age of

Eiik Wahlbeig
PSC : Stuuy uuiue + 0utlines foi Quiz ()
Table of Contents
Topic Page Numbers in Textbook Page Numbers in Study Cuide
Stuuy uuiue fiom Noigan's Recitation - -
Chaptei : Public 0pinion -9 -
Chaptei : The Neuia - -
Chaptei 9: Political Paities 8- -
Chaptei : Elections, Campaigns, anu voting 9-9 -


Study Gu|de from Morgan's kec|tat|on
1 nn Wall SLreeL
2 ArlsLoLle's 1olog
3 LlenLoral College
4 lndlvldal MandaLe
3 nlnolas Sarkoz
6 Angela Merkel
7 uMA
8 Leon aneLLa
9 llaL Lax/rogresslve Lax
apter 6 ub||c Cp|n|on ]] Iocus uest|ons p
10 lln lnlon
11 Lfflnan vs ollLlnal 1rsL
12 SnlenLlfln olllng Call random samle reresenLaLlve samle
13 1es of olls Lranklng exlL s
14 Lrrors ln olllng CesLlon wordlng samllng error eLn
13 8oles of LllLes LllLe Leor
16 Pow lnformed ls Le lln regardlng ollLlnal lsses?
17 LlenLoraLe olarlzaLlon (8ell nrve) arLlsansl
18 WaL lmanLs a erson's ollLlnal olnlon?
apter 1e Med|a ]] Iocus uest|ons p 22
19 Mass Medla
20 8oll of Le lree ress
21 lnnLlons of Le news
22 lree ress roLenLlons n?1 v Slllvan enLagon aers near v Mn
23 rlor 8esLralnL
24 SelfselenLlon/selenLlve erneLlon
23 lCC
26 8ole of Le Medla uesnrlLlve vs lnLerreLlve
27 PlsLor of Le ress arLlsan rofesslonal 1elevlslon
28 Medla 1oda
29 lnfoLalnmenL
30 SofL news
31 Mlnlmal vs noLsomlnlmal effenLs Model
32 8logglng ClLlzen !ornallsm Sonlal neLworklng
33 Pow do Le medla lmanL Le ersenLlves of voLers?
apter 9 o||t|ca| art|es ]] Iocus uest|ons p26
age 2 of

34 1es of rlmarles
33 uelegaLes/SerdelegaLes
36 LvolLlon of ollLlnal arLles
37 3 8oles of ollLlnal arLles
38 arL Canses/rlmar LlenLlons
39 lronLloadlng
40 aLronage
41 arL loalL
42 1lrd arLles
43 2arL SsLem
44 PlsLor of arL 8eform
43 Clvll Servlne
46 AsLrallan 8alloL
47 rogresslves
48 arL AllgnmenL/8eallgnmenL
49 naLlonal arL ConvenLlons
apter L|ect|ons ampa|gns and Vot|ng ]] Iocus uest|ons p 2
30 ConsLlLLlonal 8eqlremenLs of LlenLlons
31 Wlnner Lake all" ssLem
32 LlenLoral College Le maL Le fnnLlon of Le LC
33 W do we ave Le LlenLoral College?
34 lnlLlaLlves
33 8eferenda
36 Wedge lsses and negaLlve ollLlns
37 W do we LradlLlonall ave a low voLer LrnoL drlng elenLlons?
38 redlnLlon Models WaL fanLors do Le esL redlnLlon models nonslder?
39 2000 8s v Core resldenLlal LlenLlon nonLrovers

utlines of Cbapters J J 9 J
Cbapter : Public pinion
1 1e ower of lln olnlon
a 1e ower of resldenLlal aroval
l Approva| rat|ng [o erformanne evalaLlon for Le resldenL nongress or lnLlLlon generaLed lln
olnlon olls and Llnall reorLed as ernenLage
ll 8s ad lgesL 9/11 90 ernenL of Le llnnaLlon senrlL lannlng namalgns on lraq 70 ernenL
evenLall raLlng wenL down Lo 30 ernenL from nfavorlng lraq war and rrlnane kaLrlna
lll ama ad lg aroval raLlng aL flrsL L snk enase of enonomln nondlLlon and nolar war
AfganlsLan
WaL ls lln olnlon
l 8enognlzed for lLs ower and ls ever nanglng ard Lo redlnL and nearl lmosslle Lo nonLrol
ll ub||c op|n|on aggregaLe of lndlvldal aLLlLdes or ellefs aoL nerLaln lsses or offlnlals
lll 8ased on voLlng olls rallles roLesLs newsaer edlLorlals lnformaLlon on da Lo da nonversaLlons
n 1e lln's sorL of governmenL
l Lff|cacy exLenL Lo wln eole elleve Lelr anLlons nan ave an lmanL on lln affalrs and Le anLlons
of governmenL
ll ub||c trust exLenL Lo wln eole elleve Lelr governmenL anLs ln Lelr esL lnLeresLs
lll 1wo nommon efforLs lnvolved ln assesslng LrsL ln governmenL
age of

1 8elleve Lelr arLlnlaLlon ln Le governmenL maLLers
2 8ellef LaL governmenL anLs ln Lelr esL lnLeresL
lv 8oL are denllnlng
2 lln lnlon olls
a olls make lL osslle Lo gage Le lln's Llnklng on a varleL of lsses or offlnlals
oll reslLs nan e lased nonLradlnLor and nonfslng
l 8eason naLe Sllver's nlear assessmenLs roved so olar drlng 2008
n SnlenLlfln olllng and Le growL of srve of srve researn
l Straw po|| alloL olls 19
L
nenLr newsaers Lo redlnL oLnome of elenLlons (!ankson elenLlons
8oosevelL elenLlon)
ll kandom samp|es meLod of selenLlon LaL glves everone wo mlgL e selenLed Lo arLlnlaLe ln a oll
an eqal nolne Lo e lnnlded
lll Ga||up po|| mosL wellknown and eras mosL resenLed olllng flrm ln Le uS fonded Ceorge
Call
lv Sc|ent|f|c po|||ng meLod of olllng LaL rovldes a falrl renlse readlng of lln olnlon slng
random samllng
v olls were nelfl enase lL was nnlear wo was elng srveed *clotlflcotloo NeeJeJ*
d 1es of olls
l ensus nonsLlLLlonall mandaLed norL of Le olaLlon ever Len ears
ll Samp|e sseL of a olaLlon from wln lnformaLlon ls nollenLed and analzed Lo learn more aoL Le
olaLlon as a wole Le norm for an annraLe samle slze ls arond one Losand eole
lll opu|at|on gro Le oll ls Lo reresenL
lv kepresentat|ve samp|e olllng samle LaL ls noL lased ln wln all memers of Le olaLlon ave an
eqal nanne of elng lnnlded
v 1rack|ng po|| olls LaL seek Lo gage Le nange of Le over a erlod of Llme nommon drlng Le nloslng
monLs of Le resldenLlal elenLlon
vl Lx|t po|| oll LaL srve a samle of voLers lmmedlaLel afLer exlLlng Le voLlng ooL Lo redlnL Le
oLnome of Le elenLlon efore Le alloLs are offlnlall nonLed (2000 elenLlon eLween s and gore
nonLrovers ln llorlda)
vll us po|| olls LaL are deslgned Lo manllaLe Le olnlons of Lose elng olled (L ln Le slfL lln
olnlon)
vlll MosL famos and nonseqenLlal exlL oll
1 llorlda drlng 2000 resldenLlal elenLlons (Core / 8s)
e Lrrors ln olls
l onf|dence |nterva| sLaLlsLlnal range wlL a glven roalllL LaL Lakes a random error lnLo annonL
ll Samp|e error measre of Le annran of a lln olnlon oll reorLed as a ernenLage
1 600 arLlnlanLs (Samllng Lrror) 4
lll Nonatt|tudes sornes of error ln lln olnlon olls ln wln lndlvldals feel ollged Lo glve an olnlon
on someLlng wen ln reallL Le are naware of Le lsse or ave no olnlon ln lL
f 1e fLre olls
l lnnreaslng nmer of Amerlnans LaL nan snreen nalls ls nanglng lln olnlon
ll uenllnlng resonse raLe ls lessenlng alllL of ollsLers Lo naLre lln olnlon annraLel
lll lnLerneL olls reresenL Le fLre for olllng lln olnlon
lv kesponse rate roorLlon of Le lln wo resond Lo lnqlrles from ollsLers Lo do srves (denllne ln
ones (no more landllnes) lnnrease ln lnLerneL olls)
age 4 of

3 WaL urlves lln olnlon
a Sonlal and ollLlnal envlronmenL
l ollLlnal aLLlLdes are saed Le envlronmenL
ll Some sllgL lnLs geneLlns ma sae ollLlnal vlews (noL wldel researned)
lll Soc|a||zat|on lmanL and lnflenne of one's sonlal envlronmenL on Le vlews and aLLlLdes one narrles ln
llfe a rlmar sorne of ollLlnal aLLlLdes
lv Independents lndlvldals wo do noL afflllaLe wlL elLer of Le ma[or ollLlnal arLles
CeneraLlonal effenLs
l Generat|ona| effect effenLs on one's ersonal olnlons relaLed Lo Le era ln wln one llves (greaL
deresslon 9/11 aLLank)
1 Ma[or evenLs nange an enLlre generaLlon's Llnklng aoL ollLlns
2 need noL e llmlLed Lo llfealLerlng evenLs
3 Mlllennlal seem Lo e more LrsLlng of governmenL Lan revlos generaLlons evldenne exlsLs also
less rellglos
n SelflnLeresLs and 8aLlonallL
l Se|f|nterest nonnern for one's own advanLage and wellelng (as lnnome rlses Le nannes of someone
elng a rellnan rlses)
ll kat|ona||ty anLlng ln a wa LaL ls nonslsLenL wlL one's self lnLeresL (eole wo ave nlldren wanL
more ednaLlon olln elderl sorL sonlal senrlL enase Lere nlose Lo reLlremenL)
lll L||tes gros of eole wo ma lead Le lln olnlon sn as [ornallsLs ollLlnlans and Le olln
makers
lv L||te teory ldea LaL lln olnlon ls saed dlsnlosre among ellLes and ls a LoLooLLom roness
1 Masslve nange ln lln olnlon nllkel
2 LllLes alllL Lo nange lln olnlon ls rodnL of lnLenslL and nonslsLenn of Le message
3 ulsagreemenL among ellLes on an lsse wlll denrease oLenLlal Lo nange
v Worr LaL ellLes ave an lger lnflenne ln lln olnlon goes agalnsL demonran nonneL LaL all ave
eqal arLlnlaLlon
vl uemonraLs erse Lax ollnles LaL Lax Le wealL aL a lger raLe Lo a for sonlal rograms LaL eneflL
Le less wealL
vll 8ellnans ersade ollnles LaL roLenL lndlvldal wealL
4 1e Sae of lln lnlon
a 1o ndersLand lln olnlon one msL ndersLand Le was lL ls saed arLlsansl and ldeolog
arLlsansl
l arty |dent|f|cat|on aLLanmenL or alleglanne Lo a ollLlnal arL arLlsansl
ll erceptua| |ens ldeologlnal framework LaL saes Le wa arLlsans vlew Le world of ollLlnal world
and roness lnformaLlon
lll 8 knowlng arL ldenLlflnaLlon ollLlnal snlenLlsLs nan redlnL aLLlLdes on a range of lsses
lv arLlsansl saes ow an lndlvldal Llnks aoL ollLlns
v Man nlLlzens ldenLlf as lndeendenLs L anLall eave as arLlsans
vl o||t|ca| |deo|ogy seLs of nonslsLenL ollLlnal ellefs
vll L|bera|slndlvldals wo ave falL ln Le governmenL Lo lmrove llves ellevlng LaL rlvaLe efforL are
lnsfflnlenL ln Le sonlal sere lleral sorL dlverse llfesLles and Lend Lo oose and governmenL
anLlon LaL seeks Lo sae ersonal nolne
age S of

