SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

DE/TD Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of B.Sc. (Engineering) of Dayalbagh Educational Institute by

Gautam Kumar Abhay K Bhatt Nishant Goyal Abhishek Modi Avinash Kumar Sandeep Kumar Mahaur Raj Moyal Sanjay Kumar Yadav Ravi Kumar Shobhit Satsangi

Under the supervision of Dr. D. Bhagwan Das

2010-2011 Faculty of Engineering

Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra 282110

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Design Engineering /Theme Development Project work reported in the dissertation entitled SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE submitted by Gautam Kumar, Abhay Kumar Bhatt, Nishant Goyal, Abhishek Modi, Avinash singh, Sandeep Kumar Mahaur, Raj Moyal, Sanjay Kumar Yadav, Ravi Kumar, Shobhit Satsangi, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering, is a record of the bonafide work carried out under my supervision. Further, that the matter in this report has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of any degree or Diploma.

Dayalbagh 19-4-2011

(Dr. D. Bhagwan Das) READER, Faculty of Engineering Dayalbagh Educational Institute

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our project guide Dr. D. Bhagwan Das, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, D.E.I for his painstaking and wholehearted efforts and the invaluable guidance at each stage of the development of our project. All the ideas were paid heed to patiently and students were continually encouraged to bring forth simple and innovative ideas. Last but not the least we thank our friends and batch mates cooperation extended.

Gautam Kumar Abhay K Bhatt Nishant Goyal Abhishek Modi Avinash kumar Sandeep Kumar Mahaur Raj Moyal Sanjay Kumar Yadav Ravi Kumar Shobhit Satsangi

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE.....................................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................4 CONTENTS..............................................................................................5 DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEME DEVELOPMENT (DE/TD).....................................6 INTRODUCTION:..............................................................................................6 ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD:..............................................................................6 METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN..........................................................................................7 REALIZATION OF NEED:-..............................................................................7 PROBLEM FORMULATION:-..........................................................................7 NEED ANALYSIS:-...........................................................................................7 GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:-.............................8 SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:-..........................................................................8 PRELIMINARY DESIGN:-................................................................................9 DETAILED DESIGN:-.......................................................................................9 FABRICATION AND TESTING:-.....................................................................9 IDENTIFICATION OF NEED...........................................................................................10 ............................................................................................................................................15 INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT: ...................17 NEED ANALYSIS: ..........................................................................................17 Need for a survey .............................................................................................17 How a survey needs to be conducted.................................................................18 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES...............................................................................................20 BASIC DESIGN..................................................................................................................22

DESIGN ENGINEERING / THEME DEVELOPMENT (DE/TD)

INTRODUCTION:
DETD basically stands for Design Engineering / Theme Development. This course basically deals with the development and implementation of a particular theme. This gives an opportunity to integrate the theoretical aspects of engineering into our daily lives which is more or less practical in nature. The various steps involved in the design process are: Need identification Problem formulation Need analysis

Generation of large number of design ideas

Feasibility study Preliminary design Detailed design Manufacture

Evaluate and check if it satisfies its purpose for which it was designed

ADVANTAGES OF DE/TD:
This course has helped us in the development of the following qualities: Objectivity Questioning attitude Open mindedness Constructive discontent Sensitivity

In this course, we try to suggest innovative ideas or provide better solutions to the immediate problems concerning our daily lives by considering the feasibility, reliability studies, economic viability and consideration for safety. After the identification of need the most prominent among them is selected through public surveys and similarly the preliminary design is again in accordance with the public interest. Usually there is lot of difference between theoretical design and its practical implementation. Thus this course introduces us to the basics of design process and provides a platform to use our creativity and innovativeness to put the project into practical implementation.

METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN
It is a step by step procedure for solving open-ended design problems. In our design engineering/theme development (DE/TD) project, we have gone through same steps as mentioned in methodology of design. The brief descriptions of the steps involved in it are given below:-

REALIZATION OF NEED:Following factors are considered in the step of realization of need: Preliminary need statement of the sponsors. Identification of the need. The requirement of the society need to be jotted down at one place, so that particular need of society, which could be fulfilled, can easily b found out.

PROBLEM FORMULATION:Problem Formulation is a step in which the designers problem statement is given. State what is to be achieved (without thinking about the solution) in most general terms. Statement shouldnt suggest solution to the problem.

NEED ANALYSIS:A.

