ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

SEKOLAH MENENGAH SAINS TUANKU MUNAWIR

AHMAD FAHEEM BIN ZULKIFLE


4 OMEGA


TEACHER: PUAN HELMIAH



ST OF CONTENTS

1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2.0 OBJECTIVE
3.0 INTRODUCTION
4.0 IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON ECOSYSTEM
4.0.1 Human Activities That Endanger An Ecosystem
4.0.2 Impact oI Human Activities On The Ecosystem
4.1 EFFECT OF UNPLANNED DEVELOPMENT AND MISMANAGEMENT OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
4.1.1 DeIorestation
4.1.2 Pollution
4.1.3 Farming
4.1.4 Industrialization
4.1.5 Burning
4.1.6 Burning oI Fossil Fuel and Its EIIect
5.0 GREEENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER
5.0.1 Greenhouse EIIect
5.0.2 Thinning oI Ozone Layer



6.0 STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE ENVIRONMENT
6.0.1 Implementation oI Laws
6.0.2 Use oI Technology
6.0.3 Education
6.0.4 Preservation and Conservations
6.0.5 EIIicient Use oI Energy
7.0 CONCLUSION
8.0 REFERENCES


ACKNOWEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my biology teacher,
Puan Helmiah. I am also grateIul to all my Iriends Ior sharing and advises given while working
on the Iolio. I am also grateIul to my parents Ior their support and encouragement and also Ior
providing me the Iund to complete the Iolio.
Lastly, thank you once again Ior all those who concerned Ior the commitment and
support. May all oI you live in blissIul liIe.


OB1ECT'ES

i. To study the impact oI human activities on the ecosystem.
ii. To investigate the unplanned development and mismanagement oI ecosystem.
iii. To understand the greenhouse eIIect and the thinning oI the ozone layer
iv. To explain the steps in maintaining a stable environment


NTRODUCTON

Human activities oIten have a widespread impact on ecosystem. With greater advances in
medicine, modern Iarming techniques and better inIrastructure, the world`s population has grown
to over six billion today. ConIlicts thereIore arise between IulIilling immediate human needs and
the necessity to protect the environment Irom long-term damage.
One oI the most devastating human activities on the environment is deIorestation, the
permanent removal oI trees Irom the Iorests. Another example oI human activities which has
negative environmental consequences on the ecosystem is the overuse oI land by intensive
Iarming.
The rapidly expanding human population also means an increase in domestic and
industrial waste. Dumping waste material in landIills poses a great danger to living organisms as
toxic substances and other pollutants Irom the dumpsites are easily absorbed into the ground and
eventually end up polluting nearby water sources.


MPACT OF HUMAN ACT'TES ON ECOSYSTEM
Human Activities That Endanger an Ecosystem
As human population increases, more lands are cleared Ior agriculture, industry,
inIrastructure development and construction oI houses and cities to supply to the demand oI a
better quality oI liIe.
Many negative eIIects oI unplanned development and mismanagement oI the ecosystem
have begun to aIIect the liIe oI humans and other organisms.
mpact of Human Activities on the Ecosystem
1) Hunting oI animals and harvesting oI crops cause extinction oI Ilora and Iauna.
2) Use oI pesticides, herbicides and Iertilizers in agriculture lead to pollution and harm the
organisms in the Iarm.
3) Building oI Iactories Ior industrial purposes destroys the Iorest. Release oI gases such as
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides pollute the air.
4) Increase in number oI houses and vehicles give rise to air pollution, water pollution and noise
pollution.
EFFECT OF UNPANNED DE'EOPMENT AND MSMANAGEMENT OF
THE ECOSYSTEM

Deforestation


Large areas oI Iorests are cleared Ior extracting timber or Iuel wood agriculture needs,
and Ior the sake oI urbanization. The impacts are enormous and outrageous. The drawbacks are:

a) Soil erosion flow is blocked Thus, water flows inland and causes flash floods and
landslides

When it rains Ior a long time especially during rainy seasons, the top layer oI soil loosens
and slides down, thus causing landslides.

Clearing oI trees causes the loss oI tree leaves that protect the soil Irom a massive
impulsive Iorce oI heavy raindrops and also causes the loss oI tree roots to hold the soil in place.

The wide exposure to the raindrops` Iorces, give arise to soil erosion. Here, the top layer
oI soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainIall. The eroded soil, is then, deposited in rivers
or streams.

During heavy rains, rainwater Ilows harshly into rivers because there is a non-existence
oI retention oI water by plant roots as well as proper water catchments areas.

Due to silting in the rivers, the water Ilow is blocked. Thus, water Ilows inland and
causes Ilash Iloods in low areas.

In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion oI minerals in the soil, causing the
land trouble to be used as a place Ior cultivation.
b) Extinction of flora and fauna
The most worrying disadvantage Irom deIorestation is the loss oI habitats Ior many species
Ilora and Iauna.
When this happen, there will be an increment in the rate oI extinction plants and animals. As
the result, it reduces biodiversity and the source oI Iood together with the sources oI valuable
medicines Ior humans.
Pollution
Pollution is an undesirable change in the chemical, physical, or biological characteristics oI
the nature.
Pollutant is any substance that is present in an excessive amount in the environment as a
result oI human activities. Pollutants have damaging eIIects on our health and other living
organisms.


There are several types oI pollution occur on earth:
) Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when pollutants including smoke, dirt, dust and poisonous gases are
released into the air. The sources oI air pollution are Iactories, motorized vehicles, burning,
agriculture and using oI aerosol cans, air conditioner, and reIrigerator. Carbon dioxide, sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides Iorm acidic solution when dissolve in water.