vlll onservat|ve lndlvldals wo dlsLrsL governmenL ellevlng LaL rlvaLe efforLs are more llkel Lo
lmrove eole's llves ln Le sonlal sere nonservaLlves sall sorL LradlLlonal llfesLle and Lend Lo
elleve governmenL nan la a valale role ln salng ersonal nolne
lx Leve|s of conceptua||zat|on measre of ow ldeologlnall noerenL lndlvldals are ln Lelr ollLlnal
evalaLlons
x Ilew LaL Amerlnans are mosLl lndeendenLs ls false
1 MosL lndeendenLs lean Loward one arL or Le oLer
n ls Le lln lnformed?
l ClLlzens do noL know man deLalls aoL ollLlns
1 10 know Le name of Le seaker of Le ose
ll Sa||entlndlnaLlon of lmorLanne and relevanne of an lsse Lo an lndlvldal
lll Low lnformaLlon raLlonallL ldea LaL eole do noL need Lo ave loLs of lnformaLlon Lo make good
denlslons
lv AlLog lndlvldals do noL know all deLalls aoL nandldaLes' vlews on all lsses Le do know vlews on
lsses LaL are relevanL Lo Lem
v lln nan learn qlnkl lf an lsse ls sallenL enog Lo Lem and renelves aLLenLlon from Le news medla
vl lln olnlon ls more sLale Lan sggesLed slfLlng answers eole Lo glve Lo Le same qesLlons [sL
a few monLs aarL
vll ersonal denlslon maklng ls noL alwas ased on nomleLe lnformaLlon so w sold ollLlnal denlslon
maklng e exenLed Lo nonform Lo raLlonal models LaL snolars se?
vlll 1940 resldenLlal namalgn Colomla unlverslL SLd
1 MosL voLers made Lelr mlnds rlor Lo Le namalgn
2 Arged low LrnoL ln elenLlon mlgL e good Llng enase nlnformed wlll noL e nooslng
leaders
3 SggesLed Le lln ma noL e naale of meeLlng lLs demonraLln resonsllllLles
a ue Lo noL all arLlnlanLs avlng eqal knowledge Lo reresenL Lemselves
lx 3 llndlngs of oLlmlsm for voLlng uS ClLlzens
1 lln nollenLlvel seems Lo make reasonale nolnes
a Lnonom ls dolng oorl Le arL ln ower sffers
2 1og lndlvldals do noL know all deLalls aoL nandldaLe vlews on all lsses Le know Le lsses
slgnlflnanL Lo Lemselves
a PnLers know nandldaLe's vlews on gn nonLrol
3 lln nan learn qlnkl lf an lsse ls lmorLanL Lo Lem and renelves aLLenLlon from news medla
a lollowlng 9/11 lln ndersLood need for glvlng some nlvll llerLles Lo ensre senrlL
4 lln olnlon ls more sLale Lan sggesLed
a olls do noL seak Lo oorl lnformed lln L Le olls are waL are aL falL
3 ersonal denlslon maklng ls noL alwas ased on nomleLe lnformaLlon so ollLlnal denlslons are
exenLed Lo reflenL Le same
a Low |nformat|on rat|ona||ty (ueflnlLlon)
d ls Le lln olarlzed?
l lln as olarlzed along wlL arLles
ll o|ar|zed nondlLlon ln wln dlfferennes eLween arLles and/or Le lln are so sLark LaL
dlsagreemenL reaks oL fellng aLLanks and nonLrovers
lll Depo|ar|zat|on ollLlnal ssLem ln wln arLles adoL Le same oslLlons on lsses and nolne ls llmlLed
leadlng nlLlzens Lo feel less nomelled Lo arLlnlaLe ln elenLlons
age 6 of

lv kespons|b|e part|es arLles LaL Lake resonsllllL for offerlng Le elenLoraLe a nlear and dlsLlnnL range of
ollnles and rograms Ls rovldlng a nlear nolne
v Some worr LaL one effenL of olarlzaLlon wlll e more ersonal aLLanks on ollLlnal flgres and greaLer
dlsnorse ln ollLlns
vl Lers arge LaL lnnreaslng olarlzaLlon lndlnaLes eole nare more aoL wo wlns elenLlon and LaL
lnLeresL ln elenLlons as lnnreased
3 Cro ulfferennes
a Sonloenonomln sLaLs
l Soc|oeconom|c status nomlned measres of onnaLlon ednaLlon lnnome wealL and relaLlve sonlal
sLandlng or llfesLle (eole wlL low SLS Lend Lo e for more sonlal rograms wlle eole wlL lg
SLS Lend Lo noL as mn)
1 SLrong dlfferenne ln olnlon among dlfferenL lnnome gros ls LaL ollLlnal arLles ave nlass las
ll keagan democrats voLers LradlLlonall afflllaLed wlL demonraLln arL ased on Lelr worklngnlass
sLaLs L wo defenLed ln Le 1980's Lo voLe for 8onald 8eagan enase of ls nonservaLlve message on
sonlal lsses a sLrong naLlonal senrlL and llmlLed governmenL (sorL worklng nlass nonservaLlve
sonlal agenda denreased role ln gov'L)
Age
l ?onger eole are more lleral wlle older eole are more nonservaLlve
ll Lvldenne LaL eole Lend Lo enome more nonservaLlve as Le age
n 8ellglon
l roLesLanLs favor nonservaLlves more Lan CaLollns or !ews Msllms Lend Lo e more lleral exneL for
sonlal lsses
d Cender
l Gender gap dlfferennes ln Le ollLlnal aLLlLdes and eavlor of men and women
ll Women favor demonraLs wlle men favor more rellnans
lll Women favor more sendlng on sonlal rograms Lan men
lv Men mn more llkel Lo sorL deaL enalL Lan woman
e 8ane and LLnlnlL
l Aff|rmat|ve act|on ollnles LaL granL ranlal or gender referennes ln lrlng ednaLlon or nonLranLlng
f LdnaLlon
l lmorLanL nanges ln Amerlnan olaLlon ls lnnreaslng level of ednaLlon
ll Generat|ona| kep|acement lder lessednaLed nlLlzens ave assed on Ls lnnreaslng Le average level
of ednaLlon of Amerlnans lln
lll Long sLandlng ellef LaL demonran ls esL ale Lo endre wen lLs nlLlzens are engaged and lnformed
g MlllLar AnLlon
l 8all arond Le flag effenL srge of lln sorL for resldenL ln Llmes of lnLernaLlonal nrlsls
ll Congress offlnlall denlared war 3 Llmes
lll lln lnflenne on resldenL denlslon Lo engage ln mlllLar anLlon alwas llmlLed enase Le amonL of
lnformaLlon avallale Lo lln ls rosel resLrlnLed
1 eole nannoL old Le governmenL fll annonLale lf Le are noL fll lnformed
lv lndamenLal rolem ls LaL onne uS ls ln war lln nan do llLLle Lo effenLlvel nange mlllLar sLraLeg
or Lroo levels
AnLlLerrorlsm Measres
l new ?orker magazlne roke sLor aoL A Cral fanlllL ln lraq
1 Were lraql rlsoners were s[enL Lo LorLre
age of

ll 8s admlnlsLraLlon aLorlzed deLalnlng of ssenLs weLer uS nlLlzens or noL wlLoL narges or
Lrlals and wlreLalng wlLoL a warranL
lll resldenL also sLrggllng wlL nloslng CanLanamo 8a fanlllL
lv lf lL nan e sown governmenL anLlon saved Amerlnan llves nnoverlng/revenLlng LerrorlsL aLLank
Lrog ars lnLerrogaLlon Lennlqes Len Le lln wlll sorL Lem oLerwlse Le lln wlll wanL
Lo llmlL Lem
6 lln lnlon and uemonran
a lln msL e sfflnlenLl well lnformed Lo make good denlslons and ensre ollLlnlans anL annordlng Lo lln
referennes
Avg Amerlnans do noL know man deLalls L naLlons man snnesses lndlnaLe lln ls eqal Lo Le Lask of
selfgovernmenL
n AlLog nlear lln offlnlals are generall resonslve Lo lln olnlon deaLe on ow resonslve Amerlnan
CovernmenL anLall ls
l Some sggesL nonnenLlon eLween olnlon and olln are weak
ll Lers sLaLe lln as mlxed feellngs on man lsses and does noL ave nonnreLe olnlons on Le
LogesL qesLlons so we offer llLLle gldanne
d ln demonran ollLlnlans know lsses lln wlll resond Lo and reel Lo so Le adoL vlews LaL wlll noL
anger elenLoraLe
l ollLlnlans are aware of |atent pub||c op|n|on

apter 1e News Med|a and te Internet
I. The News
a. What are the Mass Media?
i. Mass media all news sources including the newspapers, television, and radio.
1. The vast array oI sources oI inIormation available to the public
ii. ews media subset oI the mass media that provides the news oI the day reported by journalists.
iii. With all new technology oI the 21
st
century, news media is changing since average citizen is able
to report on politics through blogs & websites
iv. !7ess- another term Ior new media or journalist
v. Millennial generation born between 19832003
1. Grew up with a 24/7 news cycle, inIormation oI our world very diIIerent than beIore 24/7
news cycle.
vi. atchdog- role oI the press in monitoring government actions
vii. or press to do their job journalists must Ieel Iree to citizen the government
1. irst amendment protects this right
II. unctions oI the news
a. InIorm
i. The press and media provides a wide range oI inIormation to the public
b. Investigating
i. News researching to reveal inIormation. (uncover illegal things politician have done)
ii. Allows press to serve as watchdogs
c. Interpreting
i. Gives the media power to tell what they think is the important part oI the story and leave certain
things out.
III. Law and the Iree press
age of

a. irst amendment protects Ireedom oI press, but not entirely
i. During times or threats oI war, national security concerns may require the press not publish a story
b. !7io7 7est7aints Gov. restrictions on Ireedom oI the press
i. onIlict between Gov. wish Ior secrecy and press willingness to report a controversial story
c. ea7 v. Minnesota supreme court declares that Gov. cannot prevent news Irom printing except in
extraordinary cases.
d. ibel publishing Ialse and demeaning statements about another
e. times vs. Sullivan (1964) Supreme ourt case that ruled that prooI oI actual malice is needed
to convict a law suit
i. Set a very high standard prooI oI actual malice
I. !entagon !ape7s Case Supreme ourt permitted the publication oI classiIied papers on the
Vietnam War.
i. Landmark modern case on the Ireedom oI the press
ii. NTY secured a copy oI top secret Department oI DeIense analysis detailing U.S. involvement in
Vietnam, began publishing in the belieI that the inIo contradicted oIIicial statements and that it
was essential Ior the public to understand the government`s policy.
iii. ourt rejected government`s argument that national security took precedence over the right to
publish documents embarrassing to the government.
iv. In general court gives preIerence to the press in the belieI that in the long run it is better to inIorm
the public and hold elected oIIicials accountable
g. ew laws that constrain print media, but electronic media is heavily regulated by the government
h. ede7al Communications Commission (CC) - executive branch in charge oI regulating and
overseeing radio, TV, and electronic broadcasting.
i. Monitors media ownership as well
ii. Telecommunications Act oI 1996 eased rules concerning multiple ownership oI news media
groups
1. Resulted in greater trend towards greater concentration oI media ownership
iii. Without competition the press will become lapdogs, not watchdogs
IV. History oI American Press
a. The olonial Era (16201750) newspapers were not widely available
i. olonial governments Ieared harsh criticism would incite the public and create instability
b. The ounding era (17501790)
i. Tension between colonies and Britain increase, interest in politics grew as well
ii. ederalist v.s. AntiIederalist public conIlict
iii. ede7alist !ape7s series oI published essays written by Iounding Iathers that were Ior ratiIying
the constitution.
c. The Partisan Era (17901900) aIter the adoption oI the constitution
i. Most newspapers allied with the Iederalists or newly emerging JeIIersonian party
ii. Sedition act (1798) made it illegal to print anything bad about the government. Revoked soon
aIter.
iii. !enny p7ess newspaper Ior cheap
1. Newspapers owners realize they could make higher proIits through circulation and
advertising than as arms oI political parties
2. Partisanship actually drove customers away who did not share their political views
age 9 of