Analyze in details what is to be done: Understand, what is to be accomplished? What are the existing methods to do it? Will the proposed device save labor, be cheaper, efficient and fulfill the need of user? Will there be demand of the device & will there be economical justification for the product?

B.

Identify Objectives: Before accomplishing anything, we should be clear in our objectives. Objectives include what the user wants, knowing which; we can achieve ease of operations, ease of maintenance and enhance durability and level of comfort. PREPARE THE WEIGHTED RELATIVE ATTRIBUTE MATRIX (IF REQUIRED). Activity Analysis: Identify inputs, outputs, desirable and undesirable restrictions on inputs and outputs of the system, interaction between sub systems, and component of the system, with the desirable and undesirable environment. Set Targets Objectives and Design Specifications:Identify desirable performance, cost and time objectives (wants and genuine restrictions on input, output and systems.) Philosophy Of Design:General philosophy needs to be framed.

C.

D.

E.

GENERATION OF LARGE NUMBER OF SOLUTIONS:In this, design concepts are to be brought out to achieve the need. Analyze in detail, what is to be achieved? What are the various steps? How to go through them? What will be the difficulties? How to overcome them? For these, use design methods to create ideas, brain storming groups, individual check lists analogies, morphological analysis etc.

SCREEN FOR FEASIBILITY:A. Check all the ideas for feasibility: Physical Reliability It is to be seen, will the solution work under given circumstances? Can we develop successful design out of this? Can we perform all the functions? Technical Feasibility Are any laws being violated? Will the expected performance levels be adequate? Can it be made with the talent, skill and facilities available? Is the raw material available easily and continuously? Are the must conditions satisfied? Is it fooling proof?? Social Acceptability Is it easy to use? Will it be suitable, acceptable to the people? Does it cause any harmful effects or hazards of any kind? Is it safe for the user and public in general? Economic Viability: How much will it cost? Will it have any economic advantages for users? Will there be its demand at the cost it has been priced? Will a manufacturing concern be benefited?
8

Financial Feasibility What resources are needed for its design, development and manufacture on the commercial basis? How can they be procured? Eliminate the concepts which are impossible, improvable and those having low physical reliability, social unacceptability, too high a cost or poor economic viability. Find the utility of the remaining design concepts. Quantitative decision matrix may be used.

PRELIMINARY DESIGN:System conceptualization, functional diagram to accomplish different functions as per the finally selected design concepts, system synthesis, interaction between sub systems, desirable and undesirable, compatibility, simplifications, minimum parts. Perform overall design calculations of fixing sizes, capacities, desired outputs, overall layout.

DETAILED DESIGN:Sketch mechanism for different functions:Synthesize the subsystem, design for coordinated working as a whole. Determine the size and the shape of the parts on the basis of strength and functional and production requirements. Design for economical production of parts, ease of assembly, operation and use, maintenance, repair and replacement. B. Prepare drawings i. Assembly drawings to show all the parts, constructional details, methods of assembly and working of subsystem. Give as many views as possible and sectional views of parts where assemblies are needed to show details clearly. ii. Detailed drawing of each part to define the part completely in shape and size. Give material specifications, manufacturing, instructions, tolerances etc. A.

FABRICATION AND TESTING:Prepare operation, sequence for the fabricate parts, assemble prototype and test whether it satisfies the identified need.

COST ESTIMATE:-

Prepare a rough estimate of cost.

IDENTIFICATION OF NEED
There has to a need or some area of dissatisfaction which can initiate the design process. Thus identification of need is very important and is the first step in the design process. The group was asked to come up with problems concerning our daily lives. The students identified various areas in our daily lives where there was scope for improvement. The prominent ones which caught our attention have been listed below:-

TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

1.

IDEA/INNOVATION The product being proposed is a module that will be used to control traffic in the urban cities. It will comprise of a sensor that can be fixed in the upper layer of the roads and it will be able to sense the volume of the traffic that will be moving over it. This data will be sent to a central control system in the city. This central system will process data received from all the sensors around the city and then will send signals to the traffic lights all over the city such that the traffic lights will be green, yellow or red according to the volume of traffic in that lane.

2.

NEED When we move in cities we see that we need to wait for the traffic lights to go green for long durations like 60 or 120 seconds even when there is no traffic on the other lane in which signal is green. This causes wastage of time as well as a large volume of traffic gets accumulated unnecessarily.

3.

EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local markets, it was found that a number of different traffic control systems are proposed but either due to their high cost or problems in their implementation. We propose to use simple and cheap sensors like photodiodes or simple infrared sensors.
10

4.

