South Waziristan (Pashto: fo trap nrehtuos eht si ) Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering

vering some 11,585 km (4,473 mi). Waziristan comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between theTochi River to the north and the Gomal River to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The KhyberPakhtunkhwa lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of British-ruledempire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British-ruled territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. Troops of theBritish Raj coined a name for this region "Hell's Door Knocker" in recognition of the fearsome reputation of the local fighters and inhospitable terrain. The region became part of Pakistan in 1947. Waziristan is divided into two "agencies", North Waziristan and South Waziristan, with estimated populations (as of 1998) of 361,246 and 429,841 respectively. The two parts have quite distinct characteristics, though both tribes are subgroups of the Waziris and speak a common Waziri language. They have a reputation as warriors and are known for their frequent blood feuds. Traditionally, feuding local Waziri religious leaders have enlisted outsidersin the Pakistani government, and more recently U.S. forces hunting al-Qaeda fugitivesin attempts at score-settling. The tribes are divided into subtribes governed by male village elders who meet in a tribal jirga. Socially and religiously, Waziristan is an extremely conservative area. Women are carefully guarded, and every household must be headed by a male figure. Tribal cohesiveness is strong through so-called Collective Responsibility Acts in the Frontier Crimes Regulation. Waziristan is named after the Pashtun Wazir tribe. South Waziristan is the largest FATA in size. It has two headquarters: Tank is the winter headquarters of the Agency while Wana is its summer headquarters. It has been functioning since 1895. It is bound to the north by theNorth Waziristan Agency, to the north-east by Bannu and Lakki Marwat Districts, to the east by Tribal Area Adjoining Tank District and D.I. Khan Districts, to the south by Zhob District ofBalochistan Province and Tribal Area Adjoining D.I. Khan District, and to the west by Afghanistan. The total area of the Agency is 6,619 km.
Contents
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1 Geography 2 Mining 3 Climate 4 History

4.1 General Area History

5 South Waziristan and North West Frontier Province

6 Races and tribes 7 Dress and ornaments 8 Food 9 Dwelling 10 Occupation 11 Places of interest 12 Administration 13 Pakistan's new Waziristan strategy 14 See also 15 References

[edit]Geography The Agency is mostly a mass of rugged and complex hills and ridges. There are no regular mountain alignments. The land rises gradually from south and east to north and west. The dominating range is the Preghal in the west along the border with Afghanistan. It is the highest peak which is 3,515 metres high. Zarmelan, Wana, Shakki, Zalai, Spin and Tiarza are the main plains of the Agency. Direction of water courses, in general, is from west to south i.e. from the watersheds of Sulaiman Mountains to the Indus. There are two principal rivers in the Agency, Gomal of Luni and Tank Zam. Some important rivulets are Khaisora, Shaktu, Splitoi, Wana Toi, Shuza, Shinkai and Shahur. The rest are mountain streams which can become dangerous and impassable during heavy rains which frequently occur during the months of July and August. The Gomal River rises in two branches in the eastern slopes of the western Sulaiman range in the Birmal District of Afghanistan not far from the source of the Tochi River. The Tank Zam is formed by the junction of the Tauda China and the Baddar Toi, at Dwa Toi, south of Razmak. [edit]Mining There is hardly significant mining to be mentioned. Coal mines have been discovered in the disputed area of Neeli Kach Tehsil Wana. Copperis found in Preghal and Spin Kamar. [edit]Climate The Agency has hot summers and very cold winters. In winter, temperatures go below freezing point in places of high altitude. The summer season starts in May and ends by September. June is generally the warmest month when the mean maximum temperature rises slightly over 30 degrees Celsius. The winter starts in October and continues until April. December, January and February are the coldest months. Themean maximum and minimum temperatures for this period are 10 and -2 degrees Celsius,

respectively. The Agency is outside the monsoonzone, yet at higher altitudes a fair amount of rainfall is received. South Waziristan Agency has an arid climate, receiving minimal precipitation. The western portion, bordering Afghanistan, receives more rainfall than the eastern portion touching Tank and D.I.Khan districts. Most of the Agency receives mean annual rainfall of 6 inches, while a small area in the southeastern corner receives less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall annually. [edit]History [edit]General

Area History

Located near the site of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa, the region was annexed as part of a far flung satrapy by the oldPersian Achaemenid Empire before 500 B.C and brought under Mauryan rule two centuries later. The Macedonians under Alexander the Great marched on the area around 330 B.C., the later Greco-Bactrians establishing an independent Indo-Greek Kingdom following a split withSeleucid Empire to the west. The Saka arrived around 97 B.C., before the Indo-Parthians of Arsacid affinity ruled under Gondophares to about A.D. 75. The following few centuries A.D. brought at least nominal Kushan, Ephthalite, Kidarite and Sassanian Persian rule, the last of which fell to the forces of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, which introduced Islam to the East Iranian borderlands in the seventh century. Islam was spread further east under the Saffarid dynasty which, under Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, pressed deep into the Khyber hinterlands. The succeeding centuries saw Ghaznavid, Ghorid, and Babar control of the area, where regional Pakhtun tribes living in and around the Hindu-Kush later battled the encroaching British India northwest of the Punjab. From then onward, the region was either under British Indian or Afghan rule after the 1893 Durand Line agreement, until the state of Pakistan was created. [edit]South