3. To increase circulation, newspapers begun to move towards sensationalism, printing news oI
crimes and scandals and stories about personalities much like tabloids do
iv. ellow jou7nalism distorting the Iacts to mislead the public
d. The ProIessional Era (19001950) Made journalism a large proIession. High circulation oI papers.
i. Development oI mass circulation also led journalism to develop into a serious proIession with an
ethic oI objective reporting
ii. Publicspirited press increased eIIorts to investigate wrongdoings in government, business, and
industry
iii. Muck7aking journalistic practice oI investigative reporting to uncover corruption.
1. Gave politicians additional reason to peruse good public policy: to avoid bad press
iv. Goal oI being impartial and unbiased in reporting became part oI the journalist`s creed
v. New key goal became to get the scoop
1. %he Scoop Expression Ior journalist`s goal oI breaking a new story, providing original and
important inIormation to the public
2. Begun seeking to cultivate politicians Ior access to news and stories
a. Led to a diIIerent dynamic between politicians press
i. Both sides knew they needed each other
3. Increased politician and press relationship led to an increased potential Ior conIlicts oI
interest
a. 11 the Reco7d InIormation a journalist acquires Irom interview, not intended Ior
publication, can still be useIul in setting a context Ior important news reports.
e. The Television Era (19502000) three major networks (AB BS NB)
i. So1t news olbert report, Daily Show, SNL
ii. Blogs
iii. Social networking
V. The Mass Media in the Twentyirst entury
a. Impact oI T.V. changed Iurther with the rise oI cable T.V.
b. Advances in technology opened up additional avenues oI communication
c. The hanging Media Environment
i. Media envi7onment Structure and design oI media through which people obtain inIormation
about politics or other current events
1. Two main lessons
a. Americans adopt new media quickly
i. Ex. 1| Radios in homes dramatically increased
b. There are more options Ior news than ever beIore
i. Radio T.V. Internet
d. The Decline oI Newspapers
i. a7d ews News coverage Iound in printed press, more Iact based, opposed to interpretive
narratives and commentary
ii. Will the decline oI newspapers deprive Americans oI hard news, oI Iacts they need to hold
government accountable?
e. The Durability oI Radio
i. Radio remains important
age of

ii. !olitical %alk Radio- Media Iormat dominated by conservative commentators that has become
vital gateway in disseminating political issues and events to millions
I. The TransIormation oI TV News
i. Shrinking audience Ior network evening news
ii. Generates concern about how well inIormed the public is about politics
g. InIotainment
i. n1otainment Sources oI news geared towards a less politically attentive audience, oIIering less
substantive and more entertaining coverage than hard news
ii. So1t ews News Iocused less on Iacts/policies than on sensationalizing secondary issues or less
serious subjects oI the entertainment world
h. logs a website that provides a Iorum Ior 'bottomup commentary
i. Average citizens able to express their opinions to a wider audience
ii. Have potential to spread Ialse inIormation
iii. Blogging symbolizes the modern transIormation oI the mass media
iv. They Ioster participation, but not deliberation
1. Liberals read liberal blogs // onservatives read conservative blogs
v. Citizen 1ou7nalist Individuals with no Iormal journalistic training and independent oI news
organizations. Play an active role in reporting the news or commentating on current events
i. Social Networking
i. Politicians begun using social networks to reach out to population
j. The News and the Millennials
i. hange in media environment do not aIIect all citizens equally
ii. Millennials appear more interested in politics at this point than previous generations
VI. The Impact oI the News Media on the Public
a. News media makes decisions about what to cover, what not to cover, and how to cover it
b. %he !7opaganda Model Extreme view oI media`s role in society, arguing that press only serve the
interest oI the government, driving what the public thinks about important issues
i. By holding monopoly oI inIormation, government can easily marshal public support
c. %he Minimal e11ect model View oI the media`s impact as marginal, since most people seek new
reports to reinIorce belieIs already held rather than to develop new ones
i. People use media to reinIorce belieIs they already had.
ii. Public does not have inIo about politics, attitudes were shaped by longstanding Iorces like
partisanship or neighborhood one lives in
iii. Selective Exposu7e Process where people secure inIormation Irom sources that agree with them,
thus reinIorcing their belieIs
iv. Selective !e7ception Process where partisans interpret the same inIormation diIIerently
v. Partisanship involves a pe7ceptual lens (hapter 6)
d. ot so minimal e11ect model View oI the media`s impact as substantial, occurring by agenda
setting, Iraming, and priming
i. Begun dominating PS Ior 40 years, then starting in 1970`s begun to reassess (P. 231)
ii. genda setting ability Ior media to impact how people view issues
iii. !7iming the media inIluences how public views politicians by emphasizing criteria that make
them good or bad.
age of

1. an alter the criteria that citizens use when evaluating political leaders, primarily aIIecting
the vote
iv. 7aming Media inIluences public perception oI issues by constructing the issue or discussion oI a
subject in a certain way.
1. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman Experiment
a. II program A adopted 200 people saved // program B adopted 1/3 possibility 600
people saved and 2/3 probability no one saved
i. 72 Iavored A // 28 avored B
b. II program adopted 400 people die // program D adopted 1/3 probability nobody
dies, and 2/3
rd
probability 600 people die
i. 22 Iavor // 78 Iavor D
c. Programs A and yield the exact same policy outcome, the only diIIerence is that
description oI program A stresses saving people, while the description oI program
stresses the deaths oI people
d. Demonstrates power oI Iraming, that public react to news event/policy depends on
how it`s presented
VII. Evaluating the News Media
a. 2 General concerns
i. Media is biased and not presenting objective inIormation
ii. ocuses on the general quality oI inIormation available to the public
iii. Public Iaith in the press has declined
iv. Are the Media Biased?
1. Given that even in selecting what stories to cover the press inIluences public opinion, bias
may be inevitable
2. or many years conservative commentators claim that news media is liberal
a. Partisan loyalties drive the liberal bias
b. Quality oI InIormation
i. oncern that people getting less hard news and searching Ior more soIt news
ii. Sound ites BrieI snippets oI inIo that stress short, catchy statements over substantive analysis.
1. ear that this undermines the quality oI inIormation
c. Implications oI the Internet
i. Evidence arrival oI internet has not changed overall amount oI inIormation the public possesses,
but also stress that internet not equally available to all Americans
ii. Those with internet access much better inIormed than those without
d. Implications oI Media hoice
i. EIIorts to make political news more interesting may Iurther 'soItening oI news
ii. Though Americans have access to vast amount oI inIormation, this does not mean public as a
whole is well inIormed
iii. Media choices will Iurther Iuel polarization
VIII. The Mass Media and Public Policy: ensorship
a. Obscene ontent in Broadcast Media
i. v. PaciIica oundation (1978) established has legal authority to Iine any media outlet
that knowingly allows expression oI obscene content, under certain circumstances.
age 2 of

1. Underlying question was iI the irst Amendment inhibits the power oI the government to
restrict the public broadcast oI indecent language under any circumstance
ii. v. ox Television Stations
1. One broadcast used similar language that was 'Ileeting and not seriously harmIul, second
broadcast used diIIerent more vulgar language
2. Ruled only needed to prove that its new policy was justiIiable and reasonable
3. Broadcast outlets taken to 'bleeping or 'buzzing over words that may be harmIul
iii. BS Inc. v.
1. Incident halItime show Ior 2004 super bowl |Janet Jackson|
2. Iined, BS challenged saying changed policy on indecent images without
notiIying BS and other broadcasting networks
iv. These 3 cases exert a signiIicant impact on the way government restricts expression oI speech and
visual images through the media
b. SaIety, Social Networking, and the Internet
i. Due to speed technology evolves, it is harder to keep internet 'saIe Ior users
ii. Supreme court has repeatedly ruled that using broad or vague language to create blanket
restrictions jeopardizes the right to Iree speech guaranteed by the irst Amendment
IX. The Mass Media and Democracy
a. Nearly all public movements/statements oI political Iigures can be recorded, as a result politicians
have a tougher time ducking responsibility
b. ubble state oI politicians being sheltered Irom the public scrutiny and uncontrolled situations
c. Politicians build staIIs and organizations designed to keep them Irom making mistakes and Irom
interacting with journalists and citizens
d. hanges in the news media also led to decline oI # proIessional journalists covering politics
e. Worry about media`s ability to advance democratic government comes Irom those who Iavor top-
down approach
I. Those who see merit and appeal in a bottom-up approach, these changes seem Iar less troubling


apter 9 o||t|ca| art|es
l 1e role of ollLlnal arLles ln Amerlnan demonran
a WaL are ollLlnal arLles
l o||t|ca| part|es road noallLlons of lndlvldals wo organlze Lo wln elenLlons ln order Lo enanL a
nommonl sorLed seL of lln ollnles
ll arty p|atform donmenL LaL las oL a arL's nore ellefs and olln roosal for ean resldenLlal
elenLlon
lll AL naLlonal level arL lsses lLs laLform drlng resldenLlal elenLlon ear
lv lrom Llme Lo Llme nandldaLes ma dlsagree wlL elemenLs of Le arL's laLform
v uslng arL laels as a sorLnL for Le arL laLform voLers nan old Le elenLed offlnlals annonLale for
Lelr olln snnesses and lame Lem for olln fallres
vl arty |n te e|ectorate ernenLage of voLers wo are llkel Lo noose a arL's nandldaLes ln an elenLlon
age of

vll arty |n governmentmemers of governmenL wo sare Le same arL afflllaLlon and work LogeLer Lo
annomlls and work LogeLer Lo annomlls Le arL's elenLoral and olln goals
vlll arty as an organ|zer lnLernal sLrnLre of a ollLlnal arL aL Le nlL nonL sLaLe or federal level
WaL do ollLlnal arLles do?
l arLles ln Le elenLoraLe
1 arty |dent|f|cat|ons aLLanmenL or alleglanne Lo a ollLlnal arL arLlsansl
2 IoLers ldenLlf wlL arLles for several reasons
a 8ellef LaL Le ollnles L forL e one arL wlll serve Lelr lnLeresLs eLLer Lan ollnles
roosed oLer arLles
lamll or sonlal envlronmenLs ln wln elng a memer of a arL ls slmllar Lo oLer ersonal
naranLerlsLlns
3 Voter reg|strat|onenrollmenL reqlred rlor Lo voLlng Lo esLallsed ellgllllL
ll arLles ln CovernmenL
1 arty caucus gro of arL memers ln a leglslaLre
lll arL organlzaLlon
1 Nat|ona| comm|ttee Lo level of naLlon ollLlnal arLles noordlnaLes naLlonal resldenLlal
namalgns
a 8esonslle for rnnlng Lelr arL's resldenLlal nomlnaLlng nonvenLlon ever 4 ears
Maln [o Lo do everLlng osslle Lo elenL Le arL's resldenLlal nomlnee ever 4 ears
2 Incumbent onnanL of elenLed offlne
3 State centra| comm|ttee Lo level of sLaLe ollLlnal arLles el renrlL and ralse mone for
sLaLewlde nandldaLes and drafLs sLaLe arL ollnles
a Also works /w lonal organlzaLlons Lo renrlL new voLers and ralse mone
4 Loca| party organ|zat|ons flrsL level of ollLlnal arLles renrlLs nandldaLes for lower level elenLed
offlne reglsLers voLers and ensres Le geL Lo Le olls on elenLlon da
n 1e arL nomlnaLlon roness
l Lan arL msL nomlnaLe nandldaLes for offlne and Len elenL Lem ln a Lwo sLage roness
1 r|mary e|ect|ons elenLlons ln wln voLers selenL nandldaLes wo wlll rn on Le arL lael ln Le
general elenLlon also nalled dlrenL rlmar
a 8noff elenLlon elenLlon eld afLer lnlLlal rlmar ln wln voLers selenL from Le Lo Lwo
rlmar nandldaLes garanLeelng a nandldaLe's nomlnaLed ma[orlL voLe
2 Genera| e|ect|on elenLlon ln wln voLers noose Lelr elenLed offlnlals
ll rlmarles
1 lmorLanL wa LaL ean voLer nan ave eqal volne ln nomlnaLlng ls/er arL nandldaLe
2 |osed pr|mary rlmar elenLlon ln wln Le voLer msL afflllaLe wlL a arL efore nasLlng a voLe
3 Sem| c|osed pr|mary rlmar elenLlon ln wln arLafflllaLed voLers nasL voLes and nonafflllaLed
voLers nan noose wln arL's rlmar Lo voLe on
4 Cpen pr|mary rlmar elenLlon ln wln voLers do noL ave Lo afflllaLe wlL a arL efore voLlng
a IoLers are glven ba||ots wlL ean arL's llsL of nandldaLes and nan noose wln Le wanL
L are resLrlnLed Lo voLlng for onl one
l 8a||ot llsL of nandldaLes wo are rnnlng for elenLed offlne sed voLers Lo make Lelr
nolnes
3 LlenLlons are a fanL of ollLlnal llfe L also nreaLe nomeLlLlon wlLln a ollLlnal arL and
ennorage nandldaLes Lo reveal negaLlve asenLs of ean oLer's rofesslonal/ersonal llves
age 4 of