COST Where ever we have a traffic signal arrangement, a communication network is already there. So we need not remake or change all of our system but the just the sensors need to be placed in the roads and their interconnection with the network is required. This makes our plan very cost effective.

5.

FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient ease in the labs and workshop of faculty of engineering. Any industry already into manufacturing electronic component or sensors can easily expand their product range by including the proposed design.

SMART PARKING SYSTEM FOR VEHICLEs:

1.

IDEA/INNOVATION The idea is to design system in a car which

consists of group of cameras mounted along all over periphery of the car which takes respective views in all the directions in horizontal plane and then through a computer simulation programming technique we assemble these views into a single top view of the car; this view will aid the driver to park the car more efficiently.

2. NEED With the increase in traffic on the limited roads and parking

places their exist an utter need of parking car in a well oriented manner close to other standing car for utilizing the parking space more efficiently.
3. EXISTENCE Such system has not been introduced earlier on

application but has been remained in theory due to lack of development of such a well-timed and sophisticated software.
4. COST- The system would include minimum cost of Rs.50, 000 for

cameras and relative sensors and cost of software interface is not decided.
5. FEASIBILTY: The project is feasible only through the development of

more sophisticated video assembling software interface.

11

SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

1. IDEA/INNOVATION: The proposed vehicle has semi autonomous control which can be transferred to manual control. There are sensors employed for avoiding the obstacles by turning the vehicle. In autonomous mode path planning is employed to guide the vehicle using GPS. The vehicle is provided with solar cells. 2. NEED- The worsening of todays energy scene with each passing day, and increasing global problems of pollution, global warming, fossil fuel depletion, etc, itself tell the need of a new energy source which is clean, versatile, easily accessible, and solar energy is better in these than its competitors. Also the concept of autonomous vehicles is of prime importance in todays world with the aim of creating a better transportation system for the society. An autonomous system is well coordinated, controlled and planned. In present system the increasing number of accidents tell the importance of this concept. 3. EXISTENCE: This idea is present only in research fields. There is no commercialization of this project in todays world. 4. COST: Include the cost of chassis, motors, sensors, solar cells, batteries, etc. A rough estimate is about 1.6 lac. 5. FEASIBILITY: This idea is feasible. Already a lot of research had been done on solar energy in faculty of engr. The sensors are provided in the lab. With the kind of workshop and lab facilities we have the design and development of the vehicle is feasible.

SMART HOME SYSTEM:

1. IDEA/ INNOVATION A wireless communication system within

home which through Bluetooth waves can inter-relate each and every electronic appliances and sensors for smarter home management.

12

2. NEED In modern home the residents are becoming more and busier.

They require smart system that would make their housing experience more enjoyable as

Through this system the house becomes more secure as the smoke detectors, theft cameras could respond immediately through message alerts via central server connected to mobile phone to the owner in case of any discrepancy. Through this system we could transfer files from one storage device to another linked with desktop, laptop, TV to the output peripheral printer or scanner as needed; thus saving cost of extra auxiliary devices

3. EXISTENCE It is in existence and in application in many western

homes of developed world but it can also be further modified with the aid of central server for receiving and sending information in and out of the house or office.
4. COST depends entirely on types and number of appliances connected

to central server whose cost could be round in a lakh.

5. FEASIBILITY The system is feasible easily as only problem lies in

the extent of its usage.

PARKING GATE USING IR

1.

IDEA/INNOVATION In this project the Infrared is used to

control the parking gate. An Infrared transmitter is installed in the owners car and a receiver is installed on the parking gate. When the owner reaches home, Infrared transmission and reception will be detected by the microcontroller and it gives the appropriate command to open the gates automatically so the Car can enter the building without any involvement of physical action of human being to open the gates.

2.

NEED - As next-generation electronic information systems evolve,

it is critical that all people have access to the information available via these systems. Examples of developing and future information systems include interactive television, touch screen-based information kiosks, and

13

advanced Internet programs. Infrared technology, increasingly present in mainstream applications, holds great potential for enabling people with a variety of disabilities to access a growing list of information resources. Already commonly used in remote control of TVs, VCRs and CD players, infrared technology is also being used and developed for remote control of environmental control systems, personal computers.
3.

EXISTENCE - After a detailed search on the internet and in local

markets, it was found that similar products exist but they do not cater to all Car locking systems Augmentative communication devices Computers a. Mouse b. Keyboards c. Floppy disk drives d. Printers

4.

