chlldren because Lhe force of occluslon ln prlmary LeeLh ls
less and Lhe LeeLh are golng Lo be replaced so lL can be used as provlslonal long
Lerm Lemporary" fllllng maLerlal
class 3 leslons
1lL's noL sLress bearlng areas used as permanenL resLoraLlons
2paLlenLs who have class flve usually are hlgh rlsk carles paLlenLs because lL's on
SmooLh surface and lL's consldered as selfcleanlng surface"
llners and bases ln sandwlch Lechnlque under Lhe resLoraLlon" (Lhe dr won'L
Lalk abouL lL now because we wlll Lake lL ln Lhe nexL lecLure)

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luLlng agenLs cemenLlng agenLs Lo cemenL lndlrecL resLoraLlons
core bulld up maLerlal when Lhere ls a loL of LooLh sLrucLure mlsslng we need Lo
rebulld Lhe LooLh before we place Lhe crown Lo geL supporL
*besL maLerlal for Lhls ls amalgam ln some rare cases we can use ClC buL lL's
quesLlonable because of Lhe sLrengLh so Lhe besL Lo use ls
amalgamcomposlLeClC
roperLles of ClC and composlLes [usL Lo remember"
ClC composlLe
lluorlde release AesLheLlc
SLrong bondlng SLrong bondlng
8locompaLlble Wear reslsLance
1echnlque senslLlve 1echnlque senslLlve
Lasy Lo manlpulaLe

now we are done wlLh Lhe convenLlonal glass lonomer cemenLs
We have anoLher maLerlal LhaL was lnvenLed Lo overcome Lhe dlsadvanLages of
Lhe convenLlonal ClC so Lhey lncorporaLed reslns and Lhey became resln
modlfled glass lonomers" 8MCl
ComposlLlon lon leachable glass waLer soluble resln added Lo polyacld
(1he same composlLlon of Lhe convenLlonal ClC buL wlLh resln)
And because of Lhe resln we have a polymerlzaLlon reacLlon so we need llghL
curlng
*Lhe reacLlon ln resln modlfled ClC sLarLs chemlcally acldbase" reacLlon and
Lhen we need llghL Lo compleLe Lhe reacLlon
AdvanLages of addlng reslns Lo ClC
1lncrease Lhe sLrengLh of ClC

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2decrease molsLure senslLlvlLy
3command cure llghL cure"
4easler handllng because ClC ls sLlcky and lL's lmproved by addlng resln
3aesLheLlc ls beLLer
ulsadvanLages of addlng resln Lo ClC
1lncrease Lhe overall dlmenslonal shrlnkage
2decrease Lhe sLrengLh of Lhe feaLure of chemlcal bondlng
3reduce blocompaLlblllLy ClC ls very blocompaLlble wlLh sofL Llssues buL
composlLe ls noL so we reduce lL by addlng reslns
8esln modlfled ClC 8MCl" classlflcaLlon
1luLlng agenLs
2fllllng maLerlals (fu[l ll llghL cured vlLremer)
3llners and bases (fu[l llnlng llghL cured vlLrebond)
*we should memorlze Lhese Lypes beLween Lhe brackeLs for fllllng maLerlals and
llners because we are golng Lo use Lhem a loL ln Lhe cllnlc*
4flssure sealanL
3bondlng agenLs for composlLe and for orLho 1reaLmenL
lndlcaLlons
1he same as Lhe ClC buL can be used as permanenL resLoraLlon because lL's
sLronger and more sLable unllke ClC
AdvanLages of 8MCl over ClC
1lL has longer worklng Llme and shorLer seLLlng Llme llghL cure"
2sLronger

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3less cracklng less waLer loslng
4aesLheLlc
3 less waLer senslLlvlLy
dlsadvanLages
1you need Lo have llghL cure machlne ln Lhe cllnlc Lo flnlsh Lhe reacLlon
2has Lo be puL ln lncremenLs for llghL curlng unllke ClC
3less lnherenL adheslon chemlcal blndlng"

*Lhe dr sklpped Lhe nexL 2 slldes because Lhey are advanced for us*

cllnlcal guldellnes for 8MCl ClC how ls Lhe cavlLy prepared? (MosL lndlcaLed
for class 3 cavlLles)
90 degrees marglns llke ln amalgam
aL leasL 13mm depLh aL all marglns
no bevels
follow Lhe manufacLurer dlrecLlons
use Lhe capsules lf posslble acLlvaLe Lhem Lhen puL Lhem ln Lhe amalgamaLor
Lhen we puL Lhem ln guns and ln[ecL ln Lhe cavlLy much easler Lhan mlxlng
powder and llquld because Lhe manlpulaLlon ls dlfflculL sLlcky"
CondlLlonlng of denLln removlng Lhe smear layer uslng a weak acld polyacryllc"
for 1020 sec
*condlLlonlng of denLln ls dlfferenL from acld eLchlng LhaL we do ln composlLe
uslng sLronger acld phosphorlc acld" causlng demlnerallzaLlon*

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don'L dehydraLe denLln leave lL a llLLle molsL afLer rlnslng and drylng from acld
llke composlLe"
ln[ecL and overfell Lhe cavlLy
don'L over manlpulaLe because lL's weak especlally ln Lhe flrsL sLages
llghL cure for 8MCl"
proLecL lL and don'L flnlsh lL rlghL away llke composlLe
SomeLlmes we use varnlshes LhaL come wlLh lL vasellne bondlng agenL buL lL has
a dlsadvanLage LhaL lL wlll decrease Lhe fluorlde release
*Lhe proLecLlon ls lndlcaLed more ln convenLlonal ClC because Lhe resln modlfled
ls less senslLlve"
compomers more llke composlLes a loL of resln added"
olyacldmodlfled composlLe resln modlfled composlLe" Lo release fluorlde so
Lhey are Lrylng Lo produce a maLerlal LhaL has Lhe physlcal properLles and
aesLheLlcs of composlLe and aL Lhe same Llme releases fluorlde
composlLlon ma[or componenLs of composlLes and ClC buL wlLh no waLer and
ls llghL cured
Called lnferlor composlLe
8ecause lLs fluorlde release ls very mlnlmal and lL doesn'L have Lhe sLrengLh or Lhe
aesLheLlc of composlLe *lf we need fluorlde release we wlll use ClC and lf we need
sLrengLh or aesLheLlc we wlll go for composlLes so lLs use ls quesLlonable
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