Waziristan and North West Frontier Province

Up to 1895, the Deputy Commissioner of Dera Ismail Khan and Bannu had controlled all political matters in Waziristan since the taking over of the Frontier from the Sikhs. These areas did not come under British control until November 1893, when the Amir of Afghanistan signed a treaty renouncing all claims to these territories. After an attack on the Delimitation Commission Escort at Wana in 1894 and subsequent large military operations in 1894-95, a Political Agent for South Waziristan was permanently appointed with its headquarters at Wana; another was appointed for the Tochi area (North Waziristan) with headquarters at Miranshah. The post of Resident in Waziristan was created in 1908. The Political Agent in North Waziristan was subordinate to the Resident, who was directly responsible to the Chief Commissioner of North Western Frontier Province. With the withdrawal of Indian government to the settled districts, the regular armed forces were withdrawn and, instead, a local militia was raised in 1900. However, large scale disturbances occurred in 1904 resulting in the murder of the Political Agent and Militia Commandant at Sarwakai. Later, a plot to murder all the British officers, seize the Wana fort. and hand it over to Mullah

Powindah, the self-styled king of Waziristan, was discovered. The Political Agent and the Commandant, on the same night, disarmed and dismissed all the Mahsuds from the Militia. A few months later, they were again enlisted, but were once again disbanded in 1906. In 1925 the Royal Air Force pacified Mahsud tribesmen by means of a short bombing campaign. [edit]Races

and tribes

The Mahsuds, Burki's ghilzai suleimankhail's and Waziris are the three main tribes of this Agency. Known to belong to the Karlanri confederation of the Pashtun; many until fairly recently believed theylike the Afridi, Yusufzai, Barakzaiare Bani Israel and were called to accept Islam through contact with Khalid bin Walid which also espoused one God, Allah. some Dotanis settlers in the southwest corner of the Agency Thati. suleimankhail lives in Zarmelan and wana. The Bhittanis inhabit a strip of country along the southeast border of the Agency. According to their own traditions, the Waziris call themselves the descendants of Waziri who was the son of Sulaiman, the son ofKuki, the son of Karlan and grandson of Qais Abdur Rashid. They are usually described as being a tribe of Karlani Pashtuns. From this common origin come the Wazirs, a title which properly includes both the Wazirs and Mahsuds, although in practice the word Wazir has come to primarily represent the former. The Mahsuds are divided into three main divisions referred to as the Dremahsuds. These are Alizai(Shabi Khel and Manzai), Shaman Khel and Bahlolzai. Each of these are divided into sections and sub-sections. These three divisions share benefits and losses equally according to what is known as Nikat or Niktay. The Manzais are divided into Giddi Khel and Palli Khel. TheShaman Khel of Shah are commonly known as "Shahoor Shaman Khel" are a mixed community of Khalli Khel and Char Khel but are treated separately. The Marsanzai is a small tribe living in Shaktu. There are also the Baraki/Urmur(not of pakhtun origin) (who presently are called Burki (whose enclave is in the heart of Mahsud territory), The Mahsud and Burki tribe has a reputation for courage and many are in the Pakistani army. The Burki primarily inhabit Kaniguram, the most populous settlement in South Waziristan, at around 6700 feet above sea level. This has been their tribe's focal point for over 800 years.Kaniguram has historically been off limits to outsiders except for the Burki and, more recently, the Mahsuds. The Mahsud tribe inhabits the northern regions of South Waziristan near Razmak in North Waziristan. There are no flat-plains type geographyin the Mahsud tribal regions, thus the Mahsud tribe moves nomadicly through these mountainous regions and have no primary source ofbusiness or trading. They rely on the Burki for their armaments while the Burkis rely on the mighty mahsuds for protection. [edit]Dress

and ornaments

The tribal people of this area wear distinctive dress. The dress of men consists of a turban smock; Shalwar and Chaddar. The smock is generally white or grey and occasionally embroidered on the chest with silk or cotton. Their Shalwars are baggy and big. Maliks and thewealthy wear white cotton smocks and carry Chaddar on their shoulders. The young educated males wear modern dress as worn by people elsewhere in the country. Women wear different colored clothes as to be identified. Married women put on dark-blue or dark-red smocks of coarse cotton. The spinsters invariably of both married and unmarried women are similar and fit closely below the knee. [edit]Food The people of South Waziristan eat simple food of wheat and maize bread. They are also fond of rice cooked with mutton. Pulao, a rice pilaf, with roasted meat are served on special occasions. The married women usually wear a very huge firak called "ganr khat". The unmarried wear simple shalwar and qamees. One can easily differentiate between married and unmarried by this firak. [edit]Dwelling The houses in settlements are built of Pucca bricks, plastered with mud, giving the appearance of a fort with a tower for defense. Along Tank-Wana road, passing through rocky country hills, there are scattered groups of neatly built mud houses, standing in the middle of grazinggrounds and cultivated patches and dominated by tall watchtowers. The principal villages of the Mahsuds are Makeen while for the Burki's itsKanigurram. [edit]Occupation The majority of Wazirs Mahsuds and suleimankhail of South Waziristan are pastoral. The Wazirs breed horses and sheep and earn their livelihood from sheep-rearing. Suleimankhail are also horses and sheep and some go to different parts of punjab in summers and most of them are in Iran to earn their livelihood. A large number of Mahsuds are employed in the Army, as levies and Khassadars in militia and scouts. Mahsuds have also taken to business in Tank and Dera Ismail Khan driving buses and trucks. The Agency also produces or tradescharcoal, wool, potatos, chilghozas and a few varieties of locally grown fruit. [edit]Places