COST - The entire system is not costly and is also reliable. FEASIBILITY - The product can be manufactured with sufficient

5.

ease in the microprocessor lab of faculty of engineering. Any industry already into manufacturing such an accessory can easily expand their product range by including the proposed design.

PROBLEM SELECTION
The objective now was to select the most suitable theme as our project. The chosen theme should be such that it satisfied the immediate need of the people of all sections of society. Hence, a survey was conducted to get the opinion of the public and to gauge the demand of the people. The people were asked to rate the projects on the basis of their innovation, feasibility, cost, need/usage and existence on the scale of 1 to

14

5(1-Best and 5-Worst). Then overall total was calculated. The results were observed as follows:

PROBLEM Solar powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle Smart parking system for vehicles Smart home system Traffic control system Automatic garage opener Auto volume adjustment in audio systems

SCORE 11 14 17 15 13 16

Thus, it is apparent from the table that majority of people opted for project of solar powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle. We decided that solar powered GPS guided autonomous vehicle be selected as our theme for DE/TD.

SURVEY(to be included)

15

Initiation: Generation of idea

Defining the problem

No Abundan t

Is study feasibl e?

Yes Collecting the information

No Abundan t

Is there a need to eliminate the selected problem?

Yes

Record the obtained information

Find out the need analysis

Critical examination

Yes

No

Is information sufficient?

Development of new method

Re examine the record

Selecting main problem on which we have to work Report making

16

End

DESIGN PROCESS
SOLAR POWERED GPS GUIDED AUTONOMOUS CAR
INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION FOR THE PROJECT: After brainstorming session, one idea appealed entire group. It was the design and development of solar powered autonomous vehicle. The proposed vehicle has two controls, namely autonomous and manual, with manual switching provided. Sensors are employed for avoiding obstacles that hinder the path of the vehicle. The vehicle turns taking alternate path to avoid the obstacle and in worse case if it faces an obstacle larger than avoidable it just stops and waits for the obstacle to remove. Manual control comes handy in this condition. In autonomous mode the micro controller plans for the best path when it is provided with the location of the target. The vehicle is provided with solar power which can provide life to the vehicle for 2-3 hours continuously in a day charging.

NEED ANALYSIS: Need for a survey Before designing any theme or any problem, it is necessary for the designer to have the specifications in front of him. This will enable him to draw out a plan to connect the requirements with the resources available. Thus, the need is to be analyzed for parameters like requirements of different groups of people, performance parameters and ultimately the cost of manufacture. Thus, a survey was conducted which enabled us to find out what exactly what the people expected from the device. The survey sheets are provided to preserve the authenticity of the need analysis.

17

How a survey needs to be conducted

Surveys are important tools which give the response of the people to a problem. The survey is conducted in a manner such that the sample chosen reflects the whole of the population or that cross section of people for which the problem has been poised. Thus, proper sampling is very important in order to get a complete picture of the problem. Thus, in our survey, we have tried to identify the users of the tank cleaning device and have classified them broadly into 3 categories: Manufacturers Distributors Household users We feel that this classification almost covers the whole of the spectrum for which the product has been designed. The table given below summarizes the various features as desired by the users (rating is done on a scale of 1)
Ease of operation

Accuracy Durability

Cost

Reliability Performance

Manufacturers Distributors Users Others Average

0.85 0.55 0.68 0.70 0.695

0.80 0.75 0.76 0.65 0.740

0.75 0.85 0.68 0.45 0.680

0.80 0.65 0.68 0.80 0.730

0.75 0.80 0.84 0.70 0.770

0.80 0.65 0.68 0.75 0.720

18

This survey gave us the information about the various types of users regarding their needs and thus helped us to formulate our problem statement as well as also in Analyzing in detail what is to be done? Identifying objectives - It includes "WANTS" of users. Activity analysis - It is identification of inputs, outputs desirable and undesirable, restrictions on inputs, outputs and the system.

Setting target objectives and design specifications

NEED STATEMENT
In fast growing transportation faculties, the new world is in constant pressure of developing new ways to develop green and effective mediums in order to sustain ecological balance on our planet Earth. The development of solar powered vehicles initiates this noble cause but they have to be competitive enough to face stiff competitions with other powering techniques (whether conventional or not) to be able to taken noticed by users. The public has had an on again/off again love affair with solar powered cars. The idea of using the suns energy as fuel is inherently appealing. However many people have also raised valid questions about the usefulness of the solar powered car as a reliable means of transportation.