6 arL organlzaLlons alwas wanL Le nandldaLe mosL llkel Lo wln resldenn Lo e nomlnaLed nder
Le arL anner 1e annomlls Lls Lrlng Lo exerL nonLrol over Le rlmar elenLlon roness
ln several was
a SLaLe laws govern alloL anness
arL nonLrols Le gaLe deLermlnlng ow oen or resLrlnLlve alloL anness ls for nandldaLes
seeklng Lo rn for offlne on Le arL lael
n 1e nan sLeer donors Loward Lelr referred nandldaLes and awa from nandldaLes wo do
noL agree wlL Lelr goals
lll 1e resldenLlal nomlnaLlon
1 Lvolved from one nonnenLraLed ln ands of small gro of ellLes Lo modern roness wln allows
mllllons of voLers Lo arLlnlaLe dlrenLl
2 IoLers nasL voLe for arLlnlar nandldaLe L are reall nooslng delegaLes wo wlll sorL LaL
nomlnee aL Le arL's naLlonal nomlnaLlng nonvenLlon
3 De|egates lndlvldals selenLed arL voLers ln a rlmar or nans elenLlon wo ls nommlLLed Lo
sorLlng a arLlnlar resldenLlal nomlnee aL Le arLles naLlonal nomlnaLlng nonvenLlon
4 resldenLlal arL nans meeLlng of arL memers ln Lown alls snools and even rlvaLe omes
Lo noose a resldenLlal arL nomlnee
a Less formal and more ersonal ln LaL arL memers meeL ln Lown alls snools and even
rlvaLe omes Lo noose a nomlnee
3 Lan sLaLe awarded # delegaLes Lo Le nonvenLlon Le naLlonal arL organlzaLlon ased on #
LlenLoral nollege voLes Le sLaL as and also Le slze of Le arL sorL ln LaL sLaLe
6 CandldaLe wo wlns ma[orlL of delegaLes from rlmar and nans elenLlons ls selenLed aL Le
naLlonal nonvenLlon as Le arL's nomlnee for resldenL
7 uemonraLs and 8ellnans allonaLe delegaLes wlLln Lelr rlmarles/nases dlfferenLl
8 Pow uemonraLs allonaLe delegaLes wlLln Lelr rlmar / nases
a uemonraLln as a more dlsorderl roness
Senlflnall o[enL Lo Le se of Le nlL rle or w|nnertakea|| system
l W|nner take a|| system elenLoral ssLem ln wln woever wlns Le mosL voLes ln an
elenLlon wlns Le elenLlon
ll 8elleved Le nlL rle allowed wlLe nonservaLlve men Lo domlnaLe Le nomlnaLlng
roness
n ln resonse Lo Lls grassrooLs movemenL uemonraLs formed Le McGovernIraser
omm|ss|on
l Mcgovernfraser comm|ss|on demonraLln arL nommlsslon wose reforms of Le arL's
resldenLlal nomlnaLlng ssLem lnnreased anness nderreresenLed gros
1 8enommended nanges ln Le wa LaL delegaLes were nosen and awarded Lo
nandldaLes drlng Le rlmar season
d uemonraLln arL lnsLlLLed reqlremenLs LaL sLaLes' delegaLlons annraLel reflenL Le
dlsLrlLlon of referennes for resldenLlal nandldaLes ln Le sLaLe
l lor 1978 elenLlon uemonraLs formall lnsLlLLed proport|ona| representat|on
1 roport|ona| representat|on elenLoral ssLem LaL asslgns mlLlle seaLs Lo a
geograln dlsLrlnL annordlng Lo Le roorLlon of voLes a ollLlnal arL renelves ln
an elenLlon
age S of

a # uelegaLes LaL a nandldaLe renelves ls ased on Le of Le voLe renelved ln
Le rlmar or nans elLer aL Le sLaLe level or ln ean nongresslonal
dlsLrlnL
e ln 1981 uemonraLln arL reqlred ean sLaLe's delegaLlon e nomosed of an # of men and
women nreaLlng a naLegor of delegaLes known as superde|egates
l Super de|egates demonraLln arL delegaLes wo ave a voLe aL Le naLlonal nomlnaLlng
nonvenLlon on Le asls of arL sLaLs or oslLlon ln governmenL and are free Lo sorL
Le resldenLlal nomlnee of Lelr nolne
ll noL nosen Lrog rlmar voLlng roness raLer are lnvlLed Lo nonvenLlon slnne anLlve
memers of Le arL wo wlll e lnsLrmenLal ln Lrnlng oL arL voLers ln Le general
elenLlon
lll MosL serdelegaLes are elenLed offlnlals ln Le arL
lI unnommlLLed and free Lo noose womever Le wls Lo sorL aL Le nonvenLlon
9 Pow uemonraLs allonaLe delegaLes wlLln Lelr rlmar / nanses
a 8arel faned lnLernal demand for more dlverse reresenLaLlon so lL as noL slgnlflnanLl
nanged
AgsL of 2010 8ellnan naLlonal CommlLLee aroved a lan wln award some delegaLes
on a roorLlonal asls
l ln Le asL wlL wlnnerLakeall ssLem 8ellnan arL Lended Lo resolve nomlnaLlon
roness more qlnkl Lan uemonraLs
n SorLer nomlnaLlon roness gave rellnans advanLage ln general elenLlon slnne nomlnee
nold develo ls sLraLeg far sooner Lan Le uemonraLln nomlnee
10 1e Lwo earllesL resldenLlal nonLesLs ave een ln Le new Pamslre rlmar and Le lowa
nans
a Lven Log small slnne flrsL 2 resldenLlal nonLesLs for ean ma[or arL makes Lem
dlsroorLlonaLel lnflenLlal ln generaLlng llnlL and momenLm for Le wlnners
Iront|oad|ng oldlng man rlmarles slmlLaneosl earl ln Le ear
l CreaLes lmalanne of lnflenne anross sLaLe ln deLermlnlng Le arL's nomlnee
ll unamlns of earl ollLlnal arLles
a arLles noL orlglnall lnLended Lo e a arL of Le ollLlnal ssLem
l Lmerged from dlsagreemenLs among Le framers
ollLlnal fanLlons lederallsLs and anLlfederallsLs
l Iact|ons deflned madlson as an gro LaL lanes lLs own lnLeresLs aove Le aggregaLe lnLeresLs of
sonleL
1 8enognlzed Lese are a naLral oLgrowL of dlfferenL lnLeresLs among nlLlzens and llLLle
governmenL nold do Lo sLo Lem wlLoL denlng lmorLanL nlvll llerLles
2 Lmerged efore Le nonsLlLLlon was adoLed
ll Iedera||sts lnlLlall Lose sorLed Le nonsLlLLlon drlng Le erlod of raLlflnaLlon laLer Le name of
Le ollLlnal arL esLallsed sorLers of Alexander PamllLon
1 SLale federal governmenL LaL nold nollenL Lax revene fnd and reglaLe a naLlonal arm
reglaLe forelgn and domesLln Lrade and sLalllze nrrenn wold make Amerlnan demonraLln
exerlmenL a snness
lll Ant|federa||sts Lose wo oosed Le new roosed nonsLlLLlon drlng Le raLlflnaLlon erlod
1 Ilewed Le fLre of Le us as a loosel afflllaLed L soverelgn sLaLes LaL governed Lemselves
managlng Lelr own Lax ollnles and lnLernal senrlL
age 6 of

2 !sL fogL a war Lo overLrn a monarn and dld noL wanL Lo L Lemselves nder Le rle of an
oresslve new nenLrallzed governmenL LaL wold govern from Lo down
lv lederallsL vlewolnL Lrlm
v WaslngLon worrles ooslng vlews nold lead Lo organlzed ollLlnal arLles LaL wold nase nonfllnL ln
Le new naLlon
n 1omas !efferson Andrew !ankson and Le emergenne of Le demonraLln arL
l !efferson won elenLlon of 1800 and marked eglnnlng of esLallsed arLlsan ollLlns
1 used vlnLor Lo ls ollLlnal arL lnLo a vlale longLerm organlzaLlon known as Le Democrat|c
kepub||cans (8ellnans)
a Democrat|c repub||cans ollLlnal arL formed 1omas !efferson Lo oose sLrong nenLral
governmenL ollnles of Le federallsLs (domlnaLed for 28 ears !efferson !ames Madlson
Monroe Clnn Adams)
ll uemonraLln8ellnans grew dlvlded wln was led Andrew !ankson
1 Pe wanLed Lo Lake arL Lo a new level of lnnlslveness and se LaL wlder rean Lo enome
resldenL
lll ollLlns ad nanged ln fndamenLal was enase of Le naLlon's rald geograln and olaLlon growL
1 !anksonled uemonraLs emerged as large CrassrooL ma[orlL ollLlnal arL and e sed all owers
of resldenn Lo sLrengLen ls ollLlnal arL arond Le nonLr
lv AnLl!ankson wlng of Le old uemonraLln8ellnan ad Laken Le name of Le naLlonal 8ellnans
1 Penr Cla losL elenLlon L [olned senaLe and sLarLed lalng grondwork for new ollLlnal arL LaL
wold oose !ankson's ollnles
2 Lnnoraged memers of naLlonal 8ellnans Lo [oln fornes wlL oLers wo oosed !ankson Lo
from Le W|g arty
a W|g party ollLlnal arL formed Lo oose Le !ankson demonraLs
l W|g arty [enLed Lo !anksons ase of resldenLlal ower for arLlsan galns
v Lmergenne of slaver sook Le arL alanne onne agaln
d 1e anLlslaver movemenL and Le formaLlon of Le rellnan arL
l uemonraLln arL sLraLeg for oenlng larger gaLewa for nlLlzen arLlnlaLlon lnadverLenLl
ennoraged alLernaLe gros and ollLlnal arLles Lo emerge
ll Wllllam Llod Carrlson wlLe [ornallsL wo formed Le Amerlnan AnLlSlaver SonleL
1 lrederlnk uoglass Afrlnan Amerlnan wo egan organlzlng free lanks ln Le norL for Le same
rose
lll ver Llme gros LaL oosed slaver nomlned nder Le abo||t|on|st movement
1 Abo||t|on|st movement grassrooLs movemenL Lo aolls slaver
2 noL ollLlnal arL er se L grew large and vonal enog Lo ressre uemonraLs and Wlgs Lo Lake
a formal oslLlon on slaver esenlall Le exLenslon of slaver lnLo wesLern LerrlLorles
lv 1lrd arLlesmlnor ollLlnal arLles LaL resenL a Llrd alLernaLlve Lo Le Lwo domlnanL ollLlnal arLles ln
Le Amerlnan ollLlnal ssLem
1 1lnall fons on a slngle lsse L freqenLl are asored lnLo a larger noallLlon of gros
v 8ellnans oosed slaver wln was formed lnLo newesL ollLlnal arLles and demonraLs were ro
slaver
l kelew top tlqbt of p 299 lo textbook fot exploootloo oo bow uemoctots ooJ kepobllcoos floolly become
ootloos 2 mojot polltlcol pottles
e arL loalL and aLronage
age of

