A mlsgulded reacLlon Lo forelgn subsLances by Lhe lmmune sysLem Lhe body sysLem of defense

agalnsL forelgn lnvaders parLlcularly paLhogens (Lhe agenLs of lnfecLlon) 1he allerglc reacLlon ls
mlsgulded ln LhaL Lhese forelgn subsLances are usually harmless 1he subsLances LhaL Lrlgger allergy
are called allergen Lxamples lnclude pollens dusL mlLe molds danders and cerLaln foods eople
prone Lo allergles are sald Lo be allerglc or aLoplc

AlLhough allergles can develop aL any age Lhe rlsk of developlng allergles ls geneLlc lL ls relaLed Lo
ones famlly hlsLory of allergy lf nelLher parenL ls allerglc Lhe chance for allergles ls abouL 13 lf one
parenL ls allerglc Lhe rlsk lncreases Lo 30 and lf boLh are allerglc Lhe rlsk ls greaLer Lhan 60

Allergens cause Lhe producLlon of lmmunoglobulln L (lgL) an anLlbody LhaL all of us have ln small
amounLs Allerglc persons however produce lgL ln abnormally quanLlLles normally Lhls anLlbody ls
lmporLanL ln proLecLlng us from paraslLes buL noL from oLher allergens uurlng Lhe senslLlzaLlon
perlod ln allergy lgL ls overproduced lL coaLs cerLaln poLenLlally exploslve cells LhaL conLaln
chemlcals lncludlng hlsLamlne 1hese chemlcals ln Lurn cause lnflammaLlon and Lhe Lyplcal allerglc
sympLoms 1hls ls how Lhe lmmune sysLem becomes mlsgulded and prlmed Lo cause an allerglc
reacLlon when sLlmulaLed by an allergen

1he mosL common allerglc condlLlons lnclude hay fever (allerglc rhlnlLls) asLhma allerglc eyes
(allerglc con[uncLlvlLls) allerglc eczema hlves (urLlcarla) and allerglc shock (also called anaphylaxls
and anaphylacLlc shock) lor a Lhumbnall skeLch of each of Lhese condlLlons

Pay fever (allerglc rhlnlLls) ls Lhe mosL common of Lhe allerglc dlseases and refers Lo seasonal nasal
sympLoms LhaL are due Lo pollens ?ear round or perennlal allerglc rhlnlLls ls usually due Lo lndoor
allergens such as dusL mlLes or molds SympLoms resulL from Lhe lnflammaLlon of Lhe Llssues LhaL
llne Lhe lnslde of Lhe nose (mucus llnlng or membranes) afLer allergens are lnhaled Ad[acenL areas
such as Lhe ears slnuses and LhroaL can also be lnvolved 1he mosL common sympLoms lnclude
8unny nose
SLuffy nose
Sneezlng
nasal lLchlng (rubblng)
lLchy ears and LhroaL
osL nasal drlp (LhroaL clearlng)
Although allergies can develop at any age, the risk of developing allergies is genetic. It is related
to ones family history of allergy. If neither parent is allergic, the chance for allergies is about 15%.
If one parent is allergic, the risk increases to 30% and if both are allergic, the risk is greater than
60%.

Definition
A usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, especially that of the pleura or peritoneum.

,.t
Mesothelioma is an uncommon form of cancer, usually associated with previous exposure to
asbestos, which affects the pleura, a sac which surrounds the lungs, the peritoneum, the lining of
the abdominal cavity, or the pericardium, a sac that surrounds the heart.

In this disease, malignant (cancerous) cells are found in the mesothelium, a protective sac that
covers most of the body's internal organs. Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on
jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles, or have been exposed to asbestos dust and fibre in
other ways, such as by washing the clothes of a family member who worked with asbestos, or by
home renovation using asbestos cement products.

Signs ,nd symptoms
Symptoms of mesothelioma may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos.
Shortness of breath and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura are often
symptoms of pleural mesothelioma. Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include weight loss and
abdominal pain and swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen. Other symptoms of
peritoneal mesothelioma may include bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia, and
fever. If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may
include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face.

These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions. It is
important to see a doctor about any of these symptoms. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis.