) Water pollution
Discharging industrial wastes, agriculture wastes, domestic wastes and sewage into rivers
will contribute to water pollution. Thus causing the water to be unsaIe Ior human`s consumption
as well endangered the lives oI aquatic organisms.

) Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is caused by the discharged oI warm water Irom industries, generators in
power stations, reactor stations and reIlection oI heat Irom glass building resulting in excess heat
in the environment.

) Noise pollution
When the surrounding noise levels reaches 80 dB or more, it causes discomIort and aIIects
the human health. Prolong exposure may cause headaches, emotional and mental disturbances or
even deaIness.

Farming
In order to IulIill the demands oI today`s Iood supplement, large areas oI lands have been
used and will be used Ior Iarming purposes.
Excessive use oI land Ior Iarming and stock rearing lead to inIertile land and may expose
the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainIalls.
Inorganic Iertilizers usage in Iarming also results to eutrophication.

ndustrialization
Industrial plants give oII industrial waste and heated waste water causing water pollution
and thermal pollution.
Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning problem, air
pollution.
Burning
Human activities like open burning oI rubbish, Iarms and Iorests release more carbon
dioxide gas into the atmosphere which aggravates greenhouse eIIect.
Burning of Fossil Fuel and ts Effect
Burning oI Iossil Iuels causes air pollution as well as increase the carbon dioxide content.
As the Iinal result, global warming will also need to be comprehended.
DEFORESTATON
Through slash and
burn
Burning
activity
Contribute 25
carbon dioxide
Atmosphere
75

comes
Irom burning oI
Iossil Iuel
EFFECT: The
carbon dioxide
level increases
1. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
2. GLOBAL WARMING
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THE THNNNG OF OZONE AYER






Greenhouse Effect
This eIIect is similar to a greenhouse used in Iarming. The phenomenon oI over warming
oI the earth is known as greenhouse eIIect. It occurs when greenhouse gases accumulates in the
atmosphere to Iorm a layer oI gases.
Greenhouses gases are carbon dioxide, chloroIluorocarbon, nitrogen oxides, methane and water
vapors.

Some oI the main eIIects oI greenhouse phenomenon are:
1) Non-uniIorm rainIall
2) Land become dry
3) Atmosphere becomes hot
4) Water in the sea and rivers evaporates at a Iaster rate
5) Change in wind directions
6) Melting oI the ice at the North and South pole causing an increase in sea level bringing
about Iloods in low lying areas

Thinning of Ozone ayer
The main cause oI ozone depletion is chloroIluorocarbon (CFC) gas:
1) Man made gases used as reIrigerant (substance that make things cold and Ireeze) and
propellants( compressed gas that Iorces out the content oI an aerosol container)
2) When exposed to UV radiation, CFC will release chlorine atom which can breakdown
ozone molecules in chain reaction causing the ozone layer become thinner thus allowing
a large amount oI ultraviolet rays to reach the earth.

Some oI the main eIIects oI thinning oI the ozone layer are:
1) Plants and Iorest destroyed
2) Increase in surrounding temperatures
3) Rate oI photosynthesis decreases
4) Spoilage oI rubber, paint and plastic
5) Disturbs the Iood chain
6) Increase the incidences oI cataracts, skin cancer and weakened immune system
STEPS TO MANTAN A STABE EN'RONMENT
mplementation of aws
Malaysian government has implemented many laws and regulations to protect our environment.
Among the acts are:
1) Environmental Quality Act
2) National Forestry Act
3) Pesticides Act
4) Protection oI WildliIe Act
5) Fisheries Act

Use of Technology
1) Modern technology can be used to reduce pollution and prevent Iurther damage oI the
environment.
2) Rubbish needs to be sorted out into recyclable and non-recyclables materials. Non-
recyclable materials can be burnt in special incinerators.

Education
1) The best way to teach humans on the need to maintain a balance ecosystem.
2) Education on management oI resources includes the 3R concept, which are reduce, reuse
and recycle oI resources.

Preservation and Conservations
1) Preservation and conservation should be carried out to protect the Ilora and Iauna in the
Iorest and mangrove swamps. Laws prohibiting random tree Ielling, hunting and Iarming
should be enIorced.




Efficient Use of Energy
1) We are using energy at an increasing rate. Non-renewable energy Irom coal, oil and Iossil
Iuels will be exhausted and cannot be renewed iI their use is not controlled.
2) As an alternative to non-renewable energy, solar energy, geothermic energy, wave power,
tidal power, wind power and hydroelectric power which are called renewable energy can be
exploited.

















CONCUSON
An ecosystem is a complex set oI relationships among the living resources, habitats and
residents oI an area. Ecosystems vary greatly in size and the elements that make them up but
each is a Iunctioning unit oI nature.
Much oI the human activities are harming the environment and the ecosystem. The eIIect
oI human activities is proportional to the size oI human population.
At present, humans have the population size, technology and cultural inclination to alter
the ecosystem. ThereIore, development activities must be properly planned and managed in order
to protect the environment and to maintain a stable and balanced ecosystem.

REFERENCES

Text Book
Gan Wan Yeat, Manoharan a/l Subramaniam, Azmah Rajion. Biology Form 4.
Reference Book
Choo Yan Tong, Quek Yoke Hua, Kee Bee Suan. 2006. Fokus Excel Biology Form 4.
nternet
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