l !anksonlan era rovlded man oorLnlLles Lo rlng Le federal governmenL lnLo Le sLaLe and lonal
arena lldlng Le forLs osL roads nsLomoses and llgLoses
ll atronage system ollLlnal ssLem ln wln governmenL rograms and eneflLs are awarded ased on
ollLlnal loalL Lo a arL or ollLlnlan
lll arty boss arL organlzaLlon leader wo nonLrolled Le dlsLrlLlon of lln fnds rewardlng arL
sorLers and nlslng arL oonenLs
lv ke elemenL ln Lls ssLem was Le loalL of sorLers wo on elenLlon da voLed for Le oss's
referred seL of nandldaLes
1 IoLer sorL so rellale and redlnLale lL ename known as Mac|ne o||t|cs
a Mac|ne po||t|cs arL organlzaLlon domlnaLed a oss" wo nonLrolled Le dlsLrlLlon of
lln [os and nommanded gros of voLers Lo sorL ls referred nandldaLes
f 8eform and Le eroslon of arL nonLrol
l CrlLlnal fanLor ln snness of manlne ollLlns was arL nonLrol of voLlng
ll Man lanes arL offlnlals nonLed Le voLes frLer manllaLlng Le voLlng roness Lo Lelr advanLage
lll 3 uevelomenLs ln Le laLe 19
L
and earl 20
L
nenLr eroded arL organlzaLlons' nonLrol over
governmenL [os and elenLlons
1 CreaLlon of a merlLased ssLem of governmenL emlomenL
2 lnLrodnLlon of alloL reforms
3 A nange ln Le wa nomlnees for elenLed offlne were selenLed
4 All 3 reforms led rogress|ves
lv rogress|ves noallLlons of demonraLs and rellnans wo elleved LaL governmenL as een naLred
norrL ellLes wo were slng governmenL resornes Lo enrln Lemselves raLer Lan Le nlLlzen
v |v|| serv|ce ssLem of emlomenL ln Le federal reanran nder wln emloees are nosen and
romoLed ased on merlL
1 endleLon AnL of 1883 reformed Le c|v|| serv|ce reqlrlng LaL governmenL [os e flfllled
ased on merlL noL ollLlnal nonnenLlons
vl Austra||an ba||ot voLlng ssLem ln wln sLaLe governmenL rn elenLlons and rovlde voLers Le oLlon of
nooslng nandldaLes from mlLlle arLles also nalled Le senreL alloL
1 arLles rlnL Le alloLs and glve Lo voLers wo L Lem ln Le alloL ox no rlvan and arL
offlnlals monlLored nlLlzen's voLes
2 Lan alloL llsLs all nandldaLes from all arLles rnnlng for offlne and voLers marked Lelr nolne ln
rlvaLe
3 AddlLlonall oll waLners and alloL nonLers were exenLed Lo erform Lelr Lasks wlLoL
favorlng an senlfln arL and wlLoL lnLlmldaLlng voLers
4 1ls reform greaLl redned arL oss nonLrol over elenLlon oLnomes
vll rogresslves lanned CrassrooL namalgns for dlrenL rlmarles rn Le sLaLe as a means of
nomlnaLlng arL nandldaLes
1 rlmarles relaned Le ranLlne of nomlnaLlng nandldaLes ln lonal and sLaLe arL nonvenLlons
2 ulrenL rlmarles oened arL nomlnaLlon ssLem Lo voLers generall
3 LffenL of dlrenL rlmarles was Lo greaLl redne nonLrol arL osses and manlnes ad over nolnes
offered ln elenLlons
lll 1e LffenLs of a 1woarL SsLem
a lollowlng nlvll war arL dlvlslons ran largel along geograln llnes
l 8ellnans domlnanL ln norLeasL and WesL
ll uemonraLs domlnaLe ln Le SoL and lnnreaslngl ln Le naLlon's largesL nlLles
age of

LlmlLed ollLlnal nolne
l AnLon uowns
1 Arged LaL voLers wose vlews fall eLween Le Lwo arLles were anLall reresenLed ln a Lwo
arL ssLem
2 Med|an voter teorem Leor LaL lf voLers selenL nandldaLes on Le asls of ldeolog and
everone arLlnlaLes eqall Len ln a Lwo arL rane Le arL nloser Lo Le mlddle wlll wln
3 CandldaLes seek Lo aLLranL a ma[orlL of voLes and enase mosL voLers fall ln Le mlddle of Le
ldeologlnal senLrm oL arLles move Loward a nomrlse
4 1ls ls ow moderates ave ollLlnal lnflenne ln a LwoarL ssLem
a Moderates ldeologlnal vlewolnLs LaL falls eLween lleral and nonservaLlve nan e
assonlaLed wlL demonraLs and rellnans and does noL old nonslsLenLl sLrong ldeas aoL
weLer governmenL sold e lnvolved ln eole's llves
3 CrrenL LwoarL ssLem nonLradlnLs uown's exenLaLlons aoL nonvergenne Lo Le mlddle
ll Marlne uverger
1 Slngle memer lrallL ssLem elenLoral ssLem LaL asslgns one seaL ln a leglslaLlve od Lo
reresenL nlLlzens wo llve ln a deflned area (a dlsLrlnL) ased on wln nandldaLe wlngs Le mosL
voLes
a 1o wln LaL seaL nandldaLe needs onl a p|ura||ty of voLes noL a re ma[or|ty
l |ura||ty IoLe ln wln Le wlnner needs Lo wln more voLes Lan an oLer nandldaLe
ll Ma[or|ty IoLe ln wln Le wlnner needs Lo wln 30 +1 of Le voLes nasL
Slnne onl one seaL voLers enome annsLomed Lo nooslng eLween nandldaLes from Le
Lwo ma[or arLles
lll 1e LwoarL ssLem works Lo Lransfer Le aLLlegrond from eLween arLles Lo wlLln arLles
n 1e 8ole of 1lrd arLles
l lormed wen Lwo arLles ln Le ssLem don'L offer olln roosal LaL a slgnlflnanL nmer of voLers
wanL Lo see enanLed Llrd arLles are formed
ll 1woarL ssLem sLands as a gaLe LaL lonks Le emergenne of alLernaLlve vlewolnLs and rednes Le
nolnes avallale Lo voLers ln Lerms of ersenLlves on ow Lo govern
lll Wen 2 arLles LogeLer do noL offer olln roosals LaL a slgnlflnanL # of voLers wanL Lo see enanLed
Llrd arLles form
1 no Llrd arLles ave een ale Lo lld a ssLalned organlzaLlon over Llme
d sLanles Lo Llrd arLles and lndeendenLs
l Are dlsnoraged Lwo maln arLlesLe anL as sollerslndeendenLs
ll uemonraLs / 8ellnans nonLrolled sLaLe leglslaLre and Congress for so long Le ave snnessfll
sLrnLred elenLoral laws Lo favor a 2 arL ssLem over a mlLllearL ssLem
1 Lx 1 lf nandldaLe ls Llrd arL or an Independent sLaLe laws Llnall reqlre Losands of
slgnaLres Lo geL LaL nandldaLe on Le alloL and Le names and addresses of Le slgners ave Lo
e exanLl rlgL or Le slgnaLre wlll noL nonL
a SLaLe and lonal ollLlnal arLles freqenLl nallenge Le slgnaLres on alloL eLlLlons ln norL
Lo Lr Lo geL Lem lnvalldaLed
1e also do noL ave nearl as mn resornes
lll Independent voLer or nandldaLe wo ls noL afflllaLed wlL a ollLlnal arL
e Callenges Lo arL ower from lnLeresL Cros
l ln addlLlon Lo Llrd arLles Le Lwo ma[or arLles also fane nallenges from esLallsed lnLeresL gros
and from roader sonlal gros
age 9 of

ll lnLeresL gros and sonlal gros exlolL weaknesses of ma[or arLles and Llrd arLles
lll lmorLanL ln ollLlns enase Le are resonslve Lo Le olln nonnerns of voLers generall even lf Le
are noL memers
lv ver Llme lnLeresL/sonlal movemenL gros ave enome more LlgLl allgned wlL senlfln ollLlnal
arLles wln as ndermlned Lelr naanlL Lo serve as lndeendenL nenks or nomeLlLors wlL ollLlnal
arLles
lI arL AllgnmenL and ldeolog IoLer ldenLlflnaLlon wlL a ollLlnal arL ln reeaLed elenLlons
a SlfLs ln arL alleglanne nan onnr wen lln aLLlLdes nanne nonslderal as one arL aears Lo resond
more qlnkl Lo Lose nanges Lan anoLer
1e arLles afLer Le Clvll War
l arLles generall sLaed Le same exneL afLer greaL deresslon wln rogL Lrmoll and Lrole Lo
rellnan arLnlLlzens wanLed a nange Lrog a new ollLlnal leader and a new aroan Lo
governmenL lLself
n 1e new ueal and Le 8ole of ldeolog ln arL ollnles
l ollLlnal ldeolog seL of nonslsLenL ollLlnal vlews aoL Le wa Le federal governmenL nold work
ll New dea| lu8's rogram for endlng Le greaL deresslon Lrog governmenL lnLervenLlon ln Le
enonom and seL a safeL neL rograms for workers
1 ueslgned Lo el lndlvldals wo were [oless omeless or ln flnannlal need
2 LssenLlall a romlse Le federal governmenL Lo rovlde a safeL neL for workers wo fell on ard
Llmes
lll IoLers name Lo anneL Le vlew LaL governmenL lnvolvemenL ln Le enonomln asenL of lndlvldals llves
was leglLlmaLe and on alanne a good Llng
1 ersenLlve on governmenL serves as Le fondaLlon for ||bera|s
a L|bera| falL ln Cov Lo lmrove eole's llves rlvaLe efforLs lnsfflnlenL ln sonlal sere
sorL dlverse llfesLle and oose an governmenL anLlon LaL seeks Lo sae ersonal
nolne
lv 1ose wo oosed Le new ueal ename Le forefaLers of modern conservat|ve
1 onservat|ve ulsLrsLs governmenL elleve rlvaLe efforLs more llkel Lo lmrove eole's llves ln
sonlal sere sorL LradlLlonal llfesLles and elleve governmenL nan la valale role ln salng
ersonal nolnes
v 8ellnans selzed maln weakness of new ueal wln was Le lg nosL of all Le newl nreaLed rograms
vl AfLermaL of 1932 led Lo LransformaLlon of Lwo arLles
1 AlmosL as lf Le swlLned lanes
2 uemonraL nanged from a arL LaL elleved ln sLaLe's rlgLs low Laxes and llLLle governmenL
lnLervenLlon ln lndlvldal's llves Lo a arL LaL nreaLed a large sonlal safeL neL LaL relled on federal
governmenL Lo ensre ersonal enonomln sLalllL
3 8ellnans nanged from a arL LaL elleved ln a sLrong nenLral federal governmenL and ln
lnLervenLlon ln Le enonom wen nenessar Lo a arL of a sLrlnLl llmlLed federal governmenL and
flsnal resonsllllL
4 Modern llerals/ConservaLlves also dlffer on sonlal lsses
vll IoLers resonded Lo Le arLlsan/ldeologlnal nanges nanglng Lelr own arL alleglannes over Llme a
Lerm known as kea||gnment
1 kea||gnment longLerm slfL ln voLer alleglanne from one arL Lo anoLer
vlll uemonraLs Loda sorL exandlng slze of governmenL Lo annomlls senlfln olln goals even lf lL
means ralslng Laxes as well as sorLlng lleral sonlal vlews
age 2 of