of interest

Wana is the summer headquarters of the Agency. It is an important tehsil and a camp similar to Razmak. The population is mostly of Ahmadzai Wazirs. It has a vast plain with extensive valleys surrounded on all sides by hills. It is an important industrial and agriculturalcenter. Ladha, Makin, Sararogha, Azamwarsak and Angoor Adda are also important places of the Agency. Kaniguram is inhabited principally by a tribe called Burki. There are some Mahsuds who also live there but no others. Recently in a local clash the

Malik din Khel clan of Mahsuds annexed many parts of Burkis on which the Malik Din Khels have built their own houses. It is, population-wise, the largest habitation in South Waziristan at 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above sea level. The tribesmen manufacture small arms and knives, which are most known for their finish and performance and much-liked by tourists and foreigners. [edit]Administration The civil administration of South Waziristan Agency has been functioning since 1895 under a Political Agent who administers civil criminal and revenue cases in accordance with the Frontier Crimes Regulations and Customary Law. The Agency is divided into three administrative sub-divisions of Sarwakai, Ladha and Wana. These three sub-divisions are further divided into eight Tehsils: Ladha, Makin (Charlai), Sararogha, Sarwakai, Tiarza, Wana and Toi Khullah.
[1]

Birmal Sarwakai is administered by Assistant Political Officer whereas Ladha and Wana Sub Divisions are administered by Assistant Political Agents. Each tehsil is headed by a Political Naib Tehsildar. The Malik system introduced by the British government is functioning in the Agency. Maliks used to work like media between administrations and the (Qaum) or Tribe. A Maliki is hereditary and devolves on the son and his son so on and so forth for which regular benefits and subsidies are sanctioned from time to time. Lungi system known as Sufaid Resh is slightly lower form of Maliki. [edit]Pakistan's

new Waziristan strategy

On June 4, 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative decisions to control "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and it was attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed tostate security. The government decided to take a number of actions to stop the "Talibanization" and crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The NSC of Pakistan has decided the following actions will be taken to achieve the goals: Deployment of unmanned reconnaissance planes Strengthening law enforcement agencies with advanced equipment Deployment of more troops to the region Operations against militants on fast-track basis Focused operations against militant commanders Action against madrasahs preaching militancy Appointment of regional coordinators

Fresh recruitment of police officers in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

The Ministry of Interior has played a large part in the information gathering for the operations against militants and their institutions. The Ministry of Interior has prepared a list of militant commanders operating in the region and they have also prepared a list of seminaries for monitoring. The government is also trying to strengthen the law enforcement in the area by providing KhyberPakhtunkhwa Police with weapons,bulletproof jackets and night-vision devices. The paramilitary Frontier Corps will be provided with artillery and Armored Personnel Carriers(APCs). The state agencies are also studying ways to block broadcasting of illegal FM radio channels.
[2]

A major military offensive was launched in the area by the Pakistani army on 17 October 2009. ISPR on 2 November told the media about involvement of Indian's in South Waziristan had been found Taliban has been dislodged from the area. [edit]See
[3]

also

Battle of Wana Waziristan North Waziristan Islamic Emirate of Waziristan Federally Administered Tribal Areas Sararogha Fort raid Jandola Ladha Shkin, Paktika Targeted killing

[edit]References

1.

^ Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Administrative Units of Pakistan (Tehsils/Talukas)

2.

^ name="Dawn">Khan, Ismail (2007). "Plan ready to curb militancy in Fata, settled areas". Newsweek international edition. Dawn.com. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
[dead link]

3.

^ http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=25354
[hide]v d e Agencies

Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

Bajaur Khyber Kurram Mohmand North Waziristan Orakzai South Waziristan

Frontier Regions

Bannu Dera Ismail Khan Kohat Lakki Marwat Peshawar Tank See also: Provincially Administered Tribal Areas

South Waziristan Agency

District map of FATA and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa - Districts of FATA are shown in blue, Waziristan is located in the south. Country Established Headquarters Pakistan 1893 Tank, Pakistan Wana, Pakistan

Government - Political agent Area - Total Population (1998) - Total - Density Time zone Main language(s) 429,841 64.9/km2 (168.2/sq mi) PST (UTC+5) English, Pashto 6,619 km2 (2,555.6 sq mi)