Organic Fertilisers
TIe MuIuysIun governmenL Is promoLIng LIe use oI orgunIc IerLIIIzers In MuIuysIu Ior Lwo
muIn reusons. IrsLIy, orgunIc ugrIcuILure Is seen us ImporLunL Ior LIe susLuInubIe use
und munugemenL oI nuLuruI resources. SecondIy, In MuIuysIu, orgunIc ugrIcuILure Is
IdenLIIIed us u nIcIe murkeL opporLunILy Ior IruILs und vegeLubIes.
TIe MuIuysIun governmenL Is prepured Lo provIde uddILIonuI one-oII ussIsLunce In
InIrusLrucLuruI deveIopmenL Lo orgunIc Iurmers, In uddILIon Lo eIIgIbIIILy Ior exIsLIng
credIL scIemes und specIuI Iouns. OrgunIc Iurmers wIII uIso be IeIped In LIe murkeLIng oI
LIeIr produce In LIe domesLIc und InLernuLIonuI murkeL. n un eIIorL Lo reduce LIe
dependence on mIneruI IerLIIIzers und Lo move Lowurds more nuLuruI und IeuILIIer
meLIods oI Iood producLIon, LIe governmenL Is promoLIng progrummes LIuL encouruge
LIe recycIIng und use oI ugrIcuILuruI wusLe. TIIs IncIudes rIce sLruw und Iusk, empLy oII-
puIm IruIL buncIes (EB), suw dusL, unImuI droppIngs, puIm oII mIII eIIIuenL (POME)
und oLIer muLerIuIs.
TIe CenLre oI EnvIronmenL, TecInoIogy und DeveIopmenL, MuIuysIu (CETDEM) Ius
been InvoIved In muny conversIons oI Iurms, especIuIIy vegeLubIe producIng Iurms, InLo
orgunIc Iurms. TIere ure vurIous Iorms oI orgunIc IurmIng Lypes In MuIuysIu. TIey
IncIude NuLure urms, BIodynumIc urms, EcoIurms, PermucuILure, Kyusu NuLure
urms und Yoko urms.

Muscles and fats are made up of very different types of cells that
have completely different functions. Skeletal muscles get larger when a person
exercises primarily from hypertrophy; in other words, the person isnt gaining more
muscle cells (which would be hyperplasia), rather, the ones they have are just getting
bigger, with more filaments and the like being developed within the cells
to accommodate the more challenging demand on them.
After a person quits exercising, the muscle cells arent going away and somehow
managing to morph into fat cells; rather, they are simply shrinking. This allows the body
to conserve energy when a persons daily activities dont require as much muscle mass;
muscle cells take quite a bit of energy to maintain (resting caloric usage of 13 Calories
per kilogram per day).
The myth that muscles turn to fat when a person stops exercising probably stems from
the fact that people who body build or otherwise exercise quite a bit, who then stop
exercising, tend to start looking a little squishy around the edges. There are a few
different things that contribute to this, but primarily, it all comes down to caloric intake.
Specifically, people who exercise regularly tend to accustom themselves to eating quite a
bit more food than people who maintain a relatively healthy body weight without
exercising. Once they stop exercising though, they instantly lose the need for the
calories used during their workouts, which is often quite significant.
It gets worse though. Over time, as their body loses muscle mass, their body needs
significantly fewer calories even when they arent working out. As noted before, resting
skeletal muscle cells burn approximately 13 Calories per kilogram per day or around 6
Calories per pounds per day. So theyll even see quite a difference there while theyre
just sitting around doing nothing.
So bottom line, people who exercise regularly who suddenly stop, tend to gain fat
quickly because they dont adjust their food intake to compensate for their decreased
caloric needs, not because muscle cells are somehow turning into fat cells.
Bonus Factoids:
O There are three main types of muscle cells. The first is smooth muscle, which lines the
walls of certain blood vessels and the walls of the esophagus, uterus, stomach, urethra,
bladder, and intestines, among other places; this type of muscle is considered
involuntary. The second type is cardiac muscle, which is also involuntary and is only
found in the heart. The third type is skeletal muscle, which closely resembles cardiac
muscle cells and is what most people think of when they think of muscles. Skeletal
muscles are attached to ligaments which in turn are attached to bones. Cardiac muscle
cells tend to be connected in irregular angles, which are called intercalated discs.
Skeletal muscle cells, on the other hand, tend to be arranged in parallel bundles.
O ithin the types of muscle fibers that we can consciously control, there are slow twitch
and fast twitch types. Slow twitch muscle cells are much weaker than fast twitch muscle
cells, but they are designed for endurance. Fast twitch muscle cells are relatively strong
compared to their slow twitch counterparts, but by virtue of their design, have very little
staying power.
O ow muscle cells work is as follows: they contain microscopic filaments with even
smaller fibers attached to these filaments. hen electricity is carried into the muscle
from the outer membrane, the fibers from the filaments hook onto fibers from other
filaments and push against each other, thus causing the contraction.
O Muscle soreness after workouts, generally appearing the next day, is not caused by lactic
acid, as was once thought. Rather, it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers
themselves.
O Muscles are approximately 18-26% efficient in terms of the total metabolic cost vs. the
actual mechanical work done.
O On average, 42% of an adult mans body mass is made up of skeletal muscle. For
women, that number drops to 36% on average.
O As noted, skeletal muscles consume about 13 Calories per kilogram per day. So, if you
weigh approximately 81 kg (180 pounds) and are a man, your skeletal muscles will burn
around 442 Calories per day when you are just sit around all day [(81 kg*.42)*13
Calories/kg]. If you are an average female at that same mass, youll burn about 379
Calories from your at rest skeletal muscles per day.
O Fat cells will burn around 4.5 Calories per kilogram or approximately 1/3 what skeletal
muscle cells will burn. ow much of your body mass is made up of fat cells varies
greatly from person to person, but you can use a body fat test to get that number and
then easily figure out how many Calories your fat cells burn per day.
((BodyFatPercentage * weight in kg)*4.5 Calories/kg)
O Bone cells burn about 2.3 Calories per kilogram. If you are a man, on average about
15% of your body mass is made up of bone. For women, that number is around 12%.