lx 8ellnans Loda sorL llmlLlng Le slze of governmenL keelng LaxaLlon and reglaLlon of Le
enonom Lo a mlnlmm as well as reservlng nonservaLlve sonlal vales
x Ma[orlL of voLers Loda relnLanL Lo ldenLlf Lemselves nonnlslvel wlL elLer arL wln sggesLs an
alLernaLlve Lo reallgnmenL known as Dea||gnment
Dea||gnment a relnLanne voLer Lo ldenLlf Lemselves wlL elLer arL ofLen annomanled
lnnreased sp||t t|cket vot|ng
a Sp||t 1|cket Vot|ng ranLlne of voLlng for nandldaLes from dlfferenL arLles for dlfferenL
elenLed offlnlals ln a slngle elenLlon
2 1ls slLaLlon means arLles are Loo exLreme ln Lelr ellefs for mosL voLers or are olarlzed"
d 1e Modern arLlsan Landsnae
l 8eslL of Le 2008 elenLlons ma e slgn LaL arL landsnae ls slfLlng
ll Wen voLers glve one arL nonLrol of wlLe ose and Congress Le ave lg exenLaLlons for sLrong
governmenL Lrank renord a Lerm deflned respons|b|e part|es
1 kespons|b|e art|es arLles LaL offer Le elenLoraLe a nlear and dlsLlnnL range of ollnles and
rograms Ls rovldlng voLers a mean for oldlng Le arL ln governmenL annonLale for olln
oLnomes
lll 8enenLl arLles ave Laken on sLarker ooslng oslLlons and ramed Le reLorln Lo Le olnL LaL lL
ls dlfflnlL form memers of ooslng arLles Lo nommnlnaLe aL all
lv CrrenL arLlsansl as redned lnnenLlve for Le arLles Lo nooeraLe and solve rolems reslLlng ln a
less resonslve governmenL Lo overall lln needs
I ollLlnal arLles and lln olln 1e LnvlronmenL
a arL laLforms ln LnvlronmenLal olln
l uemonraLln arL nenLered on nreaLlng green" [os and renewale energ sornes and on rednlng
greenose emlsslons
ll 8ellnan arL fonsed on romoLlng nlean and rellale sornes of energ fndlng an energ LrsL fnd
and lnnreaslng emasls on energ nonservaLlon and efflnlenn
lll resldenL ama roosed Le na and Lrade lll (P8 2434)" wln esLallses ssLem were
governmenL esLallses maxlmm amonL of naron emlsslon for enLlre nonLr wlL goal of rednlng
Lese emlsslons 17 2020
1 WlLln maxlmm ean noman nan sell and Lrade ermlLs wlL ean oLer lf Le exenL Lelr
emlsslons Lo exneed or fall elow exenLaLlons
2 assed Le Pose of 8eresenLaLlves
3 8ellnans arged lger nosL for nonsmers oLenLlal [o loss as nomanles nL ank on lrlng
real denrease ln naron emlsslon wold Lake Loo long Lo annomlls aL Loo greaL a nosL
ComeLlng ConsLlLenL and lnLeresL Cro ressres
l arty ||ne vote voLlng ln nongress annordlng Lo arL oslLlon so LaL a ma[orlL of one arL voLes
agalnsL a ma[orlL of Le oLer arL
ll Memers of oL arLles nrossed ollLlnal alsle Lo voLe agalnsL Lelr arL's offlnlal oslLlon
Il ollLlnal arLles and uemonran
a ollLlnal arLles deLermlne Le nolnes voLers ave aL Le olls nrafLlng Le laws LaL allow nandldaLes Lo e
on Le alloL and overseelng Le rlmarles LaL allow voLers Lo noose nandldaLes



age 2 of

Chaptei - Elections, Campaigns, anu voting
l 1e ConsLlLLlonal 8eqlremenLs for LlenLlons
a ConsLlLLlon nearl sllenL on rles aoL voLlng ln elenLlons leavlng sn nolnes Lo Le sLaLes
L|ectora| o||ege 338 resldenLlal elenLors Lo reresenL Le voLers ln resenLlve sLaLes
l Conseqennes of delegaLlon of aLorlL ls Lo nreaLe a ssLem of voLlng LaL ls ver nomllnaLed enase
sLaLe rles var
ll ulfferlng rles also lead Lo lneqallLles among sLaLes
n lramers wanLed Lo seL arrlers agalnsL a dlrenL demonran
d resldenLlal LlenLlons
l 3 lndamenLal Lemes glded Le lramers' Llnklng
1 SLaLe glven road dlsnreLlon on ke maLLers regardlng resldenLlal elenLlons Lo ensre Le
lmorLanne and Lo nonLeralanne Le ower of Le naLlonal governmenL
2 lramers deslgned resldenn wlL Ceorge Waslng ln mlnd and dld noL sell oL ln greaL deLall all
asenLs of Le resldenn lnnldlng elenLlons
3 uolng waL was rlgL for Le naLlon as oosed Lo sorLlng one fanLlon over anoLer
a AssmLlon wenL awr earl on as arLles formed almosL from Le sLarL
ll 1e LlenLoral College
1 lormal selenLlon of resldenL ls ln ands of elenLors wo nollenLlvel nonsLlLLe Le LlenLoral College
2 SelenLlon of elenLors orlglnall Le resonsllllL of sLaLe leglslaLre
a Cave lln an lndlrenL sa ln Le nolne
3 1oda Le eole of ean sLaLe noose Le elenLors ln an arrangemenL LaL as glven nlLlzens a new
gaLewa for lnflenne
4 arL llnes elenLors for lLs nandldaLes rlor Lo Le elenLlon
3 Lan sLaLe renelves # elenLoral voLes Lo nmer senaLors and memers ln ose of res
a Mlnlmm ls 3
Callfornla as mosL elenLoral voLes /w 33
6 All elenLoral voLes ln a sLaLe are allonaLed Lo Le nandldaLe wo flnlses flrsL ln Le voLlng
7 1o wln resldenn nandldaLe needs ma[orlL (270) of Le 338 elenLoral voLes
a 433 8eresenLaLlves + 100 SenaLors + 3 ulsLrlnL of Colomla 338
8 lf no one wlns ma[orlL of elenLoral voLes elenLlon ls Lrown lnLo Pose of 8eresenLaLlves
a Lan sLaLe geLs 1 voLe and nandldaLe wlL ma[orlL wlns
lll rolems wlL Le LlenLoral College and 8eform
1 LlenLoral nollege as never worked as lramers envlsloned
2 ulfflnlLles wlL Lls gaLe Lo dlrenL demonran
a SLaLes were free Lo seL Lelr own rles for selenLlng elenLors as a nonseqenne sLaLe's rles for
selenLlng elenLors and Le LlmeLale for selenLlon var wldel
Wen wlnnlng Le naLlon's popu|ar vote does noL aLomaLlnall LranslaLe Lo a wln ln elenLoral
nollege
l lndlvldal wo renelves fewer voLes nold enome resldenL
ll opu|ar Vote 1all of LoLal voLes from lndlvldal nlLlzens as oosed Lo elenLoral voLe
3 AdvanLages of LlenLoral College
a Lnnorage nandldaLes Lo senre sorL ln all norners of Le nonLr noL [sL areas wlL
dense olaLlon
LllmlnaLlng elenLoral nollege wold denrease role of Le sLaLes damenlng slgnlflnanne of
sLaLe lnLeresLs
age 22 of

lv 1e ConLrovers Srrondlng Le 2000 resldenLlal LlenLlon
1 olar voLe Core renelved 600000 voLes Lan s
2 nelLer s nor Core ad ma[orlL ln Le elenLoral nollege
a 8s led llorlda 337 oL of 38 mllllon voLes (0001 ulfferenne)
3 ClLlzens anross nonLr losL falL ln Amerlnan elenLlons afLer mlLlle renonLs
4 Sreme norL sLaLed Le manlner of rnnlng elenLlons ls a sLaLe qesLlon LaL sold noL lnvolve
federal norLs
e Congresslonal LlenLlon
l SenaLe lnLended Le framers Lo rlng sLaLe lnLeresL Lo ear on Le leglslaLlve roness wlle wlLe
ose was lnLended Lo reresenL Le eole
ll SenaLe LlenLlons
1 ConsLlLLlon orlglnall gave Le nolne of senaLors Lo sLaLe leglslaLre
2 AdoLlon of 17
L
amendmenL nanged Lls
lll Pose LlenLlons and 8edlsLrlnLlng
1 Pose memers alwas een elenLed dlrenLl Le eole
2 SLaLe leglslaLre resonslle for drawlng dlsLrlnL llnes a roness known as red|str|ct|ng
a ked|str|ct|ng SLaLe leglslaLre redraw ondarles of nongresslonal dlsLrlnLs ln Le sLaLe Lo
make Lem eqal ln olaLlon slze
used as a Lool Lo anleve greaLer mlnorlL reresenLaLlon ln Le Pose of 8eresenLaLlves
n CrrenL gldellnes on redlsLrlnLlng nall for Le nonslderaLlon of rane ln drawlng dlsLrlnL llnes
L noL Lo LaL exLreme lL as een emloed ln Le asL
olLlnallzaLlon of drawlng dlsLrlnLs ls nalled gerrymander|ng
a Gerrymander|ng redlsLrlnLlng LaL laLanLl eneflLs one ollLlnal arL
f Ler LlenLlons
l Some sLaLes voLers nasL alloLs on senlfln ollnles Lrog |n|t|at|ves and referenda
1 In|t|at|ves roness wln nlLlzens lane roosed law on Le alloL for lln aroval
2 keferendum roness wln lln aroval ls reqlred efore a sLaLe nan ass laws
ll 1e resldenLlal Camalgn and lsses
a 1e denlslon Lo 8n and Le lnvlslle rlmar
l Wen nandldaLe denldes Lo rn for resldenL e/se msL enLer Le |nv|s|b|e pr|mary
1 Inv|s|b|e pr|mary erlod [sL efore Le rlmarles egln wln nandldaLes aLLemL Lo naLre arL
sorL and medla noverage
ll arty |ns|ders nandldaLes wlL dee Lles Lo arL leaders and vlews LaL agree wlL ollLlnal vlewolnLs of
arL leadersl
1e Canses and rlmarles
l 1o wln arL nomlnaLlon nandldaLe msL senre ma[orlL of delegaLes Lo wln Le naLlonal arL
nonvenLlon
ll 70 se some form of pr|mary e|ect|on
1 ClLlzens dlrenLl voLe for nandldaLe wo wlll rn on arL lael ln general elenLlon
lll 30 se nanses
1 MeeLlng of arL memers ln Lown all snools and even rlvaLe omes Lo noose a voLe for a
resldenLlal arL nomlnee
2 Canses demand more Llme from voLers arLlnlaLlon sall low
lv Larl rlmarles qlnkl lld momenLm for a fronLrnner and leld a llkel nomlnee
v IrontLoad|ng Poldlng man rlmarles slmlLaneosl earl ln Le ear
age 2 of