19

DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

On basis of power transmission to which tire: Here in the design we

preferred using single rear wheel drive because it will aid car in easy turning without skidding as well as lesser power loss due to friction in the bearings.

Mode of transmission: Here we have incorporated two permanently aligned

spur gears with gear ratio of 1:1(for lesser speed) coupled between two shafts, one having motor and other having wheel axle. The reason behind the choice is to make the model as simple as possible which fulfills our basic demand. Motors Circuits Sensors

20

RESULTS OF BRAIN STORMING

Usage of four wheeled drive....
For better stability of vehicle on the road and for carrying the weight of the solar panel. For automatic steering control on the front axle by the usage of stepper motor. Usage of semi-automatic control mechanism... For more reliability of performance of the vehicle so that it could reach to its desired location by avoiding obstacles as it could switch between manual and auto mode. For ease of operation and less interference or even unmanned vehicle is possible at the need of time. Usage of solar power as chief source of energy... As it provides for free and sustainable source of energy which is easily accessible at certain period of time. Ease of construction of the vehicle with no complex power and transmission parts being used. It can pay back it initial cost within few years of its operation and after than the user can earn profit on it. Usage of having four seats on the vehicle... As it can support load of about 300kg around and run at a fair speed to decent distance with the battery properly charged. Economical capacity which it could handle. Usage of stepper motor and dc motor Stepper motor provides for high torque needed for turning. DC motor needed for transmission of power to driving shaft for moving the vehicle.

21

BASIC DESIGN

22

FEATURES
Solar Powered GPS Guided

Obstacle avoidance

Path follower

Can switch between auto and manual control

Compact and light weight Microcontroller based control

APPLICATIONS
1.

Transportation for public [especially for senior citizens and physically challenged]: As we know that sometimes senior citizens and physically challenged people becomes dependent on others for transportation, so this vehicle will lead to their self-dependency.

In industries for carrying goods and raw material from one shop to other on well-defined paths: As Industries have well defined paths we can use this vehicle for transportation of goods and raw materials. It will also make environment pollution free.
2.

As a tourist vehicle in heritage areas to combat the problem of pollution: Pollution today has become one of the most alarming problem in maintaining our heritage and monuments so our vehicle can be run in areas of historical importance to avoid this problem.
3.

As surveillance vehicle: In critical areas i.e. behind enemy lines, we can use this vehicle as the spy for gaining access to the critical
4.

23

information about enemy bunkers and control room for planning up strategic military operations.

UNIQUE FEATURES OF OUR FINAL DESIGN

It will be pioneer itself in the field of driverless vehicles:

The humans though how well prepared for the job are subjected to make certain unforced errors which fortunately a good machine never commits. Thus we are making an unmanned control vehicle with built in sensors and rectifiers for achieving our purpose. Saves drivers cost and driving time of the human.

Competitive

edge:

The technology is making life of the human restless as on each and every day someone is coming up with better ideas of improving vehicle mobility within complex road traffic, thus we are introducing GPS tracking technology into this vehicle for autonomous mobilization.

Affective

fuel alternate:

Petrol and diesel prices are on the rise and with the development of infrastructure and depletion of oil wells it will definitely be above par for a normal customer and then need of cheap and sustainable fuel will definitely arise; which could be sorted with the application of solar powered vehicles.

24

FUTURE ASPECTS
1. Providing full autonomous functionality in the vehicle: The
capabilities of the system will be extended for including the real life situations of traffic in the society. 2. Path planning: - When provided with the location of the target the vehicle will plan a path to reach the same. The micro controllers using GPS system will guide the vehicle. 3. Wireless Communication Systems range will be extended to increase the area of exploration which in todays proposed model is limited to a radius of 1.6km. 4. Image processing for exploration of unknown environments to create a virtual map of the terrain and communicating to the master control. 5. Sophisticated interconnected road navigation system can be developed in the metropolitan cities with the incorporation of such highly advanced satellite communicated vehicles.

COST ESTIMATE(to edit)

Parts 1. Chassis 2. Motors(DC and Stepper) 3. Battery 4. Solar panel Final cost Rs.50,000 Rs.30,000 Rs.8,000 Rs.20,000(per panel)

25

5. Supporting beams 6. Sensors and other electronic accessories 7. Accessories TOTAL COST Rs.1, 56,500(approx.)

Rs.3,500 approx. Rs.15,000 Rs.10,000 approx.

26