n 1e naLlonal ConvenLlon (age 329) *no slgnlflnanL lnformaLlon*
d lsses
l lndralslng and Mone
1 1971 nongress Lrled Lo L nandldaLes on eqal flnannlal fooLlng and make Lem less fonsed on
senlal lnLeresLs Lrog Le lederal LlenLlon Camalgn AnL (lLCA)
2 MaLnlng fnds lln fnds glven Lo resldenLlal nandldaLe eqallng Le $ amonL Le nandldaLe
ralses from rlvaLe nonLrlLors
3 ConLrlLors Lr Lo amllf Lelr lmanL Lrog bund||ng
a 8und||ng rganlzlng and lnflennlng oLers Lo donaLe Lo a ollLlnal namalgn Lo ralse more
mone Lan Le 2400 nonLrlLlon lLC rles ermlL er lndlvldal
4 o||t|ca| Act|on omm|ttees (As) Cros formed Lo ralse and nonLrlLe fnds Lo sorL
elenLoral nandldaLes and are s[enL Lo namalgn flnanne laws
3 8les for lln flnannlng of resldenLlal nomlnaLlon namalgns are nomllnaLed deslgned Lo ensre
nandldaLes are serlos nonLenders efore renelvlng Lem
6 MnCaln sed lln fnds renelvlng $80 mllllon from governmenL // ama oLed oL and senL
$730 mllllon
ll Sw|ng States SLaLes noL nlearl ro8ellnan or rouemonraL
1 Swlng voLers voLers nelLer 8ellnan or uemonraL ersed ean arL drlng elenLlon
2 8oL MnCaln and ama namalgned ard ln ennslvanla a batt|eground state
a 8att|eground State SLaLe were oLnome of resldenLlal elenLlon nnerLaln and wln oL
nandldaLes lnvesL mn Llme Lo wln
lll M|crotarget|ng CaLerlng deLalled lnformaLlon on nrosssenLlons of elenLoraLe Lo Lrank oLenLlal
sorLers and Lallor ollLlnal messages for Lem also nalled narrownasLlng
1 Pas enome favorale Lo ollLlnal arLles and elenLoral namalgns
2 Can deslgn senlfln ollLlnal messages Lallored for ean voLlng roflle
3 Pas egn Lo relane LradlLlonal olllng Lennlqes
lv Camalgn lsses
1 Va|ence Issues nonnonLroverslal/Wldel sorLed namalgn lsses nllkel Lo dlfferenLlaLe among
nandldaLes
a Iage nlalm Lo a goal
rovlde llmlLed lnnlLe Lo waL ollnles a nandldaLe mlgL erse onne ln offlne
2 os|t|on Issues ffer senlfln nolnes ln olln ofLen dlfferenLlaLe nandldaLes' vlews
3 Wedge |ssue lsse fonsed on arLlnlar gro of elenLoraLe LaL nandldaLes se Lo galn more
sorL Laklng voLes awa from oonenLs
a Pave oLenLlal Lo reak oonenLs noallLlon
Cenerall lnvolve nonLroverslal olln nonnerns
l Lx AorLlon ga marrlage
v negaLlvlL
1 CandldaLes good aL Lelllng voLers Lo voLe for Lem L also Lo noL voLe for oonenLs
2 lln needs Lo know Le good and Le ad so negat|v|ty las an lmorLanL role ln namalgns
a Negat|v|ty Camalgn sLraLeg Lelllng voLers w Le sold noL for oonenL lgllgLs lnfo
LaL ralses doLs aoL oonenL
3 MosL famos negaLlve add was uals SoL" alred resldenL Lndon !onson
a AgalnsL 8arr ColdwaLer lmlled lf ColdwaLer won e wold sLarL nnlear war
4 8enenLl amonL of negaLlvlL as een on Le rlse
age 24 of

3 1ls Lrend ma weaken Le farln of demonran
6 1o ensre annonLalllL nandldaLes do need Lo e ale Lo nrlLlqe Le oLer slde
vl olls and redlnLlon Models
1 red|ct|on Mode|s lormlas LaL Lake lnLo annonL arra of fanLors Lo ro[enL a wlnner
a 8esL redlnLlon models se nomlnaLlon of ke sLrnLral fanLors
l 1e Lnonom
ll resldenLlal olarlL
lll 1e lnnmenL arL's Llme ln offlne
lll Congresslonal Camalgns and lsses
a 1e uenlslon Lo 8n and Le rlmarles
l M|dterm L|ect|ons Congresslonal elenLlons alfwa eLween resldenLlal elenLlon
1e lall Camalgn
l AfLer rlmarles Lwo wlnnlng nandldaLes ofLen revlse Lelr namalgn message Lo aLLranL more moderaLe
voLers
ll 1o wln general elenLlon nandldaLes need voLes from arL memers lndeendenLs and ooslng arL
n lsses
l Congresslonal elenLlons don'L draw mn aLLenLlon as resldenLlal elenLlons eL lnvolve man of Le same
lsses
ll IoLers almosL alwas reelenL ose / senaLe memers
1 CesLlon lf nongresslonal elenLlons anLall serve Lo old Congress annonLale
lll IoLers know less aoL Lese nandldaLes Lan Lose ln resldenLlal elenLlons
lv lndralslng and Mone
1 An lndlvldal nan nonLrlLe Lo $2400 Lo a nandldaLe ln rlmar and same amonL ln general
elenLlon
2 u Lo a LoLal of$ 43600 from rlmarles and same amonL for general elenLlons
3 CandldaLes also ralse mone from ACs wln llmlLed Lo $3000 rlmar and $3000 general Lo a
slngle nandldaLe
v 1e 8ole of ollLlnal arLles
1 arLles forldden namalgn flnanne laws from anLlvel noordlnaLlng a senlfln lndlvldals
nongresslonal/senaLorlal namalgn
a Lonal arLles nan engage ln general anLlvlLles
2 8ole of naLlonal ollLlnal arLles ln nongresslonal elenLlons nomlex
a 1e nan a for namalgn Lralnlng old general arL fndralsers namalgn adds LaL
aLLank ooslng nandldaLes (L nannoL menLlon Lelr arL's nandldaLe) and sare llsL of
donors/arL memers wo volnLeer Lelr Llme Lo nandldaLes lndlvldal namalgn
vl lnnmenn AdvanLages
1 1e almosL alwas wln
2 nmer of nomeLlLlve ranes as een ln denllne Lrend nalled van|s|ng marg|na|
a Van|s|ng Marg|na| 1rend marklng denllne of nomeLlLlve nongresslonal elenLlons
3 Safe Seats SeaL ln nongress nonsldered Lo e rellal eld one arL or anoLer
4 Plg raLe of lnnmenL reelenLlon ma lndlnaLe good work or ralse nonnerns lf elenLlons reall
fosLer annonLalllL
3 SLraLegln 8eLlremenL uenlslon Lo reLlre from nongress ased on nllkellood of wlnnlng nexL
elenLlon
vll 8elaLlve Lank of lnLeresL
age 2S of

1 IoLlng raLes ln nongresslonal elenLlons are alwas lower Lan resldenLlal elenLlons
2 IoLers Lend Lo voLe for lnnmenLs
3 IoLlng drlven 2 ma[or fornes arLlsansl and lnnmenn
a res|dent|a| coatta||s LffenL a olar resldenL/resldenL nandldaLe as on nongresslonal
elenLlons
4 arLlsan make of nongress reflenL olarlL of resldenL or resldenLlal nandldaLe
lI 1e ranLlne and 1eor of IoLlng
a IoLlng ls a gaLewa Lo ower so Lere wlll alwas e aLLles over wo geLs anness Lo alloL
ComeLlng Ilews of arLlnlaLlon
l ueaLes nenLered on wo ls qallfled Lo nasL alloLs
ll 1oo mn arLlnlaLlon Loo man demands on governmenL
1 As reslL governmenL enomes less ale Lo resond Lo Lese demands
lll nam||ton|an Mode| of art|c|pat|on sggesLs Loo mn arLlnlaLlon ls ad and LaL man eole noL
wellenog lnformed Lo nasL voLes
1 lavors a larger role for ellLlsLs
lv Iefferson|an Mode| SggesLs more arLlnlaLlon eLLer more eole lnvolved more Le learn aoL
ollLlns and wanL Lo geL even more lnvolved
I Wo IoLes?
a Low LrnoL ralses qesLlon aoL governmenL's resonslveness
uneqal LrnoL varlos demograln gros sggesL governmenL resonse ls neqal as well
n 1rnoL (age 330) *no slgnlflnanL lnformaLlon*
d 1e uemogralns of 1rnoL
l 8ane and LLnlnlL
1 1rnoL raLes ln eLnln mlnorlLles elow average for enLlre nonLr
2 1ese gros Lend Lo e less well off lower lnnome means lower LrnoL
ll Sex
1 Women Lrn oL a sllgLl lger raLe Lan men
2 Cender ga ulfferennes ln ollLlnal aLLlLdes and eavlor of men and women
lll Age
1 arLlnlaLlon remalns lger for older Amerlnans
lv lnnome
1 More lnnome means Le erson as more aL sLake Ls more reason Lo voLe
2 Plger lnnome lndlvldals more llkel Lo arrange Lo voLe LaL Lose wlL lowalng [os wo are
less ale Lo Lake Llme off work Lo voLe
v LdnaLlon
1 ?ears of formal ednaLlon morL lmorLanL lnflenne on Lendenn of someone Lo voLe
2 SonlallzaLlon roness of learnlng nsLoms aLLlLdes and vales of sonlal gro nommnlL or
nlLre
a Pavlng een ralsed ln envlronmenL sLresses lmorLanne of ednaLlon saes wllllngness Lo
voLe
Il W IoLe?
a 3 Aroanes Lo exlaln w voLes noose Lo voLe lleld of Lnonomlns snolog and 8les and nonLexL of
Le elenLlon
An Lnonomln Model of IoLlng
l All nolnes lnvolve a nalnlaLlon aoL selflnLeresL LaL alannes nosLs and eneflLs
age 26 of

ll lf eneflLs exneed Le nosLs Le Lrn oL
lll lf voLlng enomes less nosLl Lo all nlLlzens Lere sold e rlse ln arLlnlaLlon
lv 1ax nL ls a pub||c good LaL ls sared all ln sonleL regardless of weLer one voLes or noL
1 ub||c Good Coods/eneflLs rovlded Cov wln everone eneflLs and no one nan e exnlded
v 1e nanne one voLe wlll alLer Le oLnome of Le elenLlon ls ver small
vl 1e nonnlslon of Le enonomln model was LaL voLlng was noL ln one's selflnLeresL and ln fanL ls
lrraLlonal
vll Man eole do nasL alloLs so Le enonomln model of voLlng as velar weaknesses
n A snologlnal Model of IoLlng
l Ilews voLlng as rodnL of nlLlzens' aLLlLdes aoL Le ollLlnal ssLem
ll 1ese aLLlLdes ofLen rodnL of sonlallzaLlon and earl ollLlnal exerlennes
lll snologlnal nomonenL Lled Lo anL of voLlng ls part|sans|p
1 art|sans|p ALLanmenL/alleglanne Lo a ollLlnal arL
2 ClLlzens wo allgn /w arL more llkel Lo voLe
lv ClLlzens wo exress greaLer LrsL ln governmenL more wllllng Lo arLlnlaLe
v eole wo Llnk Le ave a volne ln governmenL are llkel Lo voLe ollLlnal snlenLlsLs nall Lls aLLlLde
eff|cacy
1 Lff|cacy LxLenL Lo wln eole elleve Lelr anLlons nan ave an lmanL on lln affalrs and Le
anLlons of governmenL
d An lnsLlLLlonal Model of IoLlng
l Inst|tut|ona| mode| lonses on Le nonLexL of Le elenLlon lnnldlng weLer lL ls nlose and weLer Le
rles ennorage or dlsnorage arLlnlaLlon
1 IoLlng ls ndersLood Lo e saed Le rles of Le ssLem
a ollLlnal arL eavlor
Wa nandldaLes rn Lelr namalgns
n 1e nonLexL of Le elenLlon
2 Model does noL lgnore lndlvldals' ersonal resornes of snolog aLLlLdes lL olnLs oL LaL Le
ollLlnal envlronmenL ls a fanLor LaL saes arLlnlaLlon
ll ComeLlLlveness of an elenLlon also lnflennes moLlvaLlon
Ill Assesslng 1rnoL
a ls 1rnoL Low?
l 1e unlLed SLaLes Comared Lo Ler uemonranles
1 Comared Lo oLer demonranles LrnoL ln Le unlLed SLaLes ls nearl Le ver oLLom
a nl nonLr slgnlflnanLl lower Lan uS ls AfganlsLan
2 ne reason LrnoL so low as Lo do wlL rles of voLlng
a AsLralla as compu|sory vot|ng
l ompu|sory vot|ng ranLlne LaL reqlres nlLlzens Lo voLe ln elenLlons or fane nlLlve
measres
3 AnoLer reason as Lo do wlL Le nonvenlenne of voLlng
a MosL Lroean nonLrles lessen Le nosL of voLlng allowlng voLlng Lo Lake lane on Snda
MosL sLaLes selenLed 1esda as Le da for voLlng ln rlmarles and ln sLaLe elenLlons
l Slnne on a worklng da noL man nlLlzens avallale Lo arLlnlaLe
ll 1rends ln 1rnoL
1 Senond wa LrnoL ln Amerlnan elenLlon seems rolemaLln ls Le Lrend over asL 30 ears
age 2 of

2 IoLlng Age olaLlon (IA) used Lo nalnlaLe raLe of arLlnlaLlon dlvldlng nmer of voLers
nmer of eole ln nonLr wo are over 18
a All nlLlzens over 18 nonsLlLLe Le IA
3 uownward Lrend enome worrlsome ln llgL of rlslng levels of ednaLlon wln ls one of Le
sLrongesL redlnLors of LrnoL
4 ne exlanaLlon lles ln Le dlfferenne eLween Lose wo enLer elenLoraLe and Lose wo leave
3 ConneL of generat|ona| rep|acement desnrles a Lrend ln wln older voLers wo ass awa and
leave Le elenLoraLe are relaned less rellale ong voLers
a Generat|ona| rep|acement Cnle were onger generaLlon relanes older generaLlon ln
elenLoraLe
6 Senond exlanaLlon as een Le denllne of arL organlzaLlons
a Lonal arLles less ale Lo Lrn oL Le voLe on elenLlon da Ls voLlng raLes as denllned
7 1lrd exlanaLlon for denllnlng LrnoL ls lnnreaslngl ars Lone of ollLlnal namalgns
a Some arge negaLlve namalgns fel voLer aaL
More nlear evldenne negaLlvlL ln namalgns as een on Le rlse
n A ars namalgn llkel Lo e nomeLlLlve and nomeLlLlve namalgns draw lnLeresL Lerefore
lnnreaslng LrnoL
l negaLlve aLLanks nan anLlvaLe arLlsansl wln also lnnreases LrnoL
8 8enenL nomreenslve sLd of all researn on Lls Loln sows nlearl LaL negaLlvlL ls n1
8LSnSl8LL for a denllne ln LrnoL
lll 1e IoLlng Lllglle olaLlon Measre
1 lorL exlanaLlon arglng LaL LrnoL as noL denllned over ears Le IA measre ls ln error
slnne lL does noL Lake lnLo annonL lnnreases ln # of nonvlnLed felons and lmmlgranLs wo are
lnellglle Lo voLe
2 okln and Mnuonald lnLrodned new measre nalled Vot|ng L||g|b|e opu|at|on (VL)
a Vot|ng L||g|b|e opu|at|on (VL) used Lo nalnlaLe raLe of arLlnlanL dlvldlng # voLers #
eole wo are ellglle raLer Lan [sL ale Lo voLe
uo 1rnoL 8aLes romoLe lneqallL?
l lanL LaL Lose eLLer ednaLed or eLLer off arLlnlaLe aL a greaLer raLe ls a oLenLlal sorne for nonnern
ll lnnome ga eLween rln and oor lnnreaslng
Illl arLlnlaLlon 8eond IoLlng
a lnvolvemenL ln ollLlnal Camalgns
l Camalgns are lmorLanL gaLewa LaL allow lln Lo lnflenne ollLlns and for ollLlnlans Le lln
ll 1e roorLlon of eole wo work ln a namalgn as een small and ver sLale over Le lasL 3 denades
lll More nlLlzens also nlalmed Lo dlsla mer sLlnker/wear LLon Lan engaglng ln oLer namalgn
anLlvlLles
lv Amerlnans far more engaged ln namalgns Lan nlLlzens ln oLer demonranles
roLesL ollLlns
l 8oston 1ea arty roLesL wln nolonlsLs dressed as lndlans oarded sls ln 8osLon aror exress
anger aL 8rlLLan's Lax ollnles and nommernlal reglaLlon
ll ln general ver few Amerlnans anLall arLlnlaLe ln roLesLs
lll Plger raLes of roLesL anLlvlLles ln oLer demonranles nan e aLLrlLed Lo sLrong laor arLles some of
Lem sonlallsL and nommnlsL LaL make roLesLs nommon and smolln
n LarLlnlaLlon
l Lasler and neaer Lo send emall Lo nongress Lan Lo wrlLe a leLLer
age 2 of

ll arLlnlaLlon ln logs and oLer enommnlnaLlon wlll nonLlne Lo rlse
lll lnLerneL also Lransformed fndralslng and namalgn lnvolvemenL
lx IoLlng Laws and 8eglaLlons
a SLaLe governmenLs nonLlne Lo manage mosL voLlng laws and ronedres Log Le federal governmenL
sLes ln Lo revenL dlsnrlmlnaLlon aL olls
8oL work Lo revenL voLer frad
n olln maklng regardlng voLlng ls nderLaken aL oL federal/sLaLe levels and as effenL of oL exandlng
and oLenLlall nonLranLlng LrnoL
d 1e naLlonal IoLer 8eglsLraLlon AnL and IoLer ldenLlflnaLlon
l 1e Nat|ona| Voter keg|strat|on Act 8eqlres sLaLes Lo allow nlLlzens Lo reglsLer Lo voLe aL same Llme Le
al for/renew drlver's llnense
1 8eqlres LaL sLaLes lnform nlLlzens lf Le are removed from Le aroved voLer roll and llmlLs
removal Lo a nange of address nonvlnLlon for a felon and deaL
ll 1o avold voLer frad man sLaLs lnsLlLLed voLer ldenLlflnaLlon reqlred on elenLlon da
1 ConLroverslal and oonenLs sed ln federal norLs Lo sLrlke lndlana's oLo ldenLlflnaLlon law
2 lsse was weLer sLaLe laws LaL were lnLended Lo revenL voLer frad ad Le reslL of revenLlng
nlLlzens wo were legall enLlLled Lo voLe from dolng so enase of a lank of roer lu
a onenLs arged roness of geLLlng sn a nard Loo nomllnaLed and overall effenL of law
wold dlsenfrannlse Losands of nlLlzens
3 Sreme CorL rled ln favor of lndlana law
a 1e sLaLe lnLeresLs ldenLlfled as [sLlflnaLlon for Le law are oL neLral and sfflnlenLl
sLrong Lo reqlre s Lo re[enL Le lawslL"
lll ulLlmaLel sLaLes and lonallLles admlnlsLer and oversee elenLlons and sLaLes ave resonded
lnnonslsLenLl Lo Lese federal governmenL
lv ln a demonran all nlLlzens sold ave eqal oorLnlL Lo nasL Lelr voLes enase voLlng ls Le
fndamenLal menanlsm wln we old governmenL annonLale
e new lorms of IoLlng
l Some sLaLes lnsLlLLe earl voLlng allowlng voLers Lo nasL alloLs rlor Lo Le 1esda wen Le general
elenLlon ls eld
ll Votebyma||system MeLod of voLlng ln elenLlon were alloLs are dlsLrlLed Lo voLers osL
nomleLed and reLrned osL
1 Can mall ln 2 weeks rlor Lo elenLlon
lll Cell one Lennolog nold lnnrease voLer LrnoL
x LlenLlons Camalgns and lln olln Camalgn llnanne and romlses
a Camalgns and elenLlons ke lnsLrmenLs ln Amerlnan demonran enase Le allow voLers Lo [dge Lelr
elenLed offlnlals and relane Lem lf dlsrove of [o erformanne
LlenLlons lnLrlnslnall nonnenLed Lo lln olln oLnomes enase ollLlnlans Lake Lem as lndlnaLors of wln
ollnles voLers wanL Le governmenL Lo rse
n Camalgn llnanne Laws
l 1971 lederal LlenLlon Camalgn AnL (lLCA) reqlred nandldaLes ollLlnal arLles and ACs Lo dlsnlose
Lelr namalgn flnannlal renords
1 1974 Congress amended Lo seL sLrlnL llmlLs on ow mn $ nold e nonLrlLed lndlvldals
arLles and ACs Lo namalgns
a Also nreaLed lederal LlenLlon Commlsslon as lndeendenL agenn Lo nlosel monlLor namalgn
flnanne
age 29 of

ll Sreme norL nase 8nkl vs Ialeo (1976) denlared llmlLs on nonLrlLlons and enfornemenL of Lose
llmlLs were nonsLlLLlonal L LaL llmlLs on ow mn $ nandldaLes senL was noL nonsLlLLlonal
lll 8larLlsan Camalgn 8eform AnL (8C8A) ralsed legal nonLrlLlon allowanne for namalgns
1 rollLed ollLlnal arLles from anneLlng/sendlng nllmlLed amonLs of mone dlrenLl on
namalgns
2 8esLrlnLed alllL of lnLeresL gros Lo rn namalgn ads wlLoL fll ldenLlflng Lemselves
3 rollLed Lem from rnnlng Lese ads wlLln 30 das of a rlmar and 60 das of Le general
elenLlon
lv ClLlzens unlLed vs lederal LlenLlon Commlsslon undoes man of Le revlos resLrlnLlons now allowlng
nlons and slnesses Lo send mone on namalgns
v lLC's enfornemenL denlslons are evenanded noL favorlng or LargeLlng gros reresenLlng one ldeolog
or Le oLer
vl lLC as een resonslve Lo nlLlzens' nonnerns and nonLlnes Lo serve as a Lool were nlLlzens nan el
ensre falr lalng fleld ln elenLlons
d Camalgn romlses and LlenLoral MandaLes
l LlenLlons lnLended Lo send slgnals Lo ollLlnlans waL ollnles sold e rsed wlnnlng nandldaLes
nlalm LaL Lelr elenLlon nonsLlLLed a mandate a nlear slgnal from Le lln aoL Le ollnles
governmenL sold rse
1 Mandate ollLlnal ower Le resldenL nlalms afLer a denlslve elenLoral vlnLor
ll ke llnk eLween a namalgn and a olln oLnome ls exLenL Lo wln nandldaLes are senlfln ln namalgn
romlses
1 Iage romlses do noL LranslaLe well lnLo anLal lln olln slnne Le fall Lo rovlde a lerlnL
for nongress and Le lln
2 As long as resldenL does noL waver from namalgn romlses e nan se Le ldea of a mandaLe Lo
snnessfll annomlls ls goals
lll arL laLforms and Camalgn romlses
1 Camalgn roness noL made solel resldenLlal nandldaLes also made arL ln form of party
p|atform
a arty |atform uonmenL LaL las oL a arL's nore ellefs and olln roosals for ean
resldenLlal elenLlon
l 1ese are adoLed aL Le naLlonal nonvenLlons
2 ama made 413 romlses drlng namalgn 13 monLs lnLo Lerm onl roken 16 of Lem
3 LlenLlons serve an lmorLanL lln olln rose slnne Le allow voLers Lo denlare Lelr aroval
or dlsaroval of governmenL anLlons
4 Camalgns Lemselves are Le selllng of nonLrasLlng ollLlnal rodnLs and voLers noose Le one
Le Llnk ls esL
xl LlenLlons Camalgns IoLlng and uemonran
a Man worr namalgns Loo long nandldaLes send Loo mn mone and voLers noL well lnformed
Long Lerm roness as worked reasonal well // SorL Lerm Lose wo loose wo see roness as nfalr
n AlLog lmerfenL elenLlons namalgns and voLlng rovlde a real nanne Lo ensre governmenL
resonslveness
d 1rog nomeLlLlve sLrggle Amerlnan demonran fnnLlons
e ne danger Lo demonran a dlsLorLlon ln Le LrnoL
l 8ln arLlnlaLe more Lan oor and Lls ga ls lnnreaslng
ll CovernmenL ma e overl resonslve Lo Le needs of Le well off
age of

1 1reaLens Le nderlnnlngs of a demonraLln and egallLarlan sonleL
lll WealL nlLlzens ave more anness Lo lnformaLlon/resornes on Le lnLerneL and Lerefore are more
lnformed and eLLer ale Lo make governmenL resonslveness Lo Lelr needs
1 AL Le same Llme lnLerneL mlgL e sed Lo exLend arLlnlaLlon
f arLlnlaLor model of voLlng as more aeal Lan Le ellLe model
g uemonran enomes more resonslve more annonLale and more eqal lf more eole arLlnlaLe
More gaLewas Lere are Le eLLer Amerlna's nlvln